低渗透油藏非线性渗流产能计算模型及参数敏感性分析

应用常规的油藏工程方法,进行低渗透油藏动态预测普遍存在较大的误差.对此,在考虑启动压力梯度、应力敏感性、牛顿流体微压缩性以及流体粘度可变性的基础上,运用渗流理论,建立了低渗透油藏非线性平面径向稳定渗流模型,应用解析方法对模型进行求解.结合华庆油田白155井区超低渗透油藏的开发实例,对影响油井的产能因素进行参数敏感性分析,绘制了不同参数下油井的产能曲线.与达西线性渗流对比,提出该模型可用来评价油井产能以及进行产能预测.     

管线渗漏引发地面塌陷的DEM-CFD耦合数值模拟

基于流固双向耦合原理,在离散元软件PFC3D基础上使用DEM(离散元)与CFD(计算流体动力学)耦合模块,考虑流体高速渗流时的流体压力梯度力对流固耦合过程的影响,建立了土颗粒与流体双向耦合作用下的细观数值模拟力学模型,针对渗流发生和发展过程中土体力学性能和水力性质进行了研究,从而定性地揭示了地表塌陷过程的演化规律与灾变机理。结果表明,流体高速渗流时,流体压力梯度力数值大于拖曳力,且土颗粒半径越大,流体压力梯度力越大;地表塌陷过程中土体塌陷模式呈圆锥形变化。     

束缚水条件下气体在裂缝性页岩多孔介质中的流动特征

页岩气在我国资源丰富,为研究页岩气束缚水条件下的流动规律,分别进行了干燥页岩岩心氮气渗流实验和水存在条件下裂缝性页岩中气体渗流速度变化规律的实验。该文通过对实验结果进行分析可以得到:干燥未饱和水的页岩岩心,气体渗流时存在明显的滑脱效应,且由于滑脱效应的存在气体渗流不存在启动压力梯度;而水存在时的页岩岩心,气体在岩心渗流时由于贾敏效应的存在,渗流过程存在启动压力梯度,给页岩气开发带来困难,且岩心气测渗透率越小,启动压力梯度越大,贾敏效应越明显。该文的研究表明:在纳米尺度下,单相气体的流动不存在启动压力了,反而存在滑脱效应,而水存在时,气体的流动存在明显的启动压力。这种现象表明了:微纳米尺度下流体流动的特殊性质。最后得到了一种计算孔隙-孔喉系统最小喉道数的方法。     

非牛顿流体在环形空间中轴向层流的精确解

本文以流体的运动微分方程为基础,研究了工程上常见的两种非牛顿流体——幂律流体及宾汉流体在环形空间中轴向层流的流动规律,得到了其速度场、平均速度及压力梯度的精确解,定量地分析了关于环形空间中流动对称性假设的适应性及误差。     

非线性球形渗流模型及井底压力动态特征研究

对储层较厚的油藏,油井通常采用部分射开的完井方式,当射开厚度较小时,就会出现球形渗流模式.针对这一情况,基于物质平衡原理,建立了考虑二次压力梯度影响的非线性球形渗流物理数学模型.利用变量代换,将渗流模型线性化,求取了不同外边界条件下拉普拉斯空间的解析解,再利用数值反演求取了实空间的解,并编程绘制了井底压力动态特征曲线.根据曲线形态,分析了井底压力动态响应特征,新的非线性渗流特征曲线与常规线性渗流曲线明显不同,非线性渗流模型的压力和压力导数曲线偏离线性渗流模型的曲线,并进行了理论误差分析,结果表明在一定条件下非线性的影响十分强烈,因此,应加强非线性渗流理论的研究.     

低渗透油藏中水平井两相渗流分析

大量实验表明，在低渗透多孔介质中，渗流不再符合线性达西定律，而具有启动压力梯度，本文从Buckley-Leverret不混溶两相渗流驱替理论出发，考虑启动压力梯度的影响，对水平井两相渗流进行分析，得到了椭球形边水油藏中水平井定产时的压力分布公式和定压生产时的产量公式，以及饱和度分布公式。经图示分析得出结论：启动压力梯度不仅增大油藏的生产压差，而且使油藏的无水采收率和水驱采收率减少；增大注入量可以降低启动压力梯度对两相渗流的不利影响，从而提高水驱采收率，因此开发含启动压力梯度油藏，应小井距，大流量，大压差进行注水开发；水平井的两相渗流解析解为数值模拟中水平井的处理提供很好的方法。     

不平衡效应对稠油渗流的影响

本文利用稠油的多组分模型，研究了不平衡效应对粘弹性稠油在多孔介质中渗流的影响。通过建交我孔介质中存在不平衡效应的一维有界不稳定直线渗流的数学模型，分别推出了渗流初期和后期的压力分布解析式，并与一般牛顿流体渗流进行了比较。结果表明，不平衡效应使得渗流过程中的压力下降缓慢，在实际的稠油开采中，要合理的利用稠油的粘弹特性。     

微纳米尺度下页岩气的质量流量特征分析

页岩气流动特征复杂。一些学者已对页岩气渗流进行了探讨,但这些模型大多只包含了页岩气渗流的部分机理。该文基于页岩气藏复杂孔隙结构和页岩气在纳米孔隙表面的滑脱、扩散等现象,通过建立天然气单相流动模型,从质量流量角度,详细阐述了页岩气的流动机理及滑脱、扩散等因素对页岩气流动特征的影响。质量流量的特征研究表明:达西流动产生的流量与地层压力、压力梯度和渗透率成正比;低压下,气体的滑脱效应、扩散效应明显,扩散产生的流量所占比例较大,高压下,渗流以达西流为主;滑脱产生的流量与压力梯度、渗透率成正比,压力梯度和渗透率一定时,滑脱流量为定值,与地层压力无关。扩散对页岩气流动的影响与滑脱相类似:随着地层压力增大,扩散作用明显减弱,扩散产生的流量与压力梯度成正比;扩散流量与渗透率无关,扩散对压力的敏感度大于滑脱。     

低渗透油藏毛细管压力动态效应的数值模拟研究

实验分析和理论研究表明毛细管压力存在动态效应,即其与润湿相流体的饱和度变化率相关,已有的物理实验表明低渗透油藏中的毛细管压力动态效应对于油气渗流存在着较大的影响。该文首先根据23个低渗岩心渗流曲线的数值拟合分析结果,建立了各项物理意义明确的非线性渗流运动方程,然后通过构造三种不同的饱和度变化速率的润湿相流体饱和度时变曲线,利用有限元数值方法模拟了三种饱和度曲线对应下的一维水驱油过程,并在完全基于数学方法较少依赖于物理实验的基础上计算了毛细管压力曲线。数值模拟的结果表明,低渗透油藏中存在较为明显的毛细管压力动态效应,且动态系数与介质的固有渗透率负相关,与润湿相流体的黏滞系数正相关。并通过与达西线性渗流模拟结果的对比表明了低渗油藏中非线性渗流产生的毛细管压力动态效应更为明显,动态系数也更大。     

致密油藏体积压裂水平井不稳定压力分析

水平井结合体积压裂改造成为目前开发致密油藏的关键技术。考虑到致密油藏多尺度渗流(基质、天然裂缝和水力裂缝)及多种流动机理(启动压力梯度和应力敏感)相互耦合的复杂渗流过程,该文建立了综合考虑致密油藏启动压力梯度和应力敏感的体积压裂水平井不稳定压力分析模型。通过Laplace变换和摄动变换等求解得到了拉氏空间中的井底压力,应用Stehfest数值反演绘制了相应的压力动态响应曲线。研究结果表明:压力响应曲线可以划分为6个流动阶段,模型的退化结果与Ozkan模型一致,验证了该文模型的正确性,并在此基础上进行了影响因素分析。该文研究结果可为致密油藏体积压裂水平井的不稳定压力分析提供一定的理论依据。     

UNSTEADY FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN VISCO-ELASTIC FLUID IN DUAL-POROSITY MEDIA WITH THE FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE

The fractional order derivative was introduced to the seepage flow research to establish the relaxation models of non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluids in dual porous media. The flow characteristics of non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluids through a dual porous medium were studied by using the Hankel transform, the discrete Laplace transform of sequential fractional derivatives and the generalized Mittag-Leffler function. Exact solutions were obtained for arbitrary fractional order derivative. The long-time and short-time asymptotic solutions for an infinite formation were also resulted. The pressure transient behavior of non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluids flow through an infinite dual porous media was studied by using Stehfest's inversion method of the numerical Laplace transform. It shows that the characteristics of the fluid flow are appreciably affected by the order of the fractional derivative.     

Application of binding theory for seepage of viscoelastic fluid in a variable diameter capillary

The polymer solution for polymer flooding is a viscoelastic fluid. There exist both shear flow and elongational flow when the polymer solution flows in a porous medium, where an additional dissipation is involved. The additional dissipation caused by elongational deformation is often ignored while studying the flow of the fluid in a porous medium. For a complex polymer solution, the generated elongational pressure drop cannot be ignored. In a capillary of fixed diameter, the polymer solution is only impacted by the shear force, and its rheological property is pseudoplastic. Therefore the variable diameter capillary and the converging-diverging flow model with different cross sections are required to describe the flow characteristics of the polymer solution in porous media more accurately. When the polymer solution flows through the port, we have the elongational flow and the polymer molecules undergo elongational deformation elastically. By using the mechanical energy balance principle and the minimum energy principle, a mathematical model of non-Newtonian fluid inlet flow was established by Binding. On the basis of the Binding theory, with the application of the theory of viscoelastic fluid flow in the circular capillary and the contraction-expansion tube, the relations between the viscoelastic fluid flow rate and the pressure drop are obtained.     

Electro-osmotic flow of a second-grade fluid in a porous microchannel subject to an AC electric field

Studies on electro-osmotic flows of various types of fluids in microchannel are of great importance owing to their multifold applications in the transport of liquids, particularly when the ionized liquid flows with respect to a charged surface in the presence of an external electric field. In the case of viscoelastic fluids, the volumetric flow rate differs significantly from that of Newtonian fluids, even when the flow takes place under the same pressure gradient and the same electric field. With this end in view, this paper is devoted to a study concerning the flow pattern of an electro-osmotic flow in a porous microchannel, which is under the action of an alternating electric field. The influence of various rheological and electro-osmotic parameters, e.g., the Reynolds number, Debye-Huckel parameter, shape factor and fluid viscoelasticity on the kinematics of the fluid, has been investigated for a secondgrade viscoelastic fluid. The problem is first treated by using analytical methods, but the quantitative estimates are obtained numerically with the help of the software MATHEMATICA. The results presented here are applicable to the cases where the channel height is much greater than the thickness of the electrical double layer comprising the Stern and diffuse layers. The study reveals that a larger value of the Debye-Huckel parameter creates sharper profile near the wall and also that the velocity of electro-osmotic flow increases as the permeability of the porous microchannel is enhanced. The study further shows that the electro-osmotic flow dominates at lower values of Reynolds number. The results presented here will be quite useful to validate the observations of experimental investigations on the characteristics of electro-osmotic flows and also the results of complex numerical models that are necessary to deal with more realistic situations, where electro-osmotic flows come into the picture, as in blood flow in the micro-circulatory system subject to an electric field.     

二平行流之间幂率流体层流剪切流动的数学模型

非牛顿流体的平行剪切流动是一种在自然界和工程实践中常见的流动。本文应用流体力学和非牛顿流体力学理论，利用Ｐｒａｎｄｔｌ边界层方程，在未作任何其它假设的情况下，得出了幂率流体平行剪切层流流动时的相似变量，给出了两充体指数ｎ相同时的常微分方程和定解条件。     

在封闭地层中非牛顿幂律流体压降特征分析

研究非牛顿流体压降特征有助于提高聚合物驱油或常规稠油开采效果.本文首先用Laplace变换方法给出了封闭地层中非牛顿幂律流体不稳定渗流数学模型的解析解式,然后通过渐近分析给出了比较完整的压降流动期表现公式,其中晚期拟稳态表达式是一个新的结果,而通过流动期渐近公式可以对非牛顿幂律流体压降测试数据进行简洁分析,文中给出了具体应用方法和步骤.     

Modern methods of underground hydromechanics with applications to reservoir engineering

In the report the basic principles of new approach to the study of transport processes in porous medium are represented. The "percolation" approach has arisen as an attempt to overcome the traditional phenomenological approach in the underground hydromechanics, based on the assumption of continuity of saturated porous media, which does not allow to explain and to model a number of effects arising from the fluids flow in porous media. The results obtained are very interesting not only from the scientific point of view but as the scientific basis for a number of enhanced oil recovery technologies.     

MECHANISM FOR VISCOELASTIC POLYMER SOLUTION PERCOLATING THROUGH POROUS MEDIA

The pore throat of porous media is modeled as a constricted channel or expanded channel. The flow of viscoelastic polymer solution in pore throat model is studied by numerical method. Relationship between pressure drop and flow rate is developed,viscoelasticity and throat size are found to be two main factors in high flow resistance. According to pore throat model,2-D stochastic channel bundle is put forward to model porous media,which is composed of pore throat models in series -parallel connection with size and length accord to Haring -Greenkorn stochastic distribution. Percolation model of viscoelastic fluid is developed on the basis of Darcy equation and pressure drop vs. flow rate relation in 2-D stochastic channel bundle. Results indicate that the seepage ability of viscoelastic polymer solution decreases with the increase of viscoelasticity,injection rate,and heterogeneity as well as the decrease of mean pore size of porous media. The high pressure drop of viscoelastic fluid at the connection of pore to throat plays a great role in its anomalous high flow resistance through porous media.     

THE FLOW ANALYSIS OF FLUIDS IN FRACTAL RESERVOIR WITH THE FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE

1. INTRODUCTION Chang and Yortsos [1 ]presented the theoretical model for infinite fractal reservoir. Acuna et al. [ 2]explained the fractal characteristic of a naturally fractured geothermal field. Acuna [ 3] reviewed the theoretical background of fractal analysis. They alsodemonstrated the application of various diagnostic techniques for fractal pressure transient analysis as developed by Chang and Yortsos [1 ].Tong[4 ? 7]give the analytical solution of various cases for transient flow…     

内、外边界定压条件下地层压力的解

本文在内、外边界定压的条件下得到了平面单向流和平面径向流两种渗流形式在拉氏空间的解析解，利用Stehfest数值反演方法给出了地层各点的压力分布曲线，由这些曲线可以清楚地看到流体的流动由不稳态流向稳态流过渡以及最后达到稳态流的过程。本文给出的压力解可用于准确预测油井(或水井)由开井达到稳定生产所需要的最小时间，同时也是对油藏渗流力学基础理论的一个有意义的补充。     

基于分层建体的多孔介质模型在植物消浪模拟中的应用

为了探讨多孔介质模型是否适用于研究破碎波条件下的植物消浪问题,以立面二维自由面紊流模型为工具,建立了基于植物冠层特征的分层多孔介质模型,精细地模拟了近岸破碎波对植物带的冲击,且在瞬时波面形态、波面线、波浪最大爬高、堤脚时均压力过程线等几方面与物模试验成果进行了详细对比。结果表明,分层建体的多孔介质模型计算精度较高,能够很好地模拟植物区的消浪过程,该数值模拟方法可以用于植物消浪问题的研究。