气候变化背景下流域生态需水预估−以好溪流域为例

为探究未来气候变化对流域生态需水量的影响,保障河流生态需水量,针对好溪流域进行生态需水量计算 及预测。基于好溪流域气象数据及下垫面条件建立流域生态需水模型,并根据 GF1-WFV 遥感影像数据订正后的 地表反射率和作物种植结构提升模型模拟精度。选择 CanESM2气候模式下的 RCP2.6、RCP4.5 和 RCP8.5 这 3 种 排放情景,建立气候变化背景下流域生态需水预测方法,计算现状年并预测未来年份的生态需水量及生态需水保 障程度。结果表明,基于光学遥感影像进行数据订正后,模型模拟精度有所提升,率定期的模型精度 R2从 0.80 提 升为 0.85,验证期的 R2从 0.75 提升至 0.78。应用提升精度后的模型进行生态需水预测,在 RCP2.6、RCP4.5 和 RCP8.5 情景下,2025—2100 年的年均生态需水分别增加了 0.27 亿、0.21 亿和 0.29 亿 m3,其中 RCP8.5 情景下生态 需水保障程度最高,RCP4.5 情景下生态需水保障程度最低。     

基于CORDEX区域气候模式的大渡河流域径流模拟

研究气候变化下大渡河流域的径流预测可有效提高未来该流域的水利资源利用率,为水电调度提供决策参考。首先利用逐步聚类算法对6套CORDEX区域气候模式1970—2005年数据进行校正和验证,模拟大渡河流域2030—2065年的气候变化趋势。之后建立了大渡河流域年尺度的SWAT(Soil&Water Assessment Tool)模型,使用SWAT-CUP对其进行率定和验证,最后以校正后的未来气象数据驱动SWAT模型,进行未来大渡河流域径流模拟。结果表明,在未来RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下,该流域降水量变化幅度较小,最高温度、最低温度整体呈增长的趋势,未来径流将大致呈增加的趋势,且在2050年前后,径流波动趋势不一致。在2050年之前径流变化量较小,之后2种气候情景下的径流变化趋势明显变大,预报的不确定性也增加。     

CMIP5多模式下中国不同流域植被动态变化预测

植被动态变化研究对于了解全球气候变化具有重要意义。利用1982～2015年中国区域的植被归一化指数NDVI、降水和潜在蒸散发数据,构建植被动态预测模型,从水分亏缺的角度,分析降水和潜在蒸散发对植被的影响,结合CMIP5模式提供的两种情景(RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5),预测未来的植被动态变化。结果表明：RCP 8.5情景下的NDVI增加程度大于RCP 4.5情景。在RCP 4.5情景下,未来春季、夏季、秋季和生长季的NDVI平均增量分别为0.02,0.09,0.11和0.07;而在RCP 8.5情景下,未来春季、夏季、秋季和生长季的NDVI平均增量分别为0.06,0.09,0.12和0.08。未来中国不同流域的植被覆盖程度均出现增长,西南诸河流域的植被覆盖程度增长显著,而未来内陆河流域的植被覆盖程度增长较小。     

气候变化条件下叶尔羌流域水库蒸发变化分析

为了研究气候变化对水库水面蒸发的影响,以叶尔羌河流域为研究对象,选取气温、相对湿度以及风速作为主要气候影响因子,基于人工神经网络构建统计降尺度模型。对研究区在全球气候模式BCC-CSM1.1三种情景(RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP8.5)下2020s、2050s、2080s时段内的蒸发量进行了预测。结果表明:叶尔羌流域水库的未来蒸发量总体呈增加态势,蒸发量E_(RCP2.6)E_(RCP4.5)E_(RCP8.5);2020s时段内3种情景模式下所选取水库年平均蒸发量为1 922.4~2 337.9 mm,蒸发渗漏损失率为35.17%~36.40%。     

基于GCM模型的塔里木河流域未来径流变化研究

为研究塔里木河流域未来降水、气温变化以及径流的响应,本文提出了GCM下RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5三种情景与分布式水文模型SWAT相对接的研究方案。采用气候模式输出的降水、气温等资料作为SWAT模型输入数据,分析了未来2020—2050年流域降水、气温与径流变化规律。结果表明:在RCP2.6情景下,各子流域降水大多表现为增加趋势,在RCP4.5情景下降水表现出减少趋势,在RCP8.5情景下降水趋势性不明显;在不同RCP情景下,各子流域温度均呈现明显上升趋势,且升温情况随着RCP情景对应辐射强迫的增加而增加;2020—2050年,阿克苏河与和田河年径流增加明显,且增加量从RCP2.6情景到RCP8.5情景逐渐增大,叶尔羌河年径流存在一定增加,但幅度并不显著;开都河年径流变化不大;塔里木河上游三源流径流在未来均呈现明显丰水状态;开都河径流呈现丰枯交替现象。研究结果可为流域水资源规划和管理提供重要参考。     

海河流域农业水足迹分布及对气候变化的响应

基于CROPWAT软件核算海河流域1990—2014年冬小麦、夏玉米生产水足迹,采用偏最小二乘法拟合冬小麦、夏玉米单位面积产量,在此基础上预测2020—2050年气候变化背景下冬小麦、夏玉米生产水足迹及各气象因子对水足迹的贡献。结果表明:夏玉米单位质量蓝水足迹、绿水足迹分别占其单位质量总水足迹的36.2%、63.8%,冬小麦单位质量蓝水足迹、绿水足迹分别占其单位质量总水足迹的76.5%、23.5%。流域西部及东部地区冬小麦、夏玉米单位质量蓝水足迹、绿水足迹较大;年水足迹呈现流域四周小、中部大的特征。2020—2050年RCP4.5情景下夏玉米单位质量水足迹在2037年左右经历由大到小的突变,RCP8.5情景下表现为由小到大的突变;冬小麦单位质量水足迹RCP2.6情景下在2042年左右经历由大到小的突变,RCP4.5情景下在2036年左右经历由小到大的突变,RCP8.5情景未存在显著性突变。     

气候变化对清江未来径流及隔河岩电站发电的影响

以历史径流为依据的清江梯级调度规则难以适应气候变化需求，必然对梯级水库的安全稳定运行和兴利效益发挥带来影响。基于清江流域空间数据和观测数据，采用SWAT模型，运用统计降尺度方法模拟3种情景下流域内各站点的未来气象数据，进而对径流进行模拟，并对隔河岩水电站发电量变化进行分析。结果表明：未来时期RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5共3种气候情景下，清江流域出口长阳站多年平均径流呈上升趋势，年均径流增幅分别为6.0%、8.7%和13.2%；隔河岩水电站在上述3种情景下近期（2020—2045年）、中期（2046—2070年）和远期（2071—2100年）多年平均发电量增幅分别为3.4%～5.1%、7.7%～10.3%和13.4%～16.0%。该研究可为气候变化条件下清江流域水资源管理与隔河岩水电站发电调度运行提供参考。     

基于SDSM的抚河流域未来极端气温模拟与预估

SDSM(Statistical Downscaling Model)统计降尺度模型是解决空间尺度问题的一种有效工具。基于统计降尺度技术和GCM输出数据,结合站点实测数据,将SDSM模型应用在抚河流域,分析了抚河流域未来最高气温与最低气温的变化趋势。使用1961—1990年和1991—2005年2个时段的实测数据和NCEP再分析数据,选取合适的NCEP大气环流因子作为预报因子,建立最高和最低气温预报量和预报因子之间的经验统计关系;并以CanESM2输出的未来数据(包括RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5 3种情景)为输入,模拟未来3个时期的极端气温变化,即A(2006—2035年)、B(2036—2065年)、C(2066—2100年)。结果表明:流域未来最高气温和最低气温都呈现明显上升趋势,最高气温和最低气温平均增加1.69℃、2.44℃,最低气温上升幅度高于最高气温;在2种气温各个情景下平均增温约2.07℃,说明未来抚河流域有出现极端高温天气的风险。分析结果对抚河流域开展气候变化的水文响应研究、水资源合理利用及生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

基于CMIP5多模式集合和PDSI的黄河源区干旱时空特征分析

针对黄河源区干旱情势逐年加剧的问题,采用CMIP5模型两种排放情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下的8个模型的统计降尺度结果,运用最优赋权的多模式集合技术进行多模式集合优化,构建两种排放情景(RCP4.5、RCP8.5)的降水和气温数据集。在此基础上,构建黄河源区的VIC模型,结合帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI),分析黄河源区干旱的时空特征与变化趋势。结果表明,该流域在基准期(1961—1990年)的PDSI变化较为平稳,表现出微弱的增加趋势,未来时期(2021—2050年)PDSI则显著增加。在1961—1990年,黄河源区大多数地区干旱发生的频次在10次左右,平均干旱历时在4～10个月,平均烈度为6～24。在未来时期两种情景下,干旱的平均历时和平均烈度相较于基准期有所减少,且RCP8.5情景下的变幅明显高于RCP4.5。     

珠江流域未来30 年洪水对气候变化的响应

从第5次耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）的47个全球气候模式中,根据模式对珠江流域降水模拟的相似性,筛选出5个相对独立的模式,耦合大尺度水文模型（VIC模型）模拟了21个主要干支流控制站日流量过程。以洪峰流量和洪水总量为指标,评估了IPCC RCP4.5情景下未来30年洪水对气候变化的响应。结果表明：2011—2040年洪峰流量和洪水总量在西江和粤西桂南沿海诸河可能呈增加趋势;而在北江（洪水总量）和东江多半可能呈减少趋势。与1970—1999年相比,郁江、桂江、东江及粤西桂南沿海诸河特大洪水可能呈增加趋势,红水河和北江多半可能呈增加趋势;柳江则可能或多半可能呈减少趋势。西江洪水与红水河、郁江关系将更为密切,北江与西江及红水河与柳江洪水遭遇的情况多半可能增加。     

Evaluation of Adaptation Scenarios for Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Water Allocation Using Fuzzy MCDM Methods

Due to the impacts of climate change on agriculture and water allocation, an investigation of the farmers’ perceptions and stakeholders’ views on the adaptation strategies to climate change has a great of importance for sustainable development in the future. In this study, a fuzzy based decision support system has been developed to evaluate and rank the proposed adaptation scenarios to climate change in the Jarreh agricultural water resources system in southwest of Iran. Using output of ten coupled models inter comparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) under two representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5), the results indicated an increasing the annual mean temperature (1.64–1.84 °C under RCP 4.5, and 1.85–2.1 °C under RCP 8.5), reducing the amount of runoff into the reservoir (17.83–46.24% under RCP 4.5, and 21.54–50.91%under RCP 8.5), as well as increasing the amount of agricultural water requirement. Also, the results showed decreasing in reliability of system (12–53% under RCP 4.5, and 23–63% under RCP 8.5). Following, due to the main purpose of the system, six adaptation scenarios by using a questionnaire and stakeholders’ opinions are proposed to mitigate the effects of climate change. In the next step, by fuzzy mode of the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and fuzzy preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations (PROMETHEE II), the proposed scenarios have been ranked according to the performance criteria. The final results of this study indicated the superiority of improving the irrigation efficiency and decreasing the area under cultivation among other proposed scenarios.

     

The change and prediction of temperature and precipitation in the Dawen River basin using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM)

In order to explore the climate change in the Dawen River basin,based on the data of six weather stations in the Dawen River basin from 1966 to 2017,Mann Kendall test and wavelet analysis were used to study the temperature and precipitation trends,mutations and cycles in the region.In addition,based on the three scenarios of RCP2.6,RCP4.5,and RCP8.5 under the CanESM2 model,SDSM was used to compare and analyze the future climate change of the Dawen River basin.The results revealed that:the annual mean temperature of the Dawen River basin had increased significantly since 1966 (p<0.01);in different scenarios,the spatial distribution of the projected maximum temperature,minimum temperature and precipitation will hardly change compared with that in history;the temperature and precipitation in the Dawen River basin will generally increase in the future.The rising trend of maximum and minimum temperature under the three scenarios is in the EP相似文献   

新安江流域气候变化及径流响应研究

针对新安江流域新安江水库控制区域,构建新安江月水文模型,利用1979-2005年实测水文资料对模型进行率定和验证,并以CMIP5大气环流模式输出驱动水文模型,生成2006-2099年该流域在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下的逐月径流过程。在此基础上,研究气候变化背景下流域气温、降雨、蒸发和径流的变化趋势,并对其不确定性进行分析。结果表明:2006-2099年该流域年均气温与年蒸发深度均呈上升趋势,且对于辐射强度变化较敏感,呈显著正相关关系。流域年降雨量与径流深呈波动上升趋势,对于辐射强度变化敏感性并不显著。年径流深在丰水年和平水年相对基准期有所减少,而在枯水年和特枯水年则呈增加趋势。月径流深在秋、冬季呈上升趋势,在春、夏季则呈下降趋势。     

Comparative evaluation of impacts of climate change and droughts on river flow vulnerability in Iran

Rivers in arid and semi-arid regions are threatened by droughts and climate change. This study focused on a comparative evaluation of the impacts of climate change and droughts on the vulnerability of river flows in three basins with diverse climates in Iran. The standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and precipitation effectiveness variables (PEVs) extracted from the conjunctive precipitation effectiveness index (CPEI) were used to analyze the drought severity. To investigate hydrological droughts in the basins, the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and the streamflow drought index (SDI) were calculated and compared. The effects of droughts were assessed under various representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios. Changes in the number of wet days and precipitation depth restricted hydrological droughts, whereas an increasing number of dry days amplified their severity. The projected increases in dry days and precipitation over short durations throughout a year under future climate scenarios would produce changes in drought and flood periods and ultimately impact the frequency and severity of hydrological droughts. Under RCP 4.5, an increase in the frequencies of moderate and severe meteorological/hydrological droughts would further affect the Central Desert Basin. Under RCPs 2.6 and 8.5, the frequencies of severe and extreme droughts would increase, but the drought area would be smaller than that under RCP 4.5, demonstrating less severe drought conditions. Due to the shallow depths of most rivers, SDI was found to be more feasible than NDWI in detecting hydrological droughts.     

气候变化对珠三角地区典型城区流域排水系统的影响

以珠三角地区广州市典型城区流域东濠涌流域为研究区,采用Delta方法和年最大值法相结合推求未来时期东濠涌流域短历时暴雨强度公式,基于InfoWorks ICM构建一二维耦合的东濠涌流域城市雨洪模型,定量评估气候变化对排水系统的影响。结果表明:在RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下,未来时期降雨强度峰值以及累积降水量均呈增加的变化趋势,城市排水系统节点溢流量、超载管道比例和淹没深度增大,给排水系统带来更为严重的影响。这一结果表明未来时期珠三角地区可能遭受更为不利的洪涝风险灾害。     

“一带一路”区域未来RCPs情景降水变化分析

以“一带一路”地区作为研究区域,利用分位数映射法的4种传递函数订正全球气候模式(HadGEM2-ES)不同RCPs(Representative Concentration Pathways,温室气体浓度轨迹)情景的月降水量,以获得更具可靠性的未来降水变化的预测结果;在此基础上分析未来各地区不同RCPs情景年降水量变化趋势以及差异情况。利用均方根误差RMSE和降水偏差diff分析比较分位数映射法的订正效果,结果显示线性参数化方案PTFl法建立的传递函数综合订正效果最佳;同时也发现未订正的HadHEM2-ES在东亚和俄罗斯等地区存在明显的降水增加趋势高估。订正后的未来“一带一路”降水变化显示:①东亚、东南亚和俄罗斯地区的降水量在4个情景多为增加趋势,北非、西亚地区在4个情景多为减少趋势。②未来平均年降水量总体呈增加趋势;区域平均值中,EA(东亚)和Rus(俄罗斯)增加趋势明显,WA(西亚)和NAfr(北非)则是减少趋势。各地区降水突变情况存在明显的情景差异,RCP2.6情景突变情况最少,其他3种情景在不同地区都有不同的表现。分析结果为今后的政策制定或工程建设提供有效的参考依据。     

Performance Indexes Analysis of the Reservoir-Hydropower Plant System Affected by Climate Change

Assessing the effects of climate change phenomenon on the natural resources, especially available water resources, considering the existing constraints and planning to reduce its adverse effects, requires continuous monitoring and quantification of the adverse effects, so that policymakers can analyze the performance of any system in different conditions clearly and explicitly. The most important objectives of the present research including: (1) calculating the sustainability index for each demand node based on the characteristics of its water supply individually and also calculating the sustainability index of the whole water supply system, (2) investigation the compatible of changes trend among various reservoir performance indexes and (3) evaluation the changes in performance reservoir indexes in the future time period compared to the baseline tie period under three Concentration Pathway (RCP) RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for all water demand nodes and the entire water supply system. To this end, first, climatic parameters data affecting on the water resources such as temperature and precipitation were gathered in the baseline period (1977–2001) and the climatic scenarios were generated for the future period (2016–2040) using the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Then, the irrigation demand changes of the agricultural products with the Cropwat model and the value of inflow to the reservoir with the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model were calculated under the climate change effects. In the next step, the climate change effects on the water supply and demand were simulated using Water Evaluation and Planning model (WEAP), and its results were extracted so as the water management indexes. The results show that the temperature will increase in the future period under all three RCP scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) compared to the baseline period, while precipitation will decrease under the RCP2.6 scenario but will increases under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Under the trend of changing in temperature and rainfall, the irrigation demand in the agricultural sector in all scenarios will increase compared to the baseline period. However, the inflow of reservoir will decrease under the RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 scenarios and will increases under RCP8.5 scenario. Evaluation of WEAP modeling results shows that the sustainability index of the entire Marun water-energy system will decrease in the future period compared to the baseline period under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios by 13, 10 and 8%, respectively. The decrease in the system sustainability index shows that in the absence of early planning, the Marun water-energy supply system will face several challenges for meeting the increasing demand of water in different consumer sectors in the coming years.

     

鄱阳湖流域气候变化及其对入湖径流量的影响

为分析鄱阳湖流域气候变化特征及评估其对流域径流的影响,研究利用1961-2010年间鄱阳湖流域29个气象站和入湖"五河"水文控制站观测数据,分析该时段内流域气候和径流量变化趋势,建立统计模型分析其对流域径流量的影响。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖流域年气温呈显著性(99%置信度检验)波动上升趋势,流域降水总体呈略上升趋势,降水天数呈下降趋势。受气候变化的影响,鄱阳湖流域径流量呈上升趋势。统计模型计算结果表明,径流量与降雨变化呈非线性关系,径流量对降雨变化有着较强的敏感性,相同的气温变化情景下,降水增加比降水减少对径流量的影响更加显著,表明降水变化对径流量有着不同程度和方向的影响作用。气温对径流的影响呈线性,但其影响不明显。未来气候变化情景下,2050年前鄱阳湖流域在高排放A2和RCP8.5情景下呈现明显增长趋势,但其径流量低于其他排放情景。     

The Economic Value of Groundwater Irrigation for Food Security Under Climate Change: Implication of Representative Concentration Pathway Climate Scenarios

Sustainable management of groundwater resources to support food security under the potential effects of climate change is an emerging area of research and particularly relevant in the context of Small Island Developing States. Employing three regional downscaled Representative Connection Pathway (RCP 2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP 8.5) emission scenarios that have been linked to an economic evaluation framework, the potential impact of climate change on groundwater scarcity, economic value of groundwater irrigation, food security, and farming livelihoods is investigated. A nonlinear hydro-economic framework, which integrates groundwater hydrology, climate data, land use, economics and institutions, has been applied for the island of Barbados. Results indicate that climate change would intensify the dependency on groundwater irrigation overtime, modulated by climate intensity. The strength of climate change will boost the marginal value of groundwater irrigation, as food price will scale up, presenting negative impacts on food security and reducing farming livelihoods. The climate change would also result in higher cost of producing foods resulting from increased cost of pumping, mainly driven by the effect of meeting abstraction needs for domestic and municipal consumption. Our primary results show that for a small island, sustaining groundwater resources will be a challenging objective to achieve under severe climate change.