基于遗传算法的机液传动系统参数匹配研究

本文中对一款机液复合传动变速器进行运动学、动力学和能量管理分析,确定装配方案和基本参数。采用基于Pareto最优原理的多目标遗传算法研究传动系统的参数匹配问题,包括选择优化目标、确定设计变量和约束条件等。建立基于modeFRONTIER的传动系统多目标优化模型,分别以爬坡度和燃油消耗率为动力性和经济性的目标函数,采用多目标遗传算法,结合实验设计,对模型进行全局搜索寻优。结果表明:爬坡度平均值为27.26°,95%置信区间为[26.36°,28.16°],Pareto最优解为27.93°;燃油消耗率平均值为208.88 g/(kW·h),95%置信区间为[208.62,209.13]g/(kW·h),Pareto最优解为206.76 g/(kW·h)。随着优化迭代步数的增加,爬坡度和燃油消耗率两个目标值都将在一个小范围内收敛,且设计变量的Pareto最优解很好地满足传动系统的匹配要求。     

柴油机SCR系统控制策略研究与软件设计

为有效地降低柴油机排气污染物NO_x,结合模块化设计思想,在Matlab/Simulink环境下完成SCR控制软件的开发。软件主要包括数据管理模块、SCR状态模块、尿素量计算模块和任务模块,其中尿素量计算模块采用基本尿素喷射量计算、尿素量修正和闭环反馈调节的组合方式提高尿素量计算精度。软件经代码生成后刷写至SCR控制器DCU中,在试验台架上完成ESC和WHTC循环测试。试验结果表明:在ESC和WHTC试验循环下,NO_x转换效率分别高于79.09%和72.35%,经催化还原后排放值分别低于1.836g/(kW·h)和2.147g/(kW·h),满足国Ⅴ法规的限值要求。     

单缸风冷汽油机高压缩比燃烧室的优化设计仿真研究

针对燃油经济性问题,论文以非道路单缸风冷170F汽油机为研究对象,高热效率为核心目标,运用仿真软件对燃烧室形状和压缩比进行优化。在保证不发生异常燃烧的前提下,使用CONVERGE建立仿真模型,并设计仿真了四款高压缩比燃烧室对发动机性能的影响。通过对仿真数据的具体分析来确定较为理想的燃烧室模型。研究结果表明,在自身小型强化技术进一步完善的前提下,可考虑轻微爆震的压缩比情况,此时压缩比为10.5,整机指示热效率较原机提升46.61%,理论燃油消耗率下降至252.69 g/(kW·h),较原机下降31.79%。该种燃烧室改良方法有较好的节能减排前景,在同类机械不同机型上有一定的应用普适性,具有实用推广的能力。     

日本商用车厂商各展对策适应2005年（新长期）排放法规

2005年10月起销售的新型商用车需满足的新长期排放法规规定,车辆总质量3.5t以上柴油车的排放量的上限是:PM为0.027g/(kW·h)、N Ox为2.0g/(kW·h)。这比现行的新短期法规规定的PM为0.18g/(kW·h)、NOx为3.38g/(kW·h)分别减少了15%和59.1%,是世界上最严格的法规。减少NOx和PM的方法有三种:其一是冷却EGR+D PF的方法。冷却EGR是指降低排放再循环气体温度以减少NOx。为使大量的排放气体与进气混合,应冷却排放气体,提高其密度。但是采用此种办法会产生更多的PM,所以使用D PF(柴油微粒过滤器)收集、储存增加的PM,使之高混合比燃烧…     

Atkinson循环发动机配气机构改进分析

基于发动机燃油经济性升级需求,将传统的Otto循环发动机改为阿特金森(Atkinson)循环发动机,其中,配气机构的改进是完成循环改型的关键。对某汽油机配气机构建立模型,并进行运动学和动力学计算分析,进而对凸轮型线进行优化设计,对配气正时进行再设计研究。利用进排气凸轮轴的双VVT机构,在不同转速和负荷下对改型后的发动机进行了双VVT的优化控制设计。台架试验结果表明,发动机成功地完成了Atkinson循环的转换,最低燃油消耗率由原机的250g/(kW·h)降低到232g/(kW·h),且低油耗区向常用发动机工况移动,验证了配气机构设计方法的正确性和有效性。     

高效混动专用发动机技术研究

针对高效混动专用发动机开发过程中发动机热效率未达到设计目标的问题，使用试验数据校正了热力学模型，应用模型对问题原因进行了量化评估，提出了提高热效率的优化方案。结果表明：样机燃烧速率慢、抗爆震性能差、压缩比低是热效率未达标的原因；优化方案包括：优化燃烧系统、提高压缩比到12、增加进排气升程的高度；优化方案的部分负荷平均燃油消耗率平均降幅为4.4%,最低燃油消耗率为209 g/(kW·h),对应热效率为40.5%,满足设计目标。米勒循环+冷却EGR技术需要匹配快速燃烧系统使用。     

CHTC与C-WTVC工况油耗和排放的试验研究

针对工况特征参数分析了中国重型商用车辆行驶工况(CHTC)与C-WTVC工况的差异,并在底盘测功机上对6个车型进行了试验研究,分析2种工况下各车型的油耗和排放表现。试验结果表明:CHTC中的怠速和低速、低负荷工况比例较C-WTVC工况高;CHTC较未加权C-WTVC工况油耗测试结果提高1.0%～15.1%,NO_x排放量提高11～403 mg/(kW·h);CHTC的中、低速段急加速工况是今后降低NO_x排放量的研究重点,高速段是改善燃油经济性的研究重点。     

政策法规

根据欧洲环境保护部长理事会达成的协议，2000年已开始对重型载货汽车和公共汽车柴油机执行新的排放法规——欧Ⅲ标准，理事会还通过了将于2005年和2008年开始执行更为严格的排放法规，这些法规待欧洲议会批准后实施。 欧Ⅲ法规将以前采用的13工况标准循环测试改为欧洲稳态循环法、欧洲瞬态循环法和加载烟度试验等柴油机排放鉴定试验方法。对包括采用电控燃油泵、废气再循环装置和氧化催化转换器的普通柴油机，需进行欧洲稳态循环试验和加载烟度试验；对采用包括NOx催化器和PM捕集器等排气后处理装置的柴油机和气体燃料发动机则需增加欧洲瞬态循环法试验。2005年和2008年开始执行更为严格的排放法规后，进行定型试验的柴油机必须采用欧洲瞬态循环法和欧洲稳态循环法进行试验以确定其排放值。 2005年开始实施的欧Ⅳ标准规定，稳态循环法测试的柴油机PM排放限值为0.02 g/(kW*h)，瞬态循环法测试的限值为0.03 g/(kW*h)；两种试验循环测试的NOx排放限值均为3.5 g/(kW*h)。将于2008年执行的法规将NOx的排放限值降为2.0 g/(kW*h)。这些法规将于2002年进行可行性论证。据预测，要达到2005年开始执行的排放法规，所有新出厂的重型载货柴油车都必须加装排气后处理装置，这将引起柴油机排放控制技术的重大变革。     

重型柴油车燃用生物柴油CO2和NOx排放影响因素分析

文章基于底盘测功机法以及中国货车行驶工况(CHTC-HT)测试了国六燃用生物柴油车CO₂和NOx的瞬态实际排放特征,评估了运行工况、冷热启动、环境温度和载荷下对实际排放的影响。在瞬态运行工况下,测试车辆CO₂的排放速率与加速度呈显著正相关,低速加速段的NOx的排放速率急剧增加。环境温度和冷热启动影响样车CO₂和NOx的排放,CO₂的排放主要受到车辆速度和负荷的影响,冷启动阶段、市区、城郊和高速的CO₂平均排放速率分别是3.84 g/s、2.69 g/s、4.92 g/s和7.52 g/s。冷启动阶段的NOx排放占整个测试循环排放的62.9%,急加速阶段,多次出现排放NOx的峰值。载荷对CO₂的比排放的影响并不十分显著,与空载相比,半载的NOx的平均比排放降低了27.1%。测试车辆在市区、城郊和高速的工况下CO₂的平均比排放差异并不显著。市区NOx的平均比排放达到6582.7mg/(kW·h)(空载)、5547.2mg/(kW·h)(半...     

高效发动机实现超低氮氧化物尾气排放的对策

研究考虑将选择性催化还原(SCR)系统置于柴油机氧化型催化器(DOC)上游,使上游催化系统快速起燃,以实现在整个复合联邦测试规程(FTP)和坡道实验规程(RMC)期间实现低于0.07 g/(kW·h)的氮氧化物(NOx)排放目标。对发动机机外NOx水平、排气温度,以及上下游SCR之间的剂量水平进行权衡比较。针对N2O形成和NH3逃逸,对NOx转化效率进行比较。研究结果显示,即使使用“超低NOx”后处理系统和“2027NOx”发动机标定,如果目标尾管NOx限值为0.027 g/(kW·h),在冷态FTP工况下,最初260s内的累积尾管NOx排放也超过了整个复合FTP工况期间所允许尾管NOx排放量,故需要另外采取措施才能达到此尾管NOx排放水平。改进SCR配方,在低于180℃的低温下实现高于50%的NOx转化率。在达到高NOx转化之前,需要更少NH3储存的SCR配方,让还原剂较早起效是降低尾管NOx排放量的潜在方法。     

CA4D32—12柴油机喷油器及喷油泵的匹配试验研究

对CA4D32—12柴油机进行了喷油器及喷油泵的匹配试验研究。选择不同的喷油器孔径、喷孔夹角及具有不同结构参数的喷油泵进行排放及性能试验,就这些因素对排放及性能的影响进行了分析,确定了喷油器和喷油泵的优化匹配方案。试验结果表明,通过优化匹配提高了CA4D32—12柴油机的排放性能指标,使其在满足欧Ⅱ排放标准的同时,外特性最低燃油消耗率达到了209 g/(kW.h),提高了燃油经济性。     

气门相位对高膨胀比发动机性能影响的研究

在1台几何压缩比为12的双独立可变凸轮相位汽油机上,在转速1 500~5 500 r/min、全负荷工况下进行了不同进排气相位对发动机输出扭矩、燃油消耗率、爆震倾向影响的试验研究,分析了不同转速下进排气相位优化的规律以及对发动机性能的影响。试验结果表明,采用可变相位技术后,低速时扭矩提高超过8%,中高速时功率增长达10%~14.8%,转速在4 500 r/min以下燃油消耗率平均降低5%,在2 000 r/min时最低燃油消耗率达到250 g/(kW.h)。     

EGR回路喷甲醇在柴油机上的应用研究

在YC6A220C柴油机上进行了进气道喷甲醇结合EGR的试验研究,在保持原柴油机动力性基本不变的基础上,研究了在不同负荷下,选用不同的EGR率和不同甲醇消耗率对原机的动力性、经济性、NOx和炭烟排放的影响。研究结果表明:单纯地使用EGR对于降低NOx效果比较明显,但是难以同时降低炭烟的排放,尤其当EGR率超过30%时,随着EGR率或者负荷的增加炭烟也急剧增加。向回路喷入适量甲醇后,不但可以保证NOx排放减少,而且炭烟排放也可以大幅度降低。在1 500r/min(最大扭矩转速)下,在EGR率为20%~35%,甲醇消耗率为50~70g/(kW·h)范围内,可以同时降低NOx和炭烟排放。发动机的动力性和燃油消耗略有降低,排放水平均低于燃用0号柴油。     

预喷射控制柴油机燃烧噪声的试验研究

研究了预喷射在高压共轨电控直喷式柴油机上控制燃烧噪声的作用。通过试验分析了不同工况下预喷射变量、预喷射定时、预喷射油量及主喷射定时的变化对燃烧噪声产生的影响。基于结果的分析,对预喷射变量进行优化。在以燃烧噪声为目标进行优化的同时,兼顾其对排放和经济性的影响。结果表明,采用预喷射可以明显改善燃烧噪声,在优化了预喷射策略之后,改善效果更明显。采用合理的预喷射策略可以明显降低燃烧噪声和NOx排放,但烟度和燃油消耗率略有增加。     

Grey-Fuzzy Taguchi approach for multi-objective optimization of performance and emission parameters of a single cylinder crdi engine coupled with EGR

The present study attempts to address the challenges of the multiobjective optimization problem of the BSFC-NOx-PM trade-off paradox of an existing diesel engine by harnessing the synergetic benefit of PM and BSFC reduction through CRDI operation and simultaneous NOx reduction by EGR application. Load, FIP and EGR were chosen as the input parameters while NOx, PM and BSFC were the response variables. In order to reduce the experimental effort, the Taguchi L₁₆ orthogonal array technique was employed to obtain the corresponding values of the response variables. The grey relational analysis coupled with fuzzy logic has been employed as the optimization routine. The optimal combination of the input parameters corresponding to the calibrated values of the response variables were obtained by employing the Grey-Fuzzy Grade and S-N ratio strategy as a performance index. The computed optimal combination so obtained were further validated through actual experimentation. EGR was found to be the most influencing factor in the present optimization endeavour. The study also established that the Grey-Fuzzy-Taguchi method was not only comparable but superior to the Grey-Taguchi method usually employed for such optimization studies.     

Influence of pilot injection on combustion characteristics and emissions in a DI diesel engine fueled with diesel and DME

This work experimentally investigates how the dwell time between pilot injection and main injection influences combustion and emissions characteristics (NOx, CO, THC and smoke) in a single-cylinder DI diesel engine. The experiments were conducted using two fuel injection systems according to the fuel type, diesel or dimethyl ether (DME), due to the different fuel characteristics. The injection strategy is accomplished by varying the dwell time (10°CA, 16°CA and 22°CA) between injections at five main injection timings (?4°CA aTDC, ?2°CA aTDC, 0°CA aTDC, 2°CA aTDC and 4°CA aTDC). Results from pilot-main injection conditions are compared with those shown in single injection conditions to better demonstrate the potential of pilot injection. It was found that pilot injection is highly effective for lowering heat-release rates with smooth pressure traces regardless of the fuel type. Pilot injection also offers high potential to maintain or increase the BMEP; even the combustion-timing is retarded to suppress the NOx emission formation. Overall, NOx emission formation was suppressed more by the combustion phasing retard effect, and not the pilot injection effect considered in this study. Comparison of the emissions for different fuel types shows that CO and HC emissions have low values below 100 ppm for DME operation in both single injection and pilot-main injection. However, NOx emission is slightly higher in the earlier main injection timings (?4°CA aTDC, ?2°CA aTDC) than diesel injections. Pilot injection was found to be more effective with DME for reducing the amount of NOx emission with combustion retardation, which indicates a level of NOx emission similar to that of diesel. Although the diesel pilot-main injection conditions show higher smoke emission than single-injection condition, DME has little smoke emission regardless of injection strategy.     

Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

车载微粒过滤器对柴油机性能及排放的影响

以1台车用柴油机为样机,研究了一种壁流式陶瓷微粒过滤器对其性能和排放的影响。试验选取了具有代表性的工况,测取了不同挂烟量时的微粒过滤器对该机前后烟度、NOx排放量及燃油消耗率和燃油消耗量的影响。试验结果表明,该机安装了微粒过滤器后,总体上燃油消耗率有所增加,但幅度非常小;烟度值及PM排放量显著降低,完全可以达到排放标准的要求;NO排放上升幅度很小,但仍能满足排放标准要求。     

缸内直喷汽油机多种燃烧模式的试验研究

基于量产增压缸内直喷汽油机,采用可变升程机构实现多种燃烧模式,在低升程下实现了均质燃烧、分层稀燃和均质压燃。试验结果表明:在转速2 000r/min,负荷0.2MPa,0.4MPa下,均质压燃的燃烧持续期最短,放热最快;在转速2 000r/min,负荷0.2MPa下,均质压燃的燃油消耗率最低,达到337g/(kW.h),同时均质压燃的NOx排放远低于均质燃烧和分层稀燃。     

Effect of a 2-stage injection strategy on the combustion and flame characteristics in a PCCI engine

Recently, to reduce environmental pollution and the waste of limited energy resources, there is an increasing requirement for higher engine efficiency and lower levels of harmful emissions. A premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine, which uses a 2-stage type injection, has drawn attention because this combustion system can simultaneously reduce the amount of NOx and PM exhausted from diesel engines. It is well known that the fuel injection timing and the spray angle in a PCCI engine affect the mixture formation and the combustion. To acquire two optimal injection timings, the combustion and emission characteristics of the PCCI engine were analyzed with various injection conditions. The flame visualization was performed to validate the result obtained from the engine test. This study reveals that the optimum injection timings are BTDC 60° for the first injection and ATDC 5° for the second injection. In addition, the injection ratio of 3 to 7 showed the best NOx and PM emission results.