双相识别手性液液萃取系统拆分氟比洛芬对映体

氟比洛芬是临床上常用的非甾体抗炎类手性药物,主要用于治疗类风湿性关节炎和骨关节炎。其S型对映体有较高的药理活性而R型对映体药效较低且有一定毒副作用,因此获得单一的光学纯S-氟比洛芬对映体具有重要应用价值。在之前工作基础上,研究利用含手性离子液体为水相萃取剂和酒石酸酯为油相萃取剂的双相识别手性萃取系统对氟比洛芬消旋体进行了手性拆分。研究了酒石酸酯种类,有机溶剂种类,油相手性选择剂浓度,氟比洛芬消旋体浓度,pH及温度对萃取过程的影响,并通过反萃取过程实现了手性离子液体的循环回用。结果表明,在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑L-色氨酸([Bmim][L-trp])浓度0.02 mol·L~(-1),D-酒石酸二辛酯浓度0.3 mol·L~(-1),氟比洛芬浓度50μg·mL~(-1),二氯乙烷为有机溶剂,pH=2.0,25℃下,体系选择性达到1.31。相比于单相手性识别,双相手性识别体系选择性得到较大改善。     

氨基酸离子液体液液萃取拆分美托洛尔的研究

美托洛尔是一种常用的β_1受体阻断剂,在临床上被广泛用于心血管疾病的治疗。研究表明S-对映体具有较强的药效,而R-对映体与一些毒副作用相关。因此获得单一构型的S-美托洛尔对提高药物的安全性和有效性有重要意义。采用氨基酸离子液体作为手性识别剂用于手性液液萃取拆分美托洛尔对映体。研究氨基酸离子液体种类和浓度,有机溶剂,美托洛尔初始浓度,水相pH以及温度对萃取分配行为的影响。结果表明,当采用1,2-二氯乙烷作为有机溶剂,1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑L-色氨酸([Bmim][L-Trp])作为手性识别剂,手性识别剂和美托洛尔浓度分别为30和2mmol×L~(-1),水相pH为8.5,温度为25℃时,对映体选择性达到1.29。研究成果为手性液液萃取拆分法的工业化应用提供参考。     

液膜及膜萃取拆分手性物质的研究进展

随着人们对于单一手性物质尤其是手性药物需求的日益增长,手性物质的拆分技术成为热门的研究课题,其中液膜及膜萃取拆分技术作为一种低能耗和易于工业放大的手性拆分技术受到广泛的关注.着重介绍了用于对映体分离的支撑液膜、乳化液膜、厚体液膜、中空纤维膜等技术在手性物质分离方面的近期研究成果和应用开发现状,并总结了各种方法的优缺点.指出了中空纤维膜具有稳定性较好、传质面积大、传质高度低等优点,具有更大的工业应用前景,同时分析了手性物质膜萃取分离基础理论和技术的发展方向.     

手性化合物的萃取拆分研究

分析了目前外消旋体拆分方法 ,对萃取拆分法作了分析总结。至少存在三种萃取拆分体系 ,即 :亲和萃取拆分体系 ,配位萃取拆分体系和形成非对映体立体异构体萃取拆分体系。膜技术用于萃取拆分过程有助于实现萃取拆分分离。萃取拆分技术适用性强、便于连续拆分有望成为外消旋体拆分分离操作的先进技术。     

双相（O/W）识别手性萃取分离多巴对映体研究

为了研究多巴在D（L）-2酒石酸异丁酯1,2二氯乙烷有机相和羟丙基-β-环糊精水相萃取体系中的分配行为;运用双相（O/W）识别手性萃取,考察酒石酸构型和浓度、羟丙基-β-环糊精浓度、水相pH值等因素对萃取性能的影响。羟丙基-β-环糊精对S-多巴对映体的识别能力大于对R-多巴对映体的识别能力,而L-酒石酸异丁酯的识别能力刚好相反;在羟丙基-β-环糊精和L-酒石酸异丁酯萃取体系中,多巴外消旋体一次萃取分离后R和S对映体的分配系数（kR和kS）分别为8.92和5.34,分离因子α达1.67;同时pH值和萃取剂浓度对手性分离能力有显著的影响。双相（O/W）识别手性萃取具有较强的手性分离能力,它对外消旋体化合物的制备性分离有着十分重要的意义。     

手性拆分技术进展

对外消旋体实施拆分是获得手性物质的重要途径。本文综述了外消旋体的拆分方法，包括机械拆分法、化学拆分法、生物化学拆分法、色谱拆分法、萃取拆分法、膜拆分法等六大类方法。其中机械拆分法、化学拆分法、生物化学拆分法是目前工业上广泛应用的方法；色谱拆分法、萃取拆分法、膜拆分法以其自身的优点，有望成为手性拆分技术今后的发展方向。     

L-酒石酸二乙酯萃取拆分氧氟沙星对映体的研究

左旋氧氟沙星是临床上常用的抗菌消炎药物,对于格兰阴性菌引起的各类炎症都有较好的治疗效果,其制备的一种方法是通过氧氟沙星消旋体进行手性拆分。手性拆分过程中氧氟沙星溶解度低、选择性系数小是目前急需解决的问题。研究使用乙酸增加了氧氟沙星在水相的溶解度,并利用L-酒石酸二乙酯对较高浓度的氧氟沙星进行了手性拆分。研究了萃取温度、L-酒石酸二乙酯浓度、氧氟沙星消旋体浓度以及乙酸浓度对于拆分过程的影响。结果表明,乙酸的加入能显著增大氧氟沙星在水相中的溶解度,在L-酒石酸二乙酯的浓度0.2 mol?L~(-1),氧氟沙星浓度12000 ppm,萃取温度25℃,乙酸浓度0.1 mol?L~(-1)时,氧氟沙星对映体的手性拆分系数达到1.39。这对左旋氧氟沙星的制备有较重要的参考价值。     

双膦配体拆分2-氯扁桃酸对映体性能研究

以轴手性双膦配体(S)-BINAP、(S)-SEGPHOS和(S)-MeO-BIPHEP为手性萃取剂对2-氯扁桃酸对映体进行了拆分,采用响应曲面法系统考察了萃取剂浓度、水相pH值和萃取温度对2-氯扁桃酸拆分性能的影响。实验结果表明:(S)-SEGPHOS-Cu对2-氯扁桃酸对映体具有良好的识别能力;最佳萃取条件为萃取剂浓度为2.8 mmol/L,pH 7.8,温度5.0℃;在最优条件下,萃取性能因子p_f的预测和实验值分别为0.313和0.307。     

手性药物结晶拆分的研究进展

手性是自然界和生物体中广泛存在的一种性质,约半数以上的药物活性成分含有手性中心,受手性分子的空间立体选择性影响,手性对映体药物往往较其外消旋体表现出更高的活性、更低的副作用,因而,精准制备手性单一对映体药物具有非常重要的研究意义。目前,手性外消旋体拆分是制备单一对映体的最高效、便捷的途径,而结晶拆分是实现手性单一对映体分离最为重要且广泛应用的技术。综述了近年来手性药物结晶拆分的研究进展,梳理了结晶拆分研究的发展历程,重点介绍了基于经典拆分方法（非对映体成盐拆分和优先结晶）和近年来发展的基于优先富集和Viedma熟化的对映体拆分新技术以及结晶拆分的强化方法,并简述了色谱、膜分离等其他手性外消旋体分离方法。最后,对手性药物的结晶拆分方法进行了总结和展望。     

手性拆分液膜及固膜的研究进展

对外消旋体的手性拆分是获得单-对映体的有效途径,在诸多拆分方法中,膜拆分法以其能耗低、易连续操作,易工业放大的优点受到广泛关注,被认为是最有前途的方法.本文将膜技术分为液膜和固膜两部分,分别介绍了两者在手性物质拆分中的研究进展,并总结了各种方法的优缺点,在此基础上提出了存在的问题和今后的研究方向.     

水溶性β-环糊精反应萃取分离苯基琥珀酸对映体的平衡研究

This paper deals with the enantioseparation of phenylsuccinic acid (H2A) enantiomers by liquid-liquid reactive extraction using β-CD derivatives as aqueous selectors. Cyclodextrin and its derivatives can interact with guest molecules selectively to form complexes with different stabilities. Cyclodextrin derivatives are not soluble in organic liquids, but highly soluble in water. In this work, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), hydroxyethyl- β-cyclodextrin (HE-β-CD) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD) were selected as chiral selectors in aqueous phase for the reactive extraction of phenylsuccinic acid enantiomers from organic phase to aqueous phase. The results show that the efficiency of the extraction depends, often strongly, on a number of process variables, including the types of organic solvents and β-CD derivatives, the concentrations of the extractants and H2A enantiomers, pH and temperature. HP-β-CD, HE-β-CD and Me-β-CD have stronger recognition abilities for R-phenylsuccinic acid than for S-phenylsuccinic acid. Among the three kinds of β-CD derivatives, HP-β-CD has the strongest separation ability. Excellent enantio-separation was achieved under the optimal conditions of pH of 2.5 and temperature of 5°C with a maximum enantioselectivity (a) of 2.38. Reactive extraction of enantiomers with hydrophilic β-CD derivatives is of strong chiral separation ability and can be hopeful for separations of various enantiomers at a large-scale.     

Enantioselective separation of R,S-phenylsuccinic acid by biphasic recognition chiral extraction

A new process has been developed to separate phenylsuccinic acid (H₂A) enantiomers, based on the oppositely preferential recognition of hydrophobic and hydrophilic chiral selectors in organic and aqueous phases, respectively, which is named as biphasic recognition chiral extraction (BRCE). BRCE system is established by adding hydrophobic l-iso-butyl tartrate in organic phase and hydrophilic β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative in aqueous phase, which preferentially recognize S-H₂A and R-H₂A, respectively. The studies performed involve two enantioselective extractions in a biphasic system, where H₂A enantiomers form four complexes with β-CD derivative in aqueous phase and l-iso-butyl tartrate in organic phase, respectively. Here it is shown that the efficiency of the extraction depends, often strongly, on a number of process variables, including the types of organic solvents and β-CD derivatives, iso-butyl tartrate configurations, the concentrations of the extractants and H₂A enantiomers, pH and temperature. Phase-equilibria in BRCE systems is governed by the complex chemical equilibria in both the organic and aqueous phases. By changing the monophasic recognition chiral extraction (MRCE) system into BRCE system, the enantioselectivity increases from 1.501 to 2.862. The maximum enantioselectivity for H₂A enantiomers is obtained at pH≤2.5 and the ratio of 2:1 of [l-(+)-iso-butyl tartrate] to [HP-β-CD]. The experimental results show that BRCE is of much stronger chiral separation ability than MRCE, which is due to utilization of the separation abilities of both tartrate and β-CD derivative. It may be very helpful to optimize the extraction systems and realize the large-scale production of pure enantiomers.     

羟丙基-β-环糊精萃取苯基琥珀酸的动力学特性

为研究β-环糊精衍生物类萃取剂萃取芳香酸对映体的动力学行为,以苯基琥珀酸对映体（PSA）为分离溶质,羟丙基-β-环糊精（HP-β-CD）为萃取剂,采用恒界面池法考察了搅拌速率、两相接触面积、萃取剂和溶质浓度等操作参数对苯基琥珀酸对映体萃取动力学的影响。实验结果表明：HP-β-CD萃取PSA为准一级反应萃取过程;且萃取发生在相界面,萃取速率随PSA的初始浓度的增大而增大,且呈线性关系。     

Enantioseparation of Ofloxacin Enantiomers by Mixed Extractants in Biphasic System

The distribution behavior of ofloxacin enantiomers was examined in a biphasic system containing β-cyclodextrin in aqueous phase and a complex formation of O'O-dibenzoyl-(2R,3R)-tartaric acid (L-DBTA) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid in organic phase as the mixed extractants. The influences of pH, initial concentration of ofloxacin, phase ratio, and concentration of extractants were studied. The experimental results showed that both the distribution ratio and enantioselectivities of ofloxacin enantiomers were greatly improved. A higher enantioseparation efficiency with a maximum separation factor of 2.48 and enantiomeric excess of 40.4% can be obtained under the optimal experimental conditions. It could be very helpful to achieve high effective enantioseparation using the mixed extractants, which would be the guidelines for industrial amplification of chiral extraction separation.     

液相色谱手性拆分高效氯氟氰菊酯对映体

[方法]对映体分离是研究手性农药在环境中的选择性行为的重要前提之一,而高效液相色谱法是目前应用最为普遍的对映体分离和制备方法.对高效氯氟氰菊酯在纤维素-三-(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)(Chiralcel OD-H)手性柱上的分离进行了研究,考察了流动相组成、流速以及柱温对分离效果的影响,并对高效氯氟氰菊酯对映体与固定相之间保留和分离的热力学机理进行了讨论.[结果]分别以5种体积比均为15%的醇改性上E己烷,分离因子(а)的变化顺序为异丁醇>异丙醇>正丁醇>正丙醇>乙醇;在0.4～1.1mL/min的流速范围内.分离度(Rs)随着流速的增大而逐渐减小;柱温在15～35℃范围内变化时,随着温度的升高分离闪子(а)呈降低趋势,两对映体的lnа与1/T呈良好的线性关系.手性拆分过程受焓的控制.[结论]在柱温为25℃,正己烷-异丙醇(体积比90:10)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min时,高效氯氟氰菊酯对映体能达到基线分离,分离因子(а)和分离度(Rs)分别为1.55和4.07.     

Influence of process parameters on extraction equilibria for the chiral separation of amines and amino‐alcohols with a chiral crown ether

Reactive extraction is studied as a promising chiral separation technique for commercial production scale. For chiral separation of amines and amino alcohols, a chiral crown ether was identified as a versatile enantioselective extractant. In this paper, the influence of various process conditions on the extraction performance is studied experimentally, and a predictive model is constructed based on the chemical and physical equilibria. It was found that the operational selectivity in one extraction step is mainly determined by the complexation constants between crown ether and enantiomers (which are dependent on solvent and temperature) and by the extractant concentration, whereas the distribution ratio is also strongly influenced by the pH. The model gives an excellent prediction of the operational selectivity and a good explanation for the system's responses to changes in process conditions. The model can be used as a basis for a multistage equilibrium extractor model and for conceptual process design. Under optimal process conditions, an operational selectivity >1.5 was obtained for five out of seven model compounds, with satisfying distribution ratios (D ～ 1–10). Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Exploitation of shifts of eutectic compositions in crystallization-based enantioseparation

The provision of pure enantiomers is of increasing importance for the pharmaceutical industry and in biotechnology. In contrast to the chiral approach aiming to develop an asymmetric synthesis of just one of the enantiomers, the racemic approach is based on separating mixtures of the two enantiomers. This paper describes the potential of two-step enantioselective crystallization processes based on exploiting possible shifts of eutectic compositions in the phase diagrams. Analogies to pressure swing azeotropic distillation are elucidated. The embedding of crystallization into hybrid processes capable to provide required initial enrichments is also discussed. Results of several case studies serve for illustration, partly obtained in the frame of the European FP7 project “INTENANT”.     

DETERMINATION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTANTS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

ABSTRACT

The technique of inductively coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy(ICP) has been used for determining the equilibrium constants of organophosphorus extractants in liquid-liquid extraction systems. The 213.618am first order atomic emission line of phosphorus was monitored to determine the equilibrium constants. The relevant equilibrium constants of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid, bis(2- ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid, diphenylphosphinic acid, trioctylphosphine oxide and tri-n-butylphosphate have been determined in this manner. It has been demonstrated for the first time that the equilibrium constants for liquid-liquid extractants can be determined in a facile manner using ICP.     

Enantioseparation of 3-chlorophenylglycine enantiomers using Mandyphos-Pd as chiral extractant

Chiral extractant plays a key role in chiral extraction, and considerable efforts have been undertaken for the development of new and efficient chiral extractants in recent years. This work demonstrated for the first time that chiral ferrocenyl diphosphine ligand(Mandyphos-Pd) had considerable ability to enantioseparate 3-Chlorophenylglycine enantiomers with separation factor(α) of 2.64. Mandyphos-Pd concentration and p H had significant influences on enantioselectivity, while operating temperature showed less influence. The extraction experiments can be performed at room temperature(20 °C) which had the advantage of energy saving. After optimization, the highest performance factor(pf, 0.08376) was obtained at the condition of p H 7.8 and Mandyphos-Pd concentration 1.2 mmol·L~(-1). According to the experimental results, the possible recognition mechanism was discussed.     

Kinetic study on reactive extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers with BINAP-copper complexes

Enantioselective liquid–liquid extraction has attracted considerable attention for its potential use in large-scale production. Kinetic data are needed for the reliable scale-up of the process. This paper reports the kinetic study of reactive extraction of phenylalanine (Phe) enantiomers with BINAP–copper complex (BINAP–Cu) as a chiral selector. The theory of extraction accompanied by a chemical reaction was applied. The effects of agitation speed, interfacial area, pH value of aqueous phase, initial concentration of Phe enan-tiomers and initial concentration of BINAP–Cu on the specific rate of extraction were investigated. The for-ward rate constants of the reactions in the reactive extraction process are 7.93 × 10?5 m5/2·mol?1/2·s?1 for D-Phe and 1.29 × 10?4 m5/2·mol?1/2·s?1 for L-Phe.