单纯性肥胖儿童智商及社会适应能力调查

目的 :探讨单纯性肥胖除在生理上给儿童带来不良后果外 ,在智力及社会适应能力方面有无不良影响 ?方法 :采用Achenbacm′s儿童行为量表、社会适应量表及IQ值测定对 10 0名 7～ 14岁单纯性肥胖儿童和10 0名正常对照组儿童的IQ值及社会适应能力进行调查。结果 :肥胖儿童的IQ均值稍低于对照组 ,其智力水平与正常儿童无明显差别 ,其社会适应能力总分低于对照组。结论 :单纯性肥胖儿童其智商与正常儿童相同 ,但社会适应能力降低     

单纯性肥胖儿童智商及社会适应能力调查

目的：探讨单纯性肥胖除在生理上给儿童带来不良后果外，在智力及社会适应能力方面有无不良影响？方法：采用Achenbacm's儿童行为量表，社会适应量表及IQ值测定对100名7－14岁单纯性肥胖儿童和100名正常对照组儿童的IQ值及社会适应能力进行调查。结果：肥胖儿童的IQ均值稍低于对照组，其智力水平与正常儿童无明显差别，其社会适应能力总分低于对照组。结论：单纯性肥胖儿童其智商与正常儿童相同，但社会适应能力降低。     

应用美国社会适应行为量表(AAMD—ABS)对青岛市600名儿童测定结果分析

采用上海精神卫生中心标化的美国社会适应行为量表(AAMD-ABS)对青岛市的600名6 3/12～12 2/12岁儿童进行了社会适应能力测定,取得了本市小学生该量表的正常值。同时,为对量表进行评估,测定了30名弱智儿童和重复测定了40名正常儿童,证明该量表具有较高的效度和信度,可在儿童心理行为、弱智儿诊断以及家教中推广应用。对600名儿童所测结果与美国同龄儿童测定结果进行差异分析表明,我国儿童在独立功能、躯体发育、社会化、行为问题方面低于美国儿童,而在语言发育、计数计时、责任性方面则高于美国儿童,并对造成这种差异的原因进行了探讨分析,为对儿童进行教育、改进培养观念与方法提供了参考依据。     

弱智儿童与正常儿童绘人试验情绪指征的对比分析

通过随机等比率整群抽样,对同年龄的弱智儿童和正常儿童各50名进行绘人试验的测查。参照Koppitz的方法所提出的情绪指征,对比分析了两组儿童在33个情绪指征中各项出现的人数,经统计学卡方检验或直接概率计算法处理后,结果表明:弱智儿童在绘人试验中情结指征的出现率明显高于正常儿童组,33项中有19项有显著性差异,说明弱智儿童普遍存在有情绪问题。因此提示我们在对弱智儿童进行矫治教育时不可忽略其情绪问题。 通过随机等比率整群抽样,对同年龄的弱智儿童和正常儿童各50名进行绘人试验的测查。参照Koppitz的方法所提出的情绪指征,对比分析了两组儿童在33个情绪指征中各项出现的人数,经统计学卡方检验或直接概率计算法处理后,结果表明:弱智儿童在绘人试验中情结指征的出现率明显高于正常儿童组,33项中有19项有显著性差异,说明弱智儿童普遍存在有情绪问题。因此提示我们在对弱智儿童进行矫治教育时不可忽略其情绪问题。     

癫痫对儿童行为影响的分析

目的通过探讨癫痫对儿童行为的影响,分析造成影响的因素,了解进行心理行为干预的重要性和必要性.方法用Achenback儿童行为量表(CBCL)对8～14岁患癫痫儿童和正常儿童各56例进行1:1对照分析,按照CBCL各项评分进行比较以探讨癫痫对儿童行为的影响.结果癫痫儿童的社会适应能力总分明显低于正常儿童,而行为问题总分则明显高于正常儿童(P＜0.05).其中在活动能力、社交情况、抑郁、交往不良、社会退缩方面评分两组均存在明显差异.结论癫痫儿童社会适应能力较差,较易出现行为异常,进行心理行为干预是必要的.     

福建省畲族7～14岁弱智儿童患病率和能力特点的分析

１９９４年４～５月，我们按照省既定的抽样调查实施方案对福建省畲族７～１４岁的儿童进行了弱智儿童患病率的调查工作。对智商（ＩＱ）和适应能力商数（ＡＤＱ）均＜６９者诊断为弱智儿童。在调查的３６５５人中，发现弱智儿童７５例，患病率为２．０５％。其中轻度弱智６０例，７５例的ＩＱ平均值为５９．７９±７．８，ＡＤＱ的平均值为６２．３７±７．５．根据６０例轻度弱智儿童的ＩＱ检查结果可发现，在智商检查的４个分量表的量表分的区分度中，分类与填图的区分度（ｒ）分别为０．５４９和０．４９，Ｐ均小于０．０１，而算术和木块图家的区分度分别为０．２７和０．１７，Ｐ均大于０．０５。说明前两者在轻度弱智儿童中与ＩＱ关系较密切，对鉴别轻度弱智儿童能力高低的效果更好。在适应行为评定量表中发现，轻度弱智儿童在感觉运动能力方面与健康儿童没有什么差别外，生活自理、语言发展，社会责任等能力与同龄健康儿童差距最大（在百分位常模中均小于第百分４位救），时空定向、劳动技能、经济活动方面的能力亦有较大的差距，只个人取向方面的能力与同龄儿童较为接近。根据这些能力特点，在纠治方面本文进行了讨论。     

浅谈弱智儿童的家庭干预

我国每年都有数以万计的弱智儿童产生,开展对弱智儿童的康复教育及特殊教育,具有深远的社会意义。弱智儿童是指精神发育不完全,智力显著低于正常同龄的儿童。造成儿童弱智的原因有:先天遗传因素;妊娠时因母体疾病等致胎儿发育不良;分娩时婴儿脑部受损     

行为问题儿童智力水平的研究

目的：分析行为问题儿童与正常儿童智力水平的差异，为诊断和干预提供依据。方法：选取4所小学的1～5年级学龄儿重中选择2000名儿童为研究对象。采用Achenbach儿童行为问卷(CBCL)(父母问卷)和联合瑞文智力测验筛选行为问题^[1]儿童，与正常儿童进行比较。结果：分裂样因子异常儿童、交往不良因子异常儿童、强迫因子异常儿童、多动因子异常儿童与正常儿重在译码量表分有差异；抑郁因子异常儿童与正常儿童在排列量表分上有差异；违纪因子异常儿童与正常儿童在算术量表分、韦式言语智商、韦氏全量表智商上有差异；分裂样强迫异常儿童与正常儿童在填图量表分有差异；性问题因子异常儿童与正常儿童在词汇量表分有差异；残忍因子异常儿童与正常儿童在常识量表分有差异。     

儿童牙科畏惧症的心理因素分析

目的探讨影响儿童牙科畏惧症的心理因素。方法用中国儿童气质量表（CPTS）和Achenbach（CBCL）儿童行为量表对80例儿童牙科畏惧症患者（研究组）与80例正常儿童（对照组）进行测查,对所取的结果进行统计分析。结果儿童牙科畏惧症患儿在适应性、心境、反应强度、持久性和反应阈因子上与正常儿童有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。在交往不良、躯体主诉和社会退缩因子上较正常儿童有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论儿童牙科畏惧症的发生与儿童本身的气质有关,且这类儿童较正常儿童存在较多的行为问题,心理沟通有助于降低牙科恐惧。     

儿童牙科畏惧症的心理因素分析

目的探讨影响儿童牙科畏惧症的心理因素。方法用中国儿童气质量表（CFIS）和Achenbaeh（CBCL）儿童行为量表对80例儿童牙科畏惧症患者（研究组）与80例正常儿童（对照组）进行测查,对所取的结果进行统计分析。结果儿童牙科畏惧症患儿在适应性、心境、反应强度、持久性和反应阈因子上与正常儿童有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。在交往不良、躯体主诉和社会退缩因子上较正常儿童有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论儿童牙科畏惧症的发生与儿童本身的气质有关,且这类儿童较正常儿童存在较多的行为问题。心理沟通有助于降低牙科恐惧。     

A neurolinguistic study of autistic children employing dichotic listening

A neurolinguistic study of 20 high functioning right-handed autistic children (19 males and 1 female) was carried out using a dichotic listening test of two-syllabic meaningful words with which to detect the level of binaural separation ability and the condition of hemispheric lateralization of language by examining the degree of ear advantage. The autistic children ranged from 5 to 15 years in age. Their IQ ranged from mildly retarded to normal. (The mean IQ was 67.6 and the mean mental age was 5 yr. 9 mo.). We compared them with non-autistic mentally retarded and normal children as controls, being matched by mental age and right handedness. The autistic children were found to be significantly lower on the level of binaural separation ability than the controls and to have a clearly higher incidence of a left ear advantage than the controls. The autistic and mentally retarded children showed lower advantage than normal children. These results indicate that the autistic children have a dysfunction or immaturity of the central auditory nervous system and an abnormality in the process of hemispheric lateralization of language.     

Women with phenylketonuria: successful management of pregnancy and implications

Dietary management of five pregnancies in two women (sisters) with classical phenylketonuria (PKU) is described. One child died neonatally of congenital heart disease and one pregnancy miscarried. Of the three surviving children the only physically and mentally normal child, followed up to eight years, was born after a carefully planned pregnancy with strict dietary control preconceptually and throughout pregnancy. One pregnancy treated dietetically from six weeks gestation resulted in a child mentally normal at seven years but born with oesophageal atresia. The third surviving child is microcephalic and mentally retarded but dietetic treatment did not commence till 28 weeks gestation. It is concluded that to be effective, dietary control must be instituted preconceptually.     

Disregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the mentally retarded

Previous reports of cognitive and social improvement in the mentally retarded after administration of MSH/ACTH fragments suggested disregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The current study examined the integrity of this system with the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST). The DST is a biological index of HPA integrity and recently has been used as a diagnostic aid for endogenous depression. Thirty-five mentally retarded patients were administered 1 mg of dexamethasone just after a sample of blood was taken. Blood samples were analyzed for cortisol by RIA at 11:00 p.m. (basal), 8:00 a.m., 4:00 p.m., and 10:00 p.m. Between 40% and 48% (depending on sampling) of the patients failed to suppress cortisol (greater than 4 micrograms/dl), after the DST challenge. The results suggested that a significant proportion of mentally retarded patients have a DST index reflecting a disordered HPA axis and complements earlier studies of cognitive enhancement observed after treatment with MSH/ACTH fragments. The possibility that the stress of hospitalization was related to a disordered HPA was suggested. The possible co-existence of depression in the mentally retarded invites further study.     

10 years' experience in fragile X testing among mentally retarded individuals in Greece: a molecular and epidemiological approach

Fragile X syndrome, the second most common genetic cause of mental retardation, is due to the expansion of a trinucleotide repeat (CGG)n within the first exon of the FMR-1 gene. Molecular genetic analysis provides accurate diagnosis and facilitates genetic counselling and prenatal testing. Screening for the fragile X mutation in a sample of 3,888 individuals in Greece is reported: 1,755 children with non-specific mental retardation, 1,733 parents and other family members and 400 normal individuals. Molecular analysis allowed for the identification and characterization of 52 fragile X families confirming the clinical diagnosis in 57 males and 4 females. Sixty-six female carriers (6 mentally retarded) and 4 normal transmitting males were also identified. Four severely retarded males and their mothers carried unmethylated premutations, while a moderately retarded girl had a deletion of approximately equal to 150 bp. Overall sizing of the CGG repeat produced an allele distribution of 6-58 CGG repeats (mean 28-30), similar to that in other Caucasian populations.     

Effects of lorazepam on hyperactivity in ratarded children.

Seven mentally-retarded children, diagnosed as hyperactive, participated in a double-blind trial of the drug lorazepam (Ativan). Statistical analysis of the behavioural records showed that hyperactivity was typically greater during lorazepam than during placebo periods. The degree of hyperactivity was not systematically related to dosage level. The drug is therefore contraindicated for the control of hyperactivity in mentally retarded children.     

Aetiology of mental retardation in Nigerian children around Enugu

This study identifies the pattern of mental retardation in 291 Nigerian children in Enugu. In 33.99% the etiology of mental retardation was congenital (present at birth), in 43.99% the cause was acquired and in the rest 23.02% no definite cause could be identified. The results, problems of diagnosis and management in relation to Nigeria are discussed. Massive support from the Government for improving the maternal and child welfare services as well as care for the mentally retarded children is solicited. The high % of cases due to birth trauma (23.38%) and severe neonatal jaundice (8.59%) reflects the quality of maternal and child welfare services as well as the obstetric care in the area. Full use of the available services and intensive health education in towns and villages could be most valuable. The increasing association of mental retardation with epilepsy in Nigerian children has been noted in other studies in this hospital. In the present study, epilepsy was found to cause mental retardation in 12.5% of cases in the acquired group and about 5% of the total number of cases. Malnutrition as a cause of defective mental development has been noted by several authors. However, in the present study, malnutrition could not be identified as a primary cause of mental retardation. In the congenital group, the high representation of Down's syundrome is striking. Children with this syndrome make up about 42.71% of the congenital group and 14% of the overall number of mentally retarded. The majority of mothers were over 35 and multiparous. The care of the mentally retarded child in Nigeria leaves much to be desired. Except for a few states, there are no homes or centers for the furthering of these handicapped children. Since the inception of the Pediatric Neurology Clinic in this hospital, efforts have focused on diagnosis and assessment. Some children aged 5-12 years have been referred to a privately-owned Therapeutic Day Center in Enugu for early furthering and play therapy.     

Handicapping and genetic disorders in Zimbabwean institutions: a diagnostic survey

A diagnostic survey was undertaken in twelve Zimbabwean institutions for deaf, crippled and mentally handicapped individuals. A total of 1396 persons were evaluated of whom 885 were deaf, 356 physically disabled and 155 were mentally retarded. Acquired causes formed the largest aetiological group throughout the survey, but a high frequency of inherited crippling disorders was encountered (125 individuals). Down Syndrome accounted for almost one third of children with mental handicap. Undifferentiated autosomal recessive deafness was found in 87 persons, most of whom were from the Shona people.     

Prevalence and treatment of substance abuse in the mentally retarded population: an empirical review

This article presents the first comprehensive review of studies of alcohol and illicit substance use in mentally retarded individuals, including prevalence, and recommendations for assessment and treatment. Mentally retarded persons appear to use/abuse alcohol at about the same rate as their noncognitively-impaired counterparts, and illicit drugs at moderately lower rates. However, little is known regarding which assessments and interventions are most effective in this population, given the absence of published treatment outcome studies and case examples. This is particularly disconcerting as detrimental consequences resulting from substance use have been identified in mentally retarded samples. Anecdotal data suggests that treatment for these individuals require modifications of existing empirically-derived substance abuse interventions to accommodate their unique needs.     

The effects of prenatal exposure to phenytoin and other anticonvulsants on intellectual function at 4 to 8 years of age.

Twenty phenytoin exposed children between 48 and 99 months of age had an evaluation of behavior and intelligence by a single examiner who was unaware of exposure status. The controls were 98 children identified at birth as having three or more minor anomalies. None of the children evaluated were mentally retarded. In both, a case-by-case comparison and a comparison of the two entire groups, the phenytoin-exposed children had significantly lower scores for both Performance IQ (PIQ), Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), and Visual Motor Integration Test (VMIT). Similar abnormalities have been found in studies of animals exposed to phenytoin in utero. These results suggest that the teratogenic effects of phenytoin may include an effect on cognitive function.     

外周血淋巴细胞FMRP检测在脆性X综合征中的应用

目的 探讨外周血脆性X智力低下蛋白(fragile X mental retardation protein,FMRP)表达对脆性X综合征(fragile X syndrome,FXS)的诊断价值.方法 运用免疫细胞化学方法对38例不明原因的智力低下男性患儿的FMRP进行外周血淋巴细胞FMRP表达检测,并与38例年龄相近、智商或发育商均大于85的正常男性患儿比较,同时对FXS儿童FMRP表达水平与智力水平进行相关分析.结果 通过FMRP检测,智力低下组符合FXS诊断标准者5例,正常对照组外周血淋巴细胞FMRP表达均未达到诊断标准(P=0.022);FXS患儿FMRP表达率与发育商或智商间的相关性没有统计学意义(r=-0.610,P=0.275).结论 外周血淋巴细胞FMRP免疫细胞化学检测方法是一种具有快速、简便、价廉等优点的FXS实验诊断方法,可以用作FXS的诊断和筛查.