分布式光伏接入对西宁配电网电压的影响研究

通过理论分析分布式光伏接入对配电网电压的影响机理,得出分布式光伏接入配电网可提高配电网整体电压水平,且不同接入位置和容量对电压的影响也不尽相同。并针对西宁城区典型分布式光伏接入方案在DIg SILENT平台上搭建仿真模型,仿真结果表明:分布式光伏接入只对接入点所在馈线电压偏差有影响,且电压偏差与接入配电网的分布式光伏容量有关,容量越大影响越明显。仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性,对指导西宁城区分布式光伏接入提供有效参考。     

考虑电能质量问题的分布式光伏发电接入规划方法

分布式光伏电源由于自身特点及其出力会随环境因素变化,接入后容易造成电网的电能质量越限。将在分布式光伏发电接入配电网的规划阶段考虑电能质量问题,提出一种考虑电能质量问题的分布式光伏发电的规划方法。在确定基于最大接入容量的光伏电源优化配置的接入方案后,取接入点的电流总谐波畸变率、电压偏差和电压波动作为表征配电网电能质量的特征量,用数据包络分析的方法评估接入点的电能质量,对不符合电能质量标准的接入点给出修正方案。最后得到一种电能质量水平达标的分布式光伏发电的规划方案,并在算例中结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于谐波约束的配电网光伏最大准入容量计算

首先,分析了光伏逆变器产生的谐波特点,并根据不同光伏装机容量产生的谐波注入电流计算了谐波潮流,建立了谐波评估模型。其次,建立了以节点电压和线路传输功率等限制因素影响下的最大准入容量计算模型,并结合谐波评估结果给出最佳配置模式。最后,通过算例计算,得出了配电网中分布式光伏接入位置对接入容量影响的规律,并通过计算得出了综合考虑光伏接入容量和谐波畸变率大小的最佳光伏接入位置。     

分布式光伏接入对配电网电能质量影响的研究

文章建立了分布式光伏电源接入配电网的仿真计算模型,对不同位置和不同并网容量下的分布式光伏接入 配电网进行了仿真分析,并从节点电压偏差和负荷电流谐波含量方面对不同接入情况下的配电网电能质量进行了分 析,获得了分布式光伏接入对配电网电能质量影响的规律。     

含分布式光伏的有源配电网无功电压控制研究

随着分布式光伏发电规模的不断扩大,渗透率不断提高,分布式光伏并网带来的配电网电压越限问题已不容忽视。首先分析了分布式光伏电源接入配电网引起电压越限的基本原理,并针对电压越限问题,对比常用的电压控制方法和控制策略,提出分布式电抗器电压控制方式,然后通过BPA稳态仿真分析了电抗器的接入位置、接入容量对调压效果的影响,最后通过抽样分析不同线路型号和线路长度下所需的串联电抗器与并联电抗器的容量大小分布、容量差值分布等特征。     

光伏接入对配电网电能质量的影响及 最大接入容量分析

利用DIg SILENT/Power Factory仿真软件,搭建了某地区10 k V配电网典型接线模型,从电压偏差、电压波动、三相电压不平衡和谐波畸变等方面分析了分布式光伏接入对该地区配电网电能质量的影响。针对不同的典型接线形式,以电能质量为约束计算了配电网的分布式光伏的最大接入容量。结果表明,分布式光伏在馈线末端接入时,对电能质量的影响最大;电能质量满足要求时,各类型配电网所允许接入的最大光伏容量为负荷的35%~50%,主要制约因素为电压偏差。     

光伏逆变器无功调节能力分析与控制策略研究

通过建立光伏逆变器接入配电网稳态分析模型,以接入点运行电压、最大运行电流和SPWM调制控制条件为约束,分析了不同工况下逆变器的无功调节能力。构建接入配电网运行时面向电网电压调整的无功功率控制策略,该策略以控制接入点电压为目标,逆变器通过补偿系统需求的无功对电压进行支撑。构建分布式光伏接入配电网应对配电网负荷变化和光伏注入功率变化引起的电压无功调整仿真实验,验证了该策略的有效性。     

多接入点分布式光伏发电系统与配电网交互影响研究

针对分布式光伏发电的谐波源特性和功率波动性,对分布式光伏接入对配电网谐波、电压波动和闪变的影响进行了分析,并分析了背景电能质量问题对光伏并网点电能质量的影响。同时在DIg SILENT/Power Factory仿真平台上搭建了国际大电网会议(CIGRE)认为适合进行分布式发电接入配电网特性研究的典型配电网络结构,并根据IEC 61400-4-15标准在该平台上搭建了IEC电压闪变仪,对含多接入点分布式光伏发电的配电网的谐波传输和放大特性、电压波动和闪变的影响和评估进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,含多接入点分布式光伏的配电网中谐波传输和放大特性非常复杂;配电网各母线节点的电压波动和闪变值的大小与该母线节点的短路容量和功率波动密切相关。     

高功率密度分布式光伏接入配电网多目标电能质量治理方法

高功率密度分布式光伏的接入会引起配电网瞬时功率越限、电压越限、闪变等问题,同时光伏逆变器等电力电子设备规模化无序接入配电网造成的谐波污染,常引起不同节点之间谐波叠加和特定次数的谐波谐振,使配电网的电能质量问题更加多样。为此在配电网相应节点配置复合储能装置,成为解决这类电能质量问题的有效措施。本文提出了一种利用包括蓄电池和超级电容器在内的复合储能装置治理高功率密度分布式光伏接入配电网所引起的多样性电能质量问题的方法。首先,提出了节点电压偏差和电流总谐波畸变率等多目标电能质量治理约束指标;其次,在此基础上,构建了高功率密度分布式光伏接入配电网的复合储能选址定容优化模型,并采用改进多目标粒子群算法对该模型进行求解。最后,以IEEE 33节点配电系统为例进行仿真验证,结果表明该方法在高功率密度分布式光伏接入的配电网电能质量治理问题中具有良好的效果。     

考虑过电压因素时分布式光伏电源的准入容量

大量分布式光伏接入配电网可能引起电网电压偏差越限。首先建立了不同分布规律下负荷引起的电压损失计算模型和光伏引起的电压抬升计算模型,在母线电压偏差可达标准上限的前提下,导出了线路不出现过电压时允许接入的最大光伏容量。针对10 kV典型线路,给出了光伏与负荷相同分布规律下的最大光伏渗透率和不引起过电压条件下的馈线首端电压裕度。结果表明,架空线路比电缆线路可接纳更大的光伏容量,利用光伏电源的调压作用可防止过电压,降低母线电压可允许接入更多光伏容量。     

Harmonic current prediction by impedance modeling of grid-tied inverters: A 1.4 MW PV plant case study

Grid-tied inverters are the main responsible for the successful integration of photovoltaic (PV) plants in the power grid. Two important challenges are the integration of power plants based-inverters and their contribution to the power system quality. This work analyzes the features of inverter impedance models when used in harmonic integration studies. It is aimed to estimate the harmonic current contribution as a function of the background harmonic voltages components. Time domain simulations based on detailed and average models are compared with the impedance model developed in frequency domain. In grids with harmonic voltages, impedance models can predict the current distortion for all active power injection scenarios. Furthermore, measurements in a 1.4 MW PV plant connected in a distributed grid are used to validate the simulation based on impedance models during different power injections and harmonic voltage profiles. Results reinforce that impedance models can represent with relatively accuracy the harmonic current emitted by the PV plants at the point of common coupling (PCC). Lastly, a stress test is performed to show how a variation in the harmonic voltage phase angle impacts the PV plant harmonic emission.     

Impacts of load models and power factor control on optimal sizing of photovoltaic distributed generators in a distribution system

This paper studies the impact of optimal sizing of photovoltaic distributed generators (PV‐DGs) on a distribution system using different static load models (i.e., constant power, constant current, and constant impedance) and various power factor (PF) operations. A probabilistic approach with Monte Carlo simulation is proposed to obtain the optimal size of PV‐DG. Monte Carlo simulation is applied to predict the solar radiation, ambient temperatures, and load demands. The objective is to minimize average system real power losses, with the power quality constraints not exceeding the limits, i.e. voltage and total harmonic voltage distortion (THDv) at the point of common coupling (PCC). A modified Newton method and a classical harmonic flow method are employed to calculate the power flow and THDv values, respectively. An actual 51‐bus, medium‐voltage distribution system in Thailand is employed as a test case. Results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well to provide the optimal size of PV‐DG based on technical constraints. Further, the results show that the three static load models do not affect the optimal PV‐DG size but the model has a different impact for various PF operations. PV‐DGs may improve the voltage regulation and decrease the losses in distribution systems practically, but the THDv values could increase. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

大规模光伏系统并网对配电网的影响

在环境问题日益恶化和资源危机日益突显的今天,低排放和低污染的可再生能源将逐步成为未来能源市场的发展方向。作为一种可再生能源,光伏发电系统代表着未来能源市场的一个主要发展方向。随着并网安装的光伏发电系统逐渐增多,配电网中可能会经常出现逆向潮流和电网电压超出容许范围的情况。文中分析了在不同季节和气候时的配电网负荷下,导入不同容量的光伏发电系统后电网电压的变化,并通过调节电力变压器分接头,控制起始端电压和终端电压在容许范围之内。同时,从引入光伏发电系统后电网电压的变化以及是否会出现逆向潮流的角度,评估了大规模安装光伏发电系统对原有电网的影响。最后分析了光伏发电系统安装后,电网电力损耗的变化情况。     

Optimal sizing of photovoltaic distributed generators in a distribution system with consideration of solar radiation and harmonic distortion

This paper presents a probabilistic approach to design an optimal size of photovoltaic distributed generator (PV-DG) in a distribution system. A steady-state voltage stability index is applied to select PV-DG locations. The objective of the proposed technique is to minimize average system active power losses, while considering power quality constraints (i.e., voltage regulation, total harmonic voltage distortion, total demand distortion and harmonic currents). Monte Carlo simulation is applied to acquire solar radiations, ambient temperatures, load demands and substation voltages. The proposed technique is tested on an actual 51-bus medium voltage distribution system in Thailand. From simulations, there is a different solution between selecting the optimal size of PV-DG from with and without considering background harmonics. Also in realistic cases, PV-DGs may improve voltage regulation and decrease losses in distribution systems; however, increase total harmonic voltage distortion values.     

一种光伏系统控制策略仿真分析

研究了单相光伏系统在Matlab/Simulink下的建模与仿真。基于状态空间平均法建立了单相电压型PWM逆变器的数学模型,提出了增加直流侧电压控制环的双环控制策略,构建了单相光伏系统的Simulink模型,并进行了特性仿真。仿真结果表明,基于该控制策略的光伏系统动态响应快,输出电压总谐波畸变率低。     

一种矩阵化描述的分布式光伏准入容量计算方法

针对配电网大面积接入分布式光伏的准入容量计算问题,考虑电压稳定和区域太阳光能量的分布,首先分析了分布式光伏接入对配电网的影响。然后用自定义矩阵导出电压约束,提出一种矩阵化描述的准入容量计算方法,避免在应用电压约束进行准入容量计算时的潮流迭代问题。采用通用的数据结构和矩阵化的描述,便于计算规模的扩展。采用遗传算法计算各节点准入容量,得出以电压为约束的准入容量值。最后以IEEE11节点系统为例对提出的方法进行了仿真计算,分别得到分布式光伏无额外限制接入、按距离均匀分布接入和按节点均匀分布接入三种情景的准入容量,进而提出适用于大面积分布式光伏接入配电网的原则。     

Influence of phasor adjustment of harmonic sources on the allowable penetration level of distributed generation

Harmonic distortion caused by increasing size of inverter-based distributed generation (DG) can give rise to power quality problems in distribution power networks. Therefore, it is very important to determine allowable DG penetration level by considering the harmonic related problems. In this study, an optimization methodology is proposed for maximizing the penetration level of DG while minimizing harmonic distortions considering different load profiles. The methodology is based on updating the voltage magnitude and angle at point of common coupling depending on the size of DG to be utilized in the harmonic power flow modeling. The harmonic parameters are determined by using decoupled harmonic power flow method, in which the harmonic source modeling with harmonic current spectrum angle adjustment is embedded, while the nonlinear loads and inverter-based DGs are connected to the distribution power network. The allowable penetration level of DGs is determined based on power quality constraints including total harmonic voltage distortion, individual harmonic voltage distortion, and RMS bus voltage limits in the optimization framework. Fuzzy-c means clustering method is also applied to decrease the computational effort of the optimization process in the long-term load profile. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network for different scenarios.     

Towards the establishment of maximum PV generation limits due to power quality constraints

The solar irradiance dependent level of harmonic distortion due to PV generation is investigated through a combination of experimental and simulation studies. The expected growth of connection densities of PV systems in distribution networks coupled to the environmental conditions and in particular the fluctuations in solar irradiance can lead to undesirable variations of power and supply quality. In order to be able to predict the harmonic pollution due to PV generation, measurements of power quality indices were carried out at the output of a PV system for a period of 2 weeks. Then, a typical distribution system was modeled using the statistically obtained outcome of the measurements from the PV system. From the simulation of the chosen distribution system we obtained results for voltage distortion and categorized them based on solar irradiance levels. The procedure was then validated using the EN50160 analysis approach. The most extreme case, the high solar irradiance condition, was subsequently used for the simulation of different concentration scenarios, in order to assess the concentration limits set by power quality indices and the results are presented.     

Evaluation of Residential PV‐EV System for Supply and Demand Balance of Power System

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in ecofriendly technologies such as residential photovoltaic (PV) systems and electric vehicles (EVs). PV systems and EVs will contribute to reducing CO₂ emissions in the residential sector and the transportation sector, respectively. In spite of that, high penetration of PV systems into the power grid can cause grid voltage and frequency stability problems. Also, the growth of the EV market will create an extra electricity load (for charging the EV fleet), leading to an increase in power utility fuel costs. In this research, we proposed the usage of the PV‐EV system as a method of mitigating the impact the spread of residential PV systems and EV on the power grid. We built an PV‐EV system simulation model and investigated the PV‐EV system contribution to the balance of power supply and demand and to reducing the total cost of the household under different electricity pricing scenarios. We also evaluated the effect of uncertainty in the forecasting of load and PV output on the performance of the PV‐EV system.     

一种基于新型载波同相层叠PWM方法的飞跨电容型 光伏发电并网技术

针对飞跨电容型三电平光伏逆变器载波移相算法线电压谐波较高,无法灵活控制飞跨电容电压等问题,提出一种基于新型载波同相层叠PWM方法的飞跨电容型光伏发电并网方案。通过增加零电平向量分配环节,平衡飞跨电容电压,降低光伏逆变器线电压谐波。阐述了新型载波同相层叠算法基本原理,分析了该方案降低光伏逆变器线电压THD的优点。通过Matlab/Simulink数字仿真和实验样机,验证了基于新型载波同相层叠方法的飞跨电容型光伏发电并网系统能够有效跟踪最大输出功率,保证直流电压稳定,降低光伏系统输出线电压谐波。