稻米品质性状的研究

随着人民生活由温饱向小康过渡,稻米品质已成生活中常谈的问题。本文就稻米品质性状作些探讨。一、优质米育种的基本目标农牧渔业部1986年颁布了食用稻米一级,二级优质米的四个品质性状的标准。兹归纳如表1。由表1看出,优质米育种的基本目标是:(1)在碾磨品质上要求有较高的出糙率,出精率和整精米率;(2)对非糯性稻米的外观品质要求米粒透明度好,有光泽,垩白度低;(3)对籼稻的蒸煮及食味品质上要求直链淀粉含量胶稠     

我国稻米品质标准及检测技术创新概述

稻米品质是决定其市场价值和商品价值的重要属性.本文简述了我国稻米品质标准的现状;探讨了稻米品质评价包括的五个方面:加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮品质、食味品质及营养品质;介绍了稻米品质检测技术的创新进展.     

温光因子对稻米品质影响的研究进展

水稻灌浆期的温度和光照条件是影响稻米品质的重要环境因素。本文从稻米碾磨品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质和营养品质四个方面,综述了温光因子对稻米品质影响的最新研究进展,并以此为依据对优质稻米的生产提出了一些建议。     

籼型杂交稻品质性状与其亲本关系的初步研究

 研究了29个杂交组合米粒外观品质和32个杂交组合的稻米蒸煮食味品质与其相应亲本的关系。一般来说杂交稻稻米的粒长、粒宽和垩白是双亲的中值,粒厚和粒重超双亲中值;糊化温度和胶稠度处于双亲之间,直链淀粉含量则与双亲中值无显著差异,但在不同炎型组合间表现不一致。这为优质杂交稻的选育提供了亲本选择的理论依据。     

稻米品质遗传分析研究现状

水稻是我国主要的粮食作物之一,近65%的人口以稻米为主食。随着人们生活水平不断提高,对稻米品质的要求日趋提升,改善稻米品质尤为迫切。因此,优质水稻品种选育成为水稻育种研究的重要课题。本文对稻米外观品质、加工品质、蒸煮食味品质和营养品质等性状的QTL定位、克隆和功能研究进行了概述,以期为稻米品质改良育种提供参考依据。     

不同直链淀粉含量籼稻食味品质与其他品质性状的关系

以12个中等直链淀粉含量的软米和8个高直链淀粉含量的硬米为研究材料,分析了两类稻米食味品质与其他品质性状的关系。结果表明,直链淀粉含量低的软米食味优于直链淀粉含量高的硬米;硬米食味值与整精米率呈显著负相关,与粒长和粒型呈显著正相关,软米食味与外观品质和加工品质的相关性不显著;硬米和软米食味值与胶稠度分别呈极显著和显著正相关,与蛋白质含量呈显著和极显著负相关;硬米食味值与RVA谱相关性不显著,软米食味值与崩解值和最高黏度呈极显著正相关,与消减值呈极显著负相关。在今后的稻米食味品质评价工作中,应根据不同直链淀粉含量进行分类,再有针对性地选择相应食味品质指标进行测定,以便能更加准确地评价不同类型稻米的食味品质。     

山东稻米品种资源在鲁东南稻区品质食味的生态表现及检测研究

稻米品质主要包括外观、加工、营养、食味(蒸煮)、收贮及保健品质等,该项目主要研究山东省稻米品种资源在鲁东南稻区特定生态环境栽培管理模式下的品质、营养与食味,为稻米品种资源品质与食味研究、资源创制和新品种选育应用提供技术参考。     

稻米蛋白质与蒸煮食味品质的关系研究进展

蛋白质是稻米中含量仅次于淀粉的物质,同时是稻米营养品质的重要指标,对稻米品质有较大影响。本文综述了稻米蛋白质的特点,以及蛋白质与外观品质、加工品质,尤其是蒸煮食味品质之间的关系,同时对蛋白质影响蒸煮食味品质的机理进行了总结,对今后稻米蛋白质的研究提出了一些建议。     

稻米蒸煮食味品质的评价方法及影响因素分析

总结了目前对稻米蒸煮食味品质评价的三种方法,包括感官评价法、理化指标评价法和仪器评价法。同时分析了影响稻米蒸煮食味品质的因素,为优质稻米生产提供参考。     

北方绿色稻米品质特性的相关分析

依据绿色稻米的环境要求,探讨稻米蒸煮食味品质和理化特性品种间的差异以及稻米蒸煮食味品质特性的相关分析,指出食味值品种间存在差异,通过育种途径可以解决。稻米蒸煮食味品质特性间相关分析表明:直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量与食味值呈负相关,而胶稠度与食味呈正相关。     

稻田以水带氮肥（尿素）深施技术研究

本研究将稻田氮肥施用方法与水分管理结合起来。施肥前对稻田停止灌水晾田数天,尽可能控制土壤处于水不饱和状态,再把氮肥表施,然后立即浅层灌水,让氮肥随水下渗带入土层中,达到氮肥深施的目的,简称为“以水带氮肥深施技术”。研究结果表明,此技术可将表施的60%以上的尿素氮带入土层中,减少了肥料氮素的损失,提高了氮肥的增产效果和氮素利用率,对水稻省肥增产的作用十分显著,可作为氮肥经济合理施用技术之一,在具有排灌条件的稻田中推广应用。     

Traits Related to Chilling-Induced Photoinhibition in Leaves of

Physiological indices related to PSⅡ photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) and membrane lipid peroxidation were measured in leaves of indica rice cv Shanyou 63 and japonica rice 9516 at different temperatures and light intensities for four days. No obvious changes in F_v/F_m and MDA were observed in both indica and japonica rice at moderate temperature and medium PFD, implying neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in these cases. In indica rice either at medium temperature with higher PFD or at lower temperature with medium PFD F_v/F_m dropped obviously with no changes in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared while photooxidation did not occur. However, D₁ protein, F_v/F_m, (A+Z)/(A+Z+V), and SOD activities dropped, and O₂ production and MDA content increased accordingly, as well as both photoinhibition and photooxidation appeared in two rice varieties at lower temperature and higher PFD. Experiment with inhibitors at lower temperature and higher PFD showed that as compared with japonica rice the decrements appeared in D₁ protein contents, SOD activities, and (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) ratios, the xanthophyll cycle and non-photochemical quench (q_N) were inhibited in a more degree, as well as increments of MDA content were greater, thus exhibiting more distinct photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice. It is suggested that F_v/F_m and membrane lipid peroxidation product－MDA were the key indices to predict and diagnose photooxidation.     

浙江省“八五”早籼稻区试品种(系)品质、农艺性状研究

 探讨了浙江省“八五”早籼区试品种品质、农艺性状进展趋势。结果表明,“八五”参试品种较“七五”参试品种品质有极显著提高,而且有着生育期缩短、有效穗数减少、穗型增大趋势,迟熟组尤为明显。分析“八五”参试品种各项品质性状表现,参试品种品质仍不理想,大多数品种整精米率、垩白率、垩白面积、粒型表现欠佳。剖析待改良品质的各效应方差分量发现,除整精米率品种×年份互作效应高于品种效应以外,其余品质性状均以品种效应为主。     

Rapid prediction of head rice yield and grain shape for genome-wide association study in indica rice

Rice milling and appearance qualities are the main determinants of market price of the milled rice, so great breeding efforts have been directed to improve the milling and appearance quality. The success of breeding efforts depends on the accurate and rapid phenotyping of the quality traits in early generations. This study was conducted to first validate the effectiveness of the PaddyCheck to measure head rice yield (HRY) and paddy grain length of 40 indica rice cultivars. The results indicated that the PaddyCheck data had positively correlated with the lab methods of HRY (r = 0.81**) and grain length (r = 0.97**). An association panel including 281 indica rice accessions was phenotyped with the PaddyCheck and the data were used for genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify quantitative trait locus (QTL) for milling and appearance quality. A total of nine QTLs were identified, among which the major genes GS3 and qSW5 were identified for grain length and width, respectively. Furthermore, a novel QTL on short arm of chromosome 6 was identified for HRY. Our study indicated that PaddyCheck measurement was accurate and effective, and could be applied in rice breeding for improvement of grain shape and milling quality. The nine QTLs identified in indica rice could be used in marker assisted selection in rice breeding programs.     

食用稻米米饭质地及适口性的研究

 通过对米饭压缩及拉伸应力曲线的测定及研究,确定了米饭硬性、松弛性、凝聚性、粘附性、粘度等5个质地指标的表达式,并对籼（36份）、粳（30份）的米饭质地指标与感官评分作了相关分析和回归分析。结果表明,籼、粳稻的米饭适口性与用Instron测得的米饭的硬性、凝聚性呈极显著负相关,与松弛性、粘附性、粘度呈极显著正相关,籼、粳米饭质地5项指标对适口性的回归方程的决定系数分别为0.673和0.630,达极显著水平;运用所建立的回归方程对籼（6份）、粳（14份）的适口性得分进行预测,预测得分与感官评分的相关性分别达显著、极显著水平。多重比较分析结果表明在区别米饭适口性优劣时,米饭质地指标较直链淀粉含量、胶稠度更具有参考价值。     

不同类型水稻品质性状变异特性及差异性分析

对来自全国各地的8 390份稻米样品按籼型常规稻、籼型杂交稻、粳型常规稻和粳型杂交稻进行分类,并对其品质性状做了比较分析。结果表明：（1）常规稻品质性状的变异系数略高于杂交稻。糙米率、精米率、粒长和长宽比的变异系数较小,垩白米率、透明度和垩白度的变异系数较大。（2）粳稻的品质优于籼稻。垩白、整精米率和直链淀粉含量是籼稻品质改良的重点,垩白和整精米率是粳稻品质改良的重点。（3）籼型杂交稻的稻米品质得到明显改善,除垩白外,其他品质性状达到优质米一、二级标准的比率均较高。（4）籼型常规稻的垩白和直链淀粉含量呈两极分布,籼型常规稻中米质较优和较差的样品比例均较高。     

水稻亚种间优质米组合的选育初报

对籼粳交组合及其亲本的稻米品质进行了分析，结果表明：在选育水稻亚种间优质米组合时，亲本中必须有１个优质米亲本，另一个为高产中等米质亲本；配制偏粳组合时，最好选用粳型不育系作母本；反之，配制偏籼组合时，应选用籼型不育系作母本；双亲垩白度都高的亲本不宜选用；另外，在选配偏粳组合时，不宜选用直链淀粉含量高（２４％以上）的籼稻作父本，最好直链淀粉含量在２０％以下。     

Effects of Phosphorus on Grain Quality of Upland and Paddy Rice under Different Cultivation

We investigated how upland and paddy japonica rice responded to phosphorous(P) fertilizer under two cultivation methods.The upland rice Zhonghan 3 and the paddy rice Yangfujing 8 were both grown under moist cultivation(MC,control) and bare dry cultivation(DC) with three P levels,low(LP,45 kg/hm2),normal(NP,90 kg/hm2) and high(HP,135 kg/hm2).As P level increased,grain yields of both upland and paddy rice increased under DC.There were no significant differences in grain yields between HP and NP for either rice,although upland rice slightly increased and paddy rice slightly decreased in grain yield.Under DC at LP,Zhonghan 3 showed a higher head milled rice rate and better appearance,cooking and eating qualities than at HP or NP.Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except that Yangfujing 8 had better appearance quality at NP.Under MC,Zhonghan 3 had a higher head milled rice rate at LP and better cooking and eating qualities at NP.Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except in appearance quality.DC improved head milled rice rate and appearance quality of both upland and paddy rice,and cooking and nutrient qualities of paddy rice.Compared with paddy rice,upland rice had better processing,nutrient and eating qualities.The results suggest that upland and paddy rice respond differently to cultivation method and phosphorus level.     

籼型三系杂交水稻米质现状研究

以具广泛代表性的６ 个不育系和９ 个恢复系及其配制的５４ 个组合为材料研究了现有籼型三系杂交水稻米质状况。结果表明,参试组合的大多数米质性状均表现良好：在分析的１１ 个性状中有５ 个（糙米率、精米率、精米长、糊化温度、直链淀粉含量）全部达到部颁二级优质米标准,２ 个性状（精米长宽比和蛋白质含量）二级达标率在７７．８％ 以上。但在垩白粒率、垩白大小、整精米率、胶稠度等４ 个性状上达标率低,存在明显的不足。提出了在杂交稻优质育种中不育系应注重降低垩白、提高胶稠度,恢复系应把降低垩白粒率、提高整精米率作为主攻目标,兼顾蛋白质含量的改善。     

籼型杂交水稻米质指标测定值的差异分析

以全国多年多点送检的1036份籼型杂交水稻样本为材料,对12项米质指标测定值的变异及稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:1)在遗传、栽培环境、取样测试技术三因素综合影响下,杂交水稻样本的糙米率、精米率、粒长、粒长宽比的多次测定值变异小(变异系数CV<10%),稳定性强;糙米蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、整精米率、胶稠度的变异较小(CV为10%~25% ), 稳定性较强;而透明度、垩白米率和垩白度的多次测定值变异较大(CV> 25%), 稳定性较差。2）在排除遗传因素后,12项米质性状测定的变异系数大小排序趋势未见明显变化,但各数值均有不同程度下降。3）在排除遗传及环境因素后,各测定值的变异系数大幅缩小,但仍可借以表明各数值受测定技术影响的程度。对米质指标测定值变异的原因及如何提高米质测定值的稳定性进行了讨论。