非骨水泥型广泛涂层长柄假体在髋关节翻修股骨轻中度缺损重建中的应用

背景：股骨侧轻中度缺损翻修处理目前没有统一的解决方法。 目的：评价非骨水泥型广泛涂层长柄假体在股骨轻中度缺损的髋关节翻修中应用的临床效果。 方法：11例非感染性股骨侧轻中度骨缺损患者单髋初次翻修，均采用非骨水泥型广泛涂层长柄假体，其中8例患者行干燥同种异体颗粒植骨，3例患者未植骨。 结果与结论：11例均获随访，最短随访时间10个月，最长随访60个月。翻修后切口均为Ⅰ期愈合。末次随访时Harris 评分好于翻修前(P < 0.01)。翻修后2年1例股骨假体周围出现3 mm 透亮带，无明显临床症状，未作处理。患者均未见骨溶解，干燥同种异体颗粒骨融合时间3~9个月，平均5个月。提示，采用非骨水泥型广泛涂层长柄假体对股骨轻中度缺损进行髋关节翻修，可实现假体初始稳定与固定，近期临床疗效满意。     

人工全髋翻修及非骨水泥假体的应用：5年同一机构41例41髋资料回顾

背景：随着人工全髋关节置换后随访时间的延长,需行翻修者逐渐增多。而人工关节出现机械性松动前常已发现假体周围骨溶解,它将随着时间的推移而逐渐加重,不断加重的骨溶解会引起人工关节松动,最终导致关节翻修。 目的：观察非骨水泥假体在人工全髋关节置换后翻修术中的应用效果。 方法：对2004/2009沈阳市骨科医院收治的人工关节置换后患者41例(41髋)进行了翻修,再置换关节为北京普鲁士钢研外科植入物有限公司提供的旋入式全髋关节及美国史塞克有限公司生产的非骨水泥压配式全髋关节。41个髋臼中无髋臼骨缺损8髋,GustilloⅠ~Ⅱ型髋臼松动17髋,Ⅲ型髋臼松动8髋,对上述患者直接用纯钛螺旋臼成型或髋臼底加用颗粒植骨;Ⅳ型髋臼松动骨缺损8髋,采用颗粒植骨,钛网重建髋臼,骨水泥髋臼假体成型。取出假体柄后试情况置入非骨水泥普通假体柄或加长柄,根据试骨缺损情况进行假体周围植骨,必要时捆绑带固定。 结果与结论：髋臼侧进行了钛网重建植骨的8例患者翻修后3 d可以下地非负重拄拐行走,其余患者均可以于翻修后3 d下地负重行功能练习。翻修后随访6~66个月,无假体移位下沉等不稳迹象,无需要再重新翻修的病例,Harris评分由翻修前的平均32.6分增加到翻修后的平均88.1分。随访X射线片显示部分患者骨质改建,密度增加,未发现假体周围有新出现亮带的患者。结果提示,采用非骨水泥假体对髋关节进行翻修后,近期可取得较好的修复效果,远期效果有待随访。     

全髋关节置换后股骨假体柄周围骨折15例：按Vancouver方法分类治疗

回顾性分析1997-05/2007-05广东省人民医院骨科收治的15例全髋关节置换后股骨假体周围骨折患者的临床资料,均按Vancouver分类方法进行分类治疗,其中AG型1例、AL型1例、B1型3例、B2型5例、B3型3例、C型2例。根据分型A型骨折采用非手术治疗,B1、C型采用切开复位内固定器械固定治疗,B2、B3型骨折采用长柄假体翻修+异体骨植骨。翻修+植骨或内固定后随访3~12个月,15例患者骨折愈合,异体骨移植成功,假体固定可靠,髋关节功能Harris评分疗效优良率为73.3%,但合并有其他可治愈的并发症。提示根据Vancouver分类方法选择不同的方案治疗全髋关节置换后假体柄周围骨折,效果良好。     

金属钛网支撑颗粒骨植骨处理人工全髋关节翻修中的髋臼骨缺损

目的：观察应用钛网及颗粒骨植骨处理人工全髋关节翻修中髋臼骨缺损的效果。 方法：自2003-01/2008-07吉林大学第一医院医院骨关节二科对31例行髋臼翻修的患者采用颗粒状松质骨打压植骨联合金属钛网固定重建髋臼骨缺损,男13例,女18例;年龄56~77岁,平均65岁;前次手术距翻修手术2.5~11.0年,平均8.3年。髋臼缺损按AAOS分类：Ⅱ型14例,Ⅲ型17例,翻修前髋关节Harris评分平均37分。31例患者均使用骨水泥固定假体,术后进行临床评估及X射线评估。 结果：31例患者均获得随访,随访时间3个月~5年。患者术后24 h即开始下肢被动功能锻练,3周下床不完全负重活动20例,11例于术后5周下床活动,3个月正常活动。术后半年Harris评分较术前平均提高45分,其中优20例,良9例,可2例,优良率94%。术后早期3个月内未见感染、假体周围骨折、脱位、神经血管及盆腔脏器损伤、栓塞等并发症;3例患者伤口延迟愈合,间断性渗液至术后3周;无髋臼假体需再次翻修病例。2例患者在X射线平片上出现透亮带,考虑存在移植骨被吸收可能。 结论：打压植骨联合金属钛网固定在处理髋关节翻修术中髋臼缺损时,操作简单方便,疗效可靠。     

股骨侧远端生物固定假体在高龄患者全髋关节翻修中的应用

背景：对高龄患者行人工全髋关节翻修时如何正确选择股骨侧假体固定方式,可否应用组配式股骨假体处理此类难题? 目的：验证股骨侧生物固定型假体在老年人全髋翻修后的效果。 方法：采用远端固定生物型股骨假体对11例75岁以上股骨侧假体松动患者进行翻修。11例股骨骨缺损根据Paprosky分型,Ⅰ型2髋,Ⅱ型2髋,ⅢA型7髋。 结果与结论：11例患者均随访16个月以上,患者Harris评分从翻修前的37分(22~49分)改善至随访结束时的89分(78~92分),优良率>90%,无患者发生再次松动。翻修后X射线片显示假体周围骨质密度和厚度明显增加。提示远端固定生物型假体可在股骨远端髓腔内获得可靠的轴向及抗旋转初始稳定性,尤其适用于伴有近端骨缺损的高龄患者的翻修治疗。     

骨水泥与非骨水泥双动头假体治疗老年股骨颈骨折的比较

背景：现有文献对于骨水泥型与非骨水泥型人工全髋关节的研究已较为深入,而对于骨水泥与非骨水泥型人工双动型假体的疗效观察很少报道,对于骨水泥型及非骨水泥型假体之间有何差异,国内的研究很少。 目的：比较骨水泥型与非骨水泥型双动头假体治疗老年股骨颈骨折的疗效。 设计、时间及地点：对比观察,病例来自2004-01/2005-12西安市红十字会医院骨科。 对象：选择西安市红十字会医院骨科收治的股骨颈骨折(Garden Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型)患者131例,男39例,女92例,年龄65~98岁,平均79岁。左髋72例,右髋59例。 方法：置换前对患有不同程度基础疾病的患者给予相应治疗。入院后三四天进行股骨头置换治疗,均为同一术者操做,全部患者随机分为两组,其中骨水泥组采用骨水泥假体治疗;非骨水泥组采用非骨水泥假体治疗。置换后随访3年。采用Harris评分标准评估患髋。 主要观察指标：两组患者肢体功能的恢复情况及髋关节Harris评分、死亡率、假体翻修率和并发症的发生。 结果：随访期间骨水泥组6例患者死亡,非骨水泥组8例死亡。骨水泥组置换后3个月,43例患者可独立行走,15例需助步器辅助行走,5例仅能活动(卧床活动)。非骨水泥组27例患者可独立行走,35例需助步器辅助行走。骨水泥组9例患者住院时出现合并症,非骨水泥组有15例出现置换后并发症。置换后3年,骨水泥组有14例翻修(均为假体松动),翻修率23.73%。而非骨水泥组仅有5例翻修,其中1例股骨干劈裂,4例假体松动,翻修率8.62%。置换后1年,两组患者髋关节Harris评分差异无显著性意义。两组患者随访期间髋臼磨损基本无差异,髓腔占有率非骨水泥组明显高于骨水泥组。两组患者置换后均未见假体脱位、异位骨化及骨溶解。 结论：在随访期内骨水泥型和非骨水泥型双动头假体置换后患者髋关节功能之间无显著差异。     

老年股骨转子间骨折动力髋螺钉置入内固定失败行全髋关节置换4例

背景：治疗股骨转子间骨折内固定的方法有动力髋螺钉、Gamma钉、股骨近端髓内钉、角钢板、股骨近段锁定钢板等,其中以动力髋螺钉应用最为广泛,但其失败率也逐渐增加。 目的：观察人工全髋关节置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折应用动力髋螺钉内固定失败的病例特征。 方法：于2004/2007应用人工全髋关节置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折动力髋螺钉内固定失败病例4例,患者为自行跌倒,按Evans分型,Ⅱ型1例,ⅢA 型2例,ⅢB型1例。动力髋螺钉置入后6个月~1年出现内固定物移位,股骨头切割,骨折不愈合,髋内翻畸形,髋部疼痛,不能行走。继之采用骨水泥髋臼假体,按45°外展角,10°~15°前倾角置入。人工全髋关节置换后按照Harris评分标准进行疗效评价。 结果与结论：4例患者手术顺利,手术时间1.5~2.0 h,术中出血量400~600 mL,未出现骨水泥过敏反应。置换后无切口感染,无脱位,无坠积性肺炎,无压疮。经3~12个月随访,未出现假体松动、下沉,髋关节功能满意,摄片人工关节在位,假体匹配良好,Harris评分平均81分。结果提示老年股骨转子间骨折动力髋螺钉内固定失败后应用人工全髋关节置换,可缩短患者卧床时间,减少并发症,改善髋关节功能。     

发育性髋关节发育不良全髋关节置换术中出现假体周围骨折9例

选择2002-02/2007-05在天津医院关节外科发育性髋臼发育不良、初次人工全髋关节置换术中出现假体周围骨折的患者9例（9髋）。男1例，女8例，年龄52~69岁。初次全髋关节置换选用股骨假体与髓腔锉同号，髋臼假体直径比髋臼锉直径大2 mm。对患者术后疼痛、功能、活动范围、畸形程度进行Harris评分。随访时间最短1年，最长6年。髋臼骨折中4例为稳定性骨折，给予多枚螺钉加强固定，1例为不稳定性骨折，给予结构性植骨配合多枚螺钉固定；股骨骨折中1例为Vancouver AG型，给予钢丝捆绑固定，3例为B1型，给予锁定加压钢板（LCP）内固定或钢丝捆绑，1例为C型，给予LCP内固定。定期复查X射线片，未发现髋臼假体周围透亮带及松动表现。Harris评分平均为87.2分。结果表明：在发育性髋臼发育不良患者初次人工全髋关节置换术术中，选用的非骨水泥型髋臼假体直径应当不超过髋臼锉直径2 mm。对于骨折疏松明显的患者，最好选用与髋臼锉相同直径的髋臼假体并使用螺钉固定，或选用骨水泥型假体。当出现髋臼骨折时，可选用多枚螺钉固定或同时进行髋臼植骨。术中发生骨折，应当根据骨折类型和假体稳定性选用适合的固定方式。     

生物型人工全髋关节置换治疗髋关节骨关节炎的中期疗效评估

背景：目前关节置换技术的临床治疗效果不断提高,但应用时仍有很多困难需要解决。其中疗效评估,尤其是中期疗效缺乏长期随访及系统的评估标准。 目的：评估髋关节骨关节炎患者行生物型人工全髋关节置换后的中期疗效及影响因素。 方法：2001-07/2003-03采用生物型假体治疗35例髋关节骨关节炎患者,均采用改良Gibson切口,假体均为美国Stryker公司非骨水泥型人工全髋关节假体,进行5.3~8年的随访。临床评估以Harris评分为标准,影像评估根据置换后随访双髋关节正、侧位X射线片,观察臼杯、股骨假体位置及周围骨质改变,并测量臼杯内衬磨损速度与趋势;假体生存率采用Kaplan-Meier分析,分别以臼杯及股骨假体的无菌性松动和任何原因导致的翻修作为止点。 结果与结论：患者Harris评分从置换前的平均41分提高到最近随访时的平均91.3分。未出现可确诊的无菌性松动影像表现或要求翻修,亦未发现骨盆局限性骨溶解。聚乙烯内衬平均线性磨损率为(0.13±0.06) mm/年。Kaplan-Meier生存分析表明,臼杯及股骨假体的生存率均为100%。中期随访结果(至少5.3年)表明,生物型假体用于髋关节骨关节炎患者全髋关节置换术中,能够提供理想固定效果,临床疗效满意。未发现无菌性松动,骨溶解的发生率亦低下。但患者年龄越大,发生松动的概率越大,远期疗效需要进一步跟踪随访。     

嵌压植骨结合非骨水泥型全髋关节置换治疗强直性脊柱炎17例

摘要：1996-03/2003-03纳入强直性脊柱炎合并股骨侧严重骨质疏松的髋关节病变患者17例(24髋),采用自体骨嵌压植骨结合非骨水泥型全髋关节置换治疗。手术时年龄20~52岁,平均35岁;采用Harris评分方法及X射线片观察进行临床疗效评定。17例患者24髋均获得完整随访,随访时间36~120个月,平均87个月。Harris评分从置换前平均34分提高到置换后平均86.4分,优良率87.5%。X射线片见股骨假体与股骨近段紧密压配;无假体感染及脱位。1髋出现5 mm的假体下沉,发生于置换后1年内,经过5年以上随访观察,假体未进一步下沉,并与骨质接触良好,目前无松动表现。提示骨质量对非骨水泥假体置换的疗效影响较大,采用自体骨嵌压植骨技术进行骨质重建,可为强直性脊柱炎合并严重骨质疏松患者全髋关节置换提供了一种良好的解决方法,临床效果满意。     

视频脑电图在小儿癫痫诊断中的应用

目的评价视频脑电图(video-EEG)在小儿癫诊断中的应用价值。方法对126例具有发作性症状的患儿进行连续8h的包括清醒、睡眠、诱发试验及必要的认知测验的视频脑电图监测。结果经发作期视频脑电图证实,39例初诊为癫性发作的患儿中14例(35%)为非癫性发作;15例其他症状发作中13例(86%)为非癫性发作。64例样放电患儿中51例(80%)确定发作类型,22例(34%)确定癫类型。视频脑电图可发现短暂轻微的癫发作及样放电引起的一过性认知损伤。结论视频脑电图在排除非癫性发作、确定癫性发作的类型、评价脑电-临床关系方面可提供准确可靠的证据,进一步提高癫的临床诊断水平。     

Storage of lipofuscin in neurons in mucopolysaccharidosis

Summary A histochemical and ultrastructural study was made on the brain of a 23-year-old man with Sanfilippo's syndrome. In accordance with previous reports the cortical nerve cells contained a PAS-positive lipid storage substance. This showed intense autofluorescence in UV-light and was positive with various stains for lipofuscin. The storage material appeared ultrastructurally as inclusion bodies composed of short lamellated membranes, granular material, and vacuoles. In addition, concentrically and transversely lamellated membranous cytoplasmic bodies were observed in the nerve cells. It is concluded that the PAS-positive lipid storage material in the neurons was composed partly of lipofuscin in addition to other lipids presumably glycosphingolipids.Supported by a grant from the Expressen Prenatal Research Foundation     

Neuroprotective properties of memantine in different in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity

The pathogenesis of stroke, trauma and chronic degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been linked to excitotoxic processes due to inappropriate stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R). Attempts to use potent competitive NMDA-R antagonists as neuroprotectants have shown serious side-effects in patients. As an alternative approach, we were interested in the anti-excitotoxic properties of memantine, a well-tolerated low affinity uncompetitive NMDA-R antagonist presently used as an anti-dementia agent. We explored in a series of models of increasing complexity, whether this voltage-dependent channel blocker had neuroprotective properties at clinically relevant concentrations. As expected, memantine protected neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices or dissociated cultures from direct NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. However, low concentrations of memantine were also effective in neuronal (cortical neurons and cerebellar granule cells) stress models dependent on endogenous glutamate stimulation and mitochondrial stress, i.e. exposure to hypoxia, the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Furthermore, memantine reduced lethality and brain damage in vivo in a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Finally, we investigated functional rescue (neuronal capacity to migrate along radial glia) by memantine in cerebellar microexplant cultures exposed to the indirect excitotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Potent NMDA-R antagonists, such as (+)MK-801, are known to block neuronal migration in microexplant cultures. Interestingly, memantine significantly restored the number of neurons able to migrate out of the stressed microexplants. These findings suggest that inhibition of the NMDA-R by memantine is sufficient to block excitotoxicity, while still allowing some degree of signalling.     

Role of vincristine in the inhibition of angiogenesis in glioblastoma

Objective: Vincristine, a microtubule-destabilizing drug, was found to exhibit anti-angiogenic effects and anti-tumoral activity. However, the precise mechanism by which vincristine inhibits angiogenesis in glioblastomas is not well understood. Our aim was to investigate whether vincristine affects vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in glioblastoma cells and determine whether it is mediated by the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α).

Methods: We investigated the expression of HIF-1α in glioblastoma tissues resected from patients and in human glioblastoma cell lines using immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. In addition to an MTT assay assessing the effect of vincristine on cell proliferation and viability, the effects of vincristine on VEGF mRNA expression and HIF-1α protein were examined using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis under 1% O₂ (hypoxia).

Results: HIF-1α was expressed in the majority of glioblastoma tissues and was detected mainly in the nucleus. Strong immunoreactivity for HIF- 1 α was found often in the hypercellular zones. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α protein levels in the glioblastoma cell lines increased, primarily localizing into the nucleus similar to glioblastoma tissues. Exposure of glioblastoma cells to vincristine resulted in enrichment of the G₂-M fraction of the cell cycle, which suggests that vincristine-mediated growth inhibition of glioblastoma is correlated with mitotic inhibition. Using doses lower than those found to reduce the viability and proliferation of cells by 50% (IC₅₀), vincristine decreased both the expression of VEGF mRNA and the level of HIF-1α protein in hypoxic glioblastoma cells. In addition, following exposure to vincristine, the expression of VEGF mRNA was correlated with HIF-1α protein levels.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the mechanism by which vincristine elicits an anti-angiogenic effect in glioblastomas under hypoxic conditions might be mediated, in part, by HIF-1α inhibition.     

脑电图预测痫性发作研究进展

癫痫(epilepsy)是由脑部神经元高度同步化异常放电所致的临床综合征,系神经系统的常见病,困扰着全世界约1%的人群.每次神经元的阵发性放电或短暂的脑功能异常称为痫性发作(seizures).     

Midazolam in treatment of various types of seizures in children

Midazolam is a recently developed water-soluble benzodiazepine that shares anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, hypnotic and anticonvulsant actions with other members of this class. There are limited studies that midazolam can be used successfully to treat seizures in adults and children. In this study, 0.2 mg/kg intramuscular (IM) midazolam was administered to 11 children (eight boys and three girls), aged 3 days to 4 years (mean age 1.8±1.4 years), with seizures of various types. In all but one child, seizures stopped in 15 s–5 min after injection. No side effects were observed. These results suggest that IM administration of midazolam may be useful in a variety of seizures during childhood, especially in case of intravenous (IV) line problem.     

Developmental effects of in vivo and in vitro inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in neurons

The diffusible chemical messenger nitric oxide (NO) is involved in neuronal plasticity and it is, therefore, supposed to play a role in brain development. A shortage of NO during the critical period of brain maturation may theoretically have long-lasting consequences on the organization of the adult brain. We have performed in neonatal rats a chronic inhibition of the enzyme responsible for NO production, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), from postnatal day 3 to postnatal day 23, through administration of the competitive antagonist N-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME). The calcium-dependent catalytic activity resulted almost completely inhibited throughout the period of treatment and it took more than 4 days after its suspension to get a full recovery. The expression of the neuronal isoform of the enzyme (nNOS), revealed by immunoblotting, was unchanged during the treatment and after it. The histochemical reaction for NADPH diaphorase was reduced at the end of the treatment and recovered in concomitance with the recovery of the catalytic NOS activity. No gross structural alterations were detected in brain morphology. The levels of three neurotransmitter-related and one astrocytic marker were unchanged in the cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex of 60-day-old rats which had been neonatally treated. A similar lack of significant effects on neurochemical brain maturation was also noticed in a parallel series of experiments, in which a short pulse of NOS inhibition was performed at a critical prenatal time of brain development, from gestational day 14 to gestational day 19. In vitro, chronic exposure of cerebellar granule cells to L-NAME (500 microM) resulted in slight decrease of surviving neurons after 8 days in culture and in better resistance to the challenge of stressful culture conditions. The present results suggest that the basic plan of brain organization can be achieved despite an almost complete NOS inhibition during the maturation period. In vitro, NOS inhibition may bring to more pronounced consequences on neuronal viability and function.     

自噬参与帕金森病发病的研究进展

近年来,蛋白质的降解障碍被认为是帕金森病（Parkinson’Sdisease,PD）发病过程中的重要因素,人们已经公认泛素一蛋白酶体系统（ubiquitin--pro—teasomesystem,UPS）功能异常或衰竭能够导致细胞内异常蛋白蓄积、细胞功能障碍,甚至细胞凋亡。与此同时,蛋白降解的另一条途径——自噬-溶酶体途径（autophagy—lysosomepathway,ALP）也已成为了生命科学领域的研究热点,自噬与神经变性疾病,尤其是PD的关系日益受到人们的重视。     

The Burden of Agoraphobia in Worsening Quality of Life in a Community Survey in Italy

ObjectiveCurrent nosology redefined agoraphobia as an autonomous diagnosis distinct from panic disorder. We investigated the lifetime prevalence of agoraphobia, its association with other mental disorders, and its impact on the health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). MethodsCommunity survey in 2,338 randomly selected adult subjects. Participants were interviewed with the Advanced Neuropsychiatric Tools and Assessment Schedule (ANTAS), administered by clinicians. The diagnoses were based on the ICD-10 criteria. The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) was used to quantify HR-QoL. ResultsIn the sample, 35 subjects met the criteria for agoraphobia (1.5%), with greater prevalence among women (2.0%) than men (0.9%): odds ratio (OR) 2.23; 95% CI: 1.0-5–2. Agoraphobia was more often seen among those with (n=26; 1.1%) than without (n=9; 0.4%) panic disorder: OR=8.3; 2.9–24.4. Co-morbidity with other mental disorders was substantial. The mean score of SF-12 in people with agoraphobia was 35.2±7.8, with similar levels of HR-QoL in people with (35.3±7.9) or without (34.8±7.3) panic disorder: ANOVA: F(1;33)=0.0; p=1.00. ConclusionOne out of seventy people may suffer from agoraphobia in their lifetime. The attributable burden in terms of HR-QoL is substantial and comparable to the one observed for chronic mental disorders such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder.