去甲文拉法辛的合成

目的合成去甲文拉法辛。方法以对羟基苯乙酸为原料,经羟基保护,水解得对苄氧基苯乙酸（3）,再经二氯亚砜氯代,二甲胺胺解得MM二甲基-4-苄氧基苯乙酰胺（5）,5在正丁基锂催化下与环己酮反应得N,N-二甲基-2-（1-羟基环己基）-4-苄氧基苯乙酰胺（6）,6经BH3／THF还原,Pd／C催化氢解后制得目标化合物去甲文拉法辛（1）。结果目标化合物经元素分析、氢谱、质谱和红外光谱确证其化学结构,总收率为28．8％。结论本方法原料易得,收率高,产品纯度好,适合工业化生产。     

卢帕他定的合成

2-氰基-3-甲基吡啶经Ritter反应、烷基化、氰化、水解后闭环制得8-氯-5,6-二氢苯并[5,6]环庚[1，2-b]吡啶-11-酮，再与3-（4-氯哌啶-1-基甲基）-5-甲基吡啶经Grignard反应和脱水反应制得卢帕他定，总收率18．7％。     

富马酸卢帕他定的合成

氯雷他定经碱性水解、与5-甲基烟酸缩合得8-氯-6，11-二氢-11-[1-（5-甲基烟酰基）-4-哌啶亚基]-5H-苯并[5，6]环庚烷并[1，2-b]吡啶，再经POCl，／NaBH。还原后成盐制得抗过敏药富马酸卢帕他定，总收率为28％。5．甲基烟酸可由3，5．二甲基吡啶氧化得到。     

咪唑-[1，2-b]哒嗪类mTOR抑制剂的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计合成咪唑-[1,2-b]哒嗪类mTOR抑制剂,并对其抗肿瘤活性及构效关系进行初步研究。方法以3-氨基4-溴-6-氯哒嗪、1-（N-Boc-哌啶4-基）溴乙醛等为原料,通过对咪唑[1,2-b]哒嗪环的构建,Suzuki偶联等5步反应得到目标化合物;分别采用SRB染色法、Z′-LYTE（r）法对目标化合物的抗肿瘤活性、mTOR激酶抑制活性进行评价。结果与结论共合成16个未见文献报道的新化合物,其结构经1H-NMR、13C-NMR、HRMS确证;活性测试结果表明,化合物15、16、27等对肿瘤细胞的生长有显著抑制作用。     

抗白血病新药普纳替尼的合成

目的合成抗白血病新药普纳替尼。方法首先,咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪与N-溴代丁二酰亚胺反应得到3-溴代咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪;然后,3-碘-4-甲基苯甲酸酯与三甲基乙炔反应,经脱保护得到3-乙炔基-4-甲基苯甲酸甲酯;最后,3-溴代咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪与3-乙炔基-4-甲基苯甲酸甲酯进行偶合得到3-(咪唑[1,2-b]哒嗪-3-乙炔基)-4-甲基苯甲酸甲酯,该甲酯再与4-((4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)亚甲基)-3-三氟甲基苯胺反应得到普纳替尼。结果与结论目标化合物普纳替尼的结构经1H-NMR谱确证,总收率为41.5%(以咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪计),该合成路线工艺简单、反应条件温和、操作简便,适合工业化生产。     

3-甲胺基哌啶二盐酸盐的合成

3-甲胺基哌啶（1）是合成氟喹诺酮类抗菌药巴洛沙星（balofloxacin）的重要中间体，文献以γ-丁内酯为原料，经胺解、水解、酯化、与溴乙酸乙酯缩合、环合、酯水解并脱羧、还原胺化和氢解脱苄基等反应得到1，步骤长，总收率低（仅11．5％）。文献用3-氨基吡啶（2）经甲酰化、氢化铝锂还原制得3-甲胺基吡啶（4）；或用2和原甲酸三乙酯缩合、硼氢化钠还原得到4，4再经Pd／C还原，     

舍吲哚的合成

1-(2-氯乙基)-2-咪唑啉酮和哌啶酮盐酸盐缩合得1-[2-(2-氧代咪唑啉)乙基]哌啶-4-酮,再和1-(4-氟苯基)-5-氯吲哚(3)缩合得1-[2-[4-[5-氯-1-(4-氟苯基)-1H-吲哚-3-基]-1,2,3,6-四氢-1-吡啶]乙基]-2-咪唑啉酮,最后经还原制得舍吲哚,总收率约63%(以3计)。     

氢解脱苄更有效的钯催化剂

以四氢呋喃和异丙醇（3：1）为溶剂，Pd／C和Pd（OH）2／C（1：1）为催化剂，底物在2kg氢压下反应6-48h，脱去与氮或氧相连的苄基或取代苄基，10例收率70％～95％。优于相同条件下单独用Pd／C或Pd（OH）2／C催化。     

3,6-二甲氧基-2,5-二氢吡嗪-2-羧酸乙酯的合成

用苄氧羰基氨基乙酸在N-甲基吗啉的催化下与氯甲酸异丁酯反应后,无需分离直接与氨基丙二酸二乙酯盐酸盐反应得到(2-苄氧羰基氨基乙酰胺基)丙二酸二乙酯,经Pd/C催化氢解、环合后在二氯甲烷中与Me3OBF4反应制得α-取代丝氨酸的合成中间体3,6-二甲氧基-2,5-二氢吡嗪-2-羧酸乙酯,总收率35.1%.     

莫西沙星的合成

1-环丙基-6,7,8-三氟-1,4-二氢-4-氧代-3-喹啉羧酸乙酯(5)经水解、缩合和甲氧基化制得抗菌剂莫西沙星,总收率为71.5%(以5计).缩合剂(S,S)-八氢-6H-吡咯并[3,4-b]吡啶可由8-苄基-八氢-6H-吡咯并[3,4-b]吡啶经D-(-)-酒石酸拆分和氢解脱苄制得.     

脂肪酸修饰活性蛋白质的工艺研究

目的以牛血清白蛋白为例建立用脂肪酸修饰活性蛋白质的工艺。方法通过脂肪酸的酰氯在酸催化下50℃与N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺反应制备活化酯,再与蛋白质发生偶联形成产物,利用红外谱图对反应产物进行鉴定。结果月桂酸、棕榈酸等脂肪酸与氯化亚砜回馏3 h很容易得到相应的脂肪酰氯,酰氯在酸催化下50℃与N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺反应3 h可以将N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺转变成活性酯,产率为90%,脂肪酸的活性酯在pH=8的缓冲液可以偶联到活性蛋白质上,活化酯转化率为87.9%。结论建立了脂肪酸修饰活性蛋白质的工艺。     

SYNTHESIS OF THYMOSIN β4

Thymosin β₄, an acetylated tritetracontapeptide, was synthesized by an automated solid phase procedure. The synthetic material was shown to be identical to the natural product by physicochemical analyses and bioassays. The proposed structure of the peptide hormone was thus confirmed by a chemical synthesis.     

Dual effect of magnesium on compound 48/80-induced histamine secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells.

The effect of magnesium on the secretory response to compound 48/80 from rat peritoneal mast cells was studied. The decrease in secretion caused by calcium deprivation was enlarged by magnesium. Glucose partially counteracted the decrease caused by calcium deprivation but not the one caused by magnesium. The addition of calcium to the cells simultaneously with compound 48/80 completely restored the secretory response if magnesium was present. The response was only partially restored in a magnesium- and glucose-free medium, whereas it was almost completely restored if glucose was present. Magnesium had a considerable effect on the restoration of the secretory response of EGTA-treated cells, whereas the effect of glucose was minimal indicating that an effect on the energy metabolism was of minor importance. The secretory response could also be restored by an exposure of the cells to calcium prior to stimulation with compound 48/80. This was, however, only observed if magnesium was present and glucose had no effect. The influence of magnesium on the restoration of the secretory response may partly occur by an effect on the energy metabolism, partly by an effect on the stimulus-secretion coupling. We propose that insufficient supply of Mg2+ to the G-protein during activation by compound 48/80 might cause a suboptimal signal transduction.     

alpha 1-adrenergic receptor involvement in the LH surge in ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats

The circadian pattern of LH release observed in ovariectomized estrogen-implanted rats was inhibited by blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors by phenoxybenzamine; in contrast, blockade of beta-receptors by propranolol was ineffective. Prasozin, an alpha 1-antagonist, was as effective as phenoxybenzamine, whereas yohimbine, an alpha 2-antagonist, was effective only at high doses. Neither phenoxybenzamine nor prazosin were able to modify the LHRH-induced release of LH from superfused pituitaries. These results suggest an involvement of hypothalamic alpha 1-receptors in the control of circadian LH release.     

Interaction between probenecid and two lipid-soluble barbiturates in the rat

The effect of pretreatment with probenecid (200 mg/kg, i.p.) on the sensitivity of the central nervous system (CNS) to thiopental and hexobarbital was investigated with an EEG-threshold method. The threshold dose was significantly decreased by pretreatment with probenecid for thiopental but not for hexobarbital. This was due to an increased penetration of thiopental into the CNS, but for hexobarbital an increase in penetration could also be demonstrated by analysis of brain and serum concentrations after infusion of an equal dose of barbiturate. The concentrations in brain at the EEG-threshold were not influenced by pretreatment with probenecid for either of these barbiturates, which shows that there was no synergism between these barbiturates and probenecid due to the depressant effect of probenecid on the CNS.     

Dual Effect of Magnesium on Compound 48/80-Induced Histamine Secretion from Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells

Abstract: The effect of magnesium on the secretory response to compound 48/80 from rat peritoneal mast cells was studied. The decrease in secretion caused by calcium deprivation was enlarged by magnesium. Glucose partially counteracted the decrease caused by calcium deprivation but not the one caused by magnesium. The addition of calcium to the cells simultaneously with compound 48/80 completely restored the secretory response if magnesium was present. The response was only partially restored in a magnesium- and glucose-free medium, whereas it was almost completely restored if glucose was present. Magnesium had a considerable effect on the restoration of the secretory response of EGTA-treated cells, whereas the effect of glucose was minimal indicating that an effect on the energy metabolism was of minor importance. The secretory response could also be restored by an exposure of the cells to calcium prior to stimulation with compound 48/80. This was, however, only observed if magnesium was present and glucose had no effect. The influence of magnesium on the restoration of the secretory response may partly occur by an effect on the energy metabolism, partly by an effect on the stimulus-secretion coupling. We propose that insufficient supply of Mg²⁺ to the G-protein during activation by compound 48/80 might cause a suboptimal signal transduction.     

Adenosine increases an internal calcium store in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia coli

The effect of adenosine on an internal calcium store which can be released by carbachol to produce a transient contraction in Ca2+-free solution was investigated in the taenia depolarized by high K+. The carbachol contraction in Ca2+-free solution was increased by the preceding application of adenosine (3 X 10(-5) to 10(-3) M), an effect which was mimicked by ATP, but not by the slowly degradable analog alpha, beta-methylene ATP. The P1-purinoceptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline inhibited the increase caused by adenosine without modifying the carbachol contraction in controls. It is concluded that stimulation of an extracellular P1-purinoceptor increases an internal store of calcium, which might contribute to the relaxation induced by adenosine in the taenia.     

Determination of enzyme (angiotensin convertase) inhibitors based on enzymatic reaction followed by HPLC

For determination of levels of plasmatic inhibitor of ACE (angiotensin convertase) a simple method was used based on a combination of enzymatic reaction followed by an HPLC determination of its product. The inhibitor (e.g. enalaprilat) was at first separated from the biological material by deproteination (methanol). Then, an aliquot of the sample was added to the reaction mixture containing a commercial ACE enzyme, its specific substrate FAPGG (N-(3-[2-furyl]acryloyl)-Phe-Gly-Gly) and buffer (Tris–HCl, pH 7.5). Degree of inhibition of the conversion of this substrate to FAP (desGlyGlyFAPGG) by the inhibitor present in the sample is related to its amount by a simple dose–response relationship. The amount of the FAP was determined by an HPLC on a RP-18 column with an acetonitril–nonylamine buffer (pH 2.4, adjusted with phosphoric acid) as a mobile phase with detection at 305 nm. Alternatively, the activity of the endogenous ACE present in the plasma was measured. The substrate FAPGG was added to the plasmatic sample containing both the inhibitor and endogenous ACE (as the sample was not deproteinized in this case) and the reaction product was determined as above. Inhibitor concentration has been obtained from a dose–response curve expressing the interaction with inhibitor with an ACE enzyme.     

Cytotoxicity study of rock wool by cell magnetometric evaluation

The cytotoxicity of rock wool (RW), an asbestos substitute, was evaluated by cell magnetometry. Alveolar macrophages were isolated from male Fisher rats. Following addition of triiron tetraoxide (Fe₃O₄) to macrophages, RW was added. Then, the remnant magnetic field strength was measured for 20 min after magnetization by an external field. Relaxation, an indicator of decay of cytotoxicity, was observed by cell magnetometry immediately postmagnetization in the group to which RW was added. In general, materials phagocytosed by macrophages are ingested into phagosomes and digested while migrating. This migration of phagosomes occurs by polymerization and depolymerization of the cytoskeleton. As a result of evaluation, relaxation was not delayed by addition of RW, since RW caused no effect on the cytoskeleton. It was suggested that RW has no cytotoxicity as evaluated by cell magnetometry.     

Effects of intracranial hypertension on steady and pulsatile haemodynamics in dogs

1. Intracranial hypertension (ICH) tends to elicit various cardiovascular changes. Previous studies on the haemodynamic responses to ICH have been confined mainly to measurements of arterial pressure (AP), cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR). In the present study, we used the technique of arterial impedance analysis for a complete assessment of steady and pulsatile haemodynamics in ICH. 2. In anaesthetized dogs, aortic pressure and flow waves were obtained with high-fidelity Millar sensors. The pressure and flow waves were subjected to Fourier transformation (frequency analysis) for an analysis of impedance spectra. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was elevated by inflation of an epidural balloon. At an ICP of 50 mmHg, the changes in steady and pulsatile haemodynamics were slight. 3. Haemodynamic changes became evident at an ICP of 100 mmHg. The mean AP was elevated by 31 mmHg (+32%) and heart rate (HR) was reduced by 25 b.p.m. (-18%). There was also a significant decrease in CO by 27% and large increase in TPR by 82%. With respect to pulsatile haemodynamics, an elevation of ICP to 100 mmHg caused significant increases in characteristic impedance by 45% and wave reflection by 53%. Arterial compliance was reduced by 50%. The ventricular oscillatory work was increased without a significant change in steady work. 4. The results indicate that ICH causes constriction of resistance vessels to affect AP and TPR. Because the pulsatile haemodynamics reflect mainly the Windkessel functions, ICH also induces stiffness of the large vessels to affect arterial impedance, pulse wave reflection and ventricular oscillatory work.