椰油酸单乙醇酰胺硫酸酯盐的泡沫性能研究

用Ross_Miles法测定了椰油酸单乙醇酰胺硫酸酯盐(CMS)在不同质量分数、温度及硬水度中的泡沫性能,并与其他表面活性剂FAS,AES进行了比较.结果表明,CMS是一种起泡性与稳泡性皆优的表面活性剂.     

微乳体系中脂肪酶催化棕榈酸制备生物柴油及其工艺优化

以十二烷基苯磺酸(Dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid,DBSA)+TX-100/环己烷/1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(Bmim BF_4)微乳体系为反应介质,Candida rugosa脂肪酶为催化剂,进行棕榈酸与乙醇酯化反应制备生物柴油,并考察离子液体用量、醇酸摩尔比、脂肪酶用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对棕榈酸乙酯产率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,根据中心组合Box-Benhnken实验设计原理,采用响应面分析法对生物柴油制备工艺进行优化。结果表明生物柴油制备的最佳工艺条件为:离子液体Bmim BF_4用量30%,醇酸摩尔比6.3∶1,脂肪酶用量为棕榈酸质量的14%,反应温度34℃时,反应时间3.0 h,此条件下,棕榈酸乙酯的产率为97.5%,该结果与模型预测值基本相符。     

大豆油脂肪酸单乙醇酰胺的合成

在碱性催化剂作用下以大豆油和单乙醇胺为原料合成大豆油脂肪酸单乙醇酰胺.考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量等因素对反应的影响,并通过正交实验优化了反应条件,得到的较佳反应条件为:反应温度130℃,反应时间3 h,催化剂甲醇钠用量0.2%(基于总反应物的质量).当大豆油与单乙醇胺的质量比分别为100:10、100:15、100:20,在优化条件下反应时,单乙醇胺转化率分别为96.56%、94.88%和91.51%.     

麦芽糖醇棕榈酸酯的酶催化合成及其表面活性

以脂肪酶为催化剂,以麦芽糖醇和棕榈酸为原料合成了麦芽糖醇棕榈酸酯。通过考察原料配比、催化剂的用量、反应时间、溶剂的用量等主要因素对反应的影响,确定了反应的最佳条件。实验结果表明,以脂肪酶Novozym435为催化剂,脂肪酶的用量为0.24g/mmol棕榈酸,溶剂丙酮的用量与棕榈酸的比为10mL/mmol,麦芽糖醇∶棕榈酸为2.0∶1.0,在60℃下反应80h,棕榈酸的转化率为91.2%。麦芽糖醇棕榈酸酯的最小表面张力低于40mN/m,临界胶束浓度低于0.06%,具有良好的表面活性。     

L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的合成工艺研究

以L-抗坏血酸和棕榈酸乙酯为原料、H2SO4为催化剂,酯交换法合成L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯。研究了L-抗坏血酸与棕榈酸乙酯的摩尔比、催化剂浓度、反应温度、反应时间等工艺条件对产率的影响。工艺条件优化后,产率达到75%,产品质量符合GB16314-1996标准。     

木质素酰胺制备的工艺研究

以混合胺和木质素磺酸盐为原料自制木质素胺,通过酰化反应合成了木质素酰胺表面活性剂,考察了棕榈酰氯用量、反应时间和反应温度对木质素酰胺合成的影响,并通过红外光谱初步验证了木质素酰胺的结构.结果表明,木质素酰胺合成的适宜工艺条件为棕榈酰氯与木质素胺质量比为1.51,反应时间3 h,反应温度35℃;该条件下得到的木质素酰胺中氮含量为2.92%.酰化率为4.05.     

菜籽油脂肪酸单乙醇酰胺的合成

对以菜籽油脂肪酸甲酯和单乙醇胺为原料合成菜籽油脂肪酸单乙醇酰胺进行了研究。考察了反应温度、反应时间、碱性催化剂用量、体系压力等因素对反应的影响。通过正交实验优化得到的较佳反应条件为：反应温度125℃,反应时间6h,体系压力0．06MPa,碱性催化剂KOH不用为宜。在较佳反应条件下收率可达97．52％。利用无水乙醇对反应产物进行了重结晶,并进行了红外分析,证明得到了目标产物。     

羧甲基化法合成油酸单乙醇酰胺醚羧酸盐

以油酸为起始原料,经酰胺化和羧甲基化反应制得了油酸单乙醇酰胺醚羧酸盐(OAEC).正交实验考察了投料比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等对羧甲基化反应的影响.最佳工艺条件为:n(油酸单乙醇酰胺)∶n(氯乙酸钠)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1.55∶3.5,65℃反应4 h.在此条件下,油酸单乙醇酰胺的平均转化率达95.94%.IR分析表明合成产物为目的产物,HPLC分析表明产物纯度较高.产物OAEC的表面张力为29.06 mN/m,发泡力为64 mm,去污力为16.90,属低泡温和型表面活性剂.     

响应面试验优化单半乳糖基甘油棕榈酸酯的酶法合成工艺

以实验室自制的单半乳糖基甘油和游离棕榈酸为原料,在有机溶剂中以固定化脂肪酶Novozyme 435为催化剂,研究单半乳糖基甘油棕榈酸酯的合成条件。在单因素试验的基础上,以单半乳糖基甘油棕榈酸酯产率为响应值,确定酶添加量、底物物质的量比和反应时间作为影响合成反应的主要因素,进行响应面优化试验。获得单半乳糖基甘油棕榈酸酯的最佳合成条件为：丙酮为反应溶剂,脂肪酶Novozyme 435添加量12.93 mg/mL、底物物质的量比（单半乳糖基甘油-棕榈酸）1.00∶4.49、反应温度55 ℃、反应时间27.60 h,此时单半乳糖基甘油棕榈酸酯产率为90.17%。     

脂肪酸二乙醇酰胺的增稠性能

以椰油酸二乙醇酰胺为主体，配入适量棕榈油酸二乙醇酰胺，考查了不同配比、不同ＮａＣｌ加入量时复配产物的增稠性能．结果表明：复配产物的增稠性明显高于椰油酸二乙醇酰胺，达到相同粘度，ＮａＣｌ的加入量明显降低，且外观性状、增泡稳泡性与椰油酸二乙醇酰胺相当，完全可以替代椰油酸二乙醇酰胺用作液体洗涤剂的增稠剂     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

Altering the ratio of dietary palmitic and oleic acids affects production responses during the immediate postpartum and carryover periods in dairy cows

The objectives of our study were to determine the effects of altering the dietary ratio of palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (cis-9 C18:1) acids on production and metabolic responses of early-lactation dairy cows during the immediate postpartum period and to evaluate carryover effects of the treatment diets early in lactation. Fifty-six multiparous cows were used in a randomized complete block design and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (14 cows per treatment) fed from 1 to 24 d in milk (DIM). The treatments were: (1) control (CON) diet not supplemented with fatty acids (FA); (2) diet supplemented with a FA blend containing 80% C16:0 and 10% cis-9 C18:1 (80:10); (3) diet supplemented with a FA blend containing 70% C16:0 and 20% cis-9 C18:1 (70:20); and (4) diet supplemented with a FA blend containing 60% C16:0 and 30% cis-9 C18:1 (60:30). The FA supplement blends were added at 1.5% of diet DM by replacing soyhulls in the CON diet. All cows were offered a common diet from d 25 to 63 postpartum (carryover period) to evaluate carryover effects. Three preplanned contrasts were used to compare treatment differences: CON versus FA-supplemented diets (80:10 + 70:20 + 60:30)/3; the linear effect of cis-9 C18:1 inclusion in diets; and the quadratic effect of cis-9 C18:1 inclusion in diets. During the treatment period, FA-supplemented diets increased milk yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), and energy-corrected milk (ECM) compared with CON. Compared with CON, FA-supplemented diets increased milk fat content, milk fat yield, yield of mixed FA, and tended to increase protein yield and lactose yield. Also, compared with CON, FA-supplemented diets tended to increase body condition score (BCS) change. A treatment by time interaction was observed for body weight (BW), due to 80:10 inducing a greater BW loss over time compared with other treatments. Increasing cis-9 C18:1 in FA treatments tended to linearly increase dry matter intake (DMI) but did not affect milk yield, 3.5% FCM, ECM, and the yields of milk fat, protein and lactose. Increasing cis-9 C18:1 in FA treatments linearly decreased milk fat content and milk lactose content. Also, increasing cis-9 C18:1 in FA treatments linearly decreased BW and BCS losses. During the carryover period, compared with CON, FA-supplemented diets tended to increase milk yield. Also, FA-supplemented diets increased 3.5% FCM, ECM, and milk fat yield, and tended to increase milk protein yield compared with CON. A treatment by time interaction was observed for BW due to 80:10 increasing BW over time compared with CON. Our results indicate that feeding FA supplements containing C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 during the immediate postpartum period increased milk yield and ECM compared with a nonfat supplemented control diet. Increasing cis-9 C18:1 in the FA supplement increased DMI and reduced BW and BCS losses. Additionally, the fat-supplemented diets fed during the immediate postpartum period had a positive carryover effect during early lactation, when cows were fed a common diet.     

Effects of fat supplements containing different levels of palmitic and stearic acid on milk production and fatty acid digestibility in lactating dairy cows

Fat supplements based on palmitic acid (PA) or stearic acid (SA) are expected to have different effects on milk production and nutrient metabolism in lactating dairy cows. In this study, the effects of prilled fat supplements containing different levels of PA and SA were tested in 12 high-producing multiparous cows (pretrial milk yield = 53.4 ± 8.7 kg/d; mean ± SD) arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments were control (CON; no supplemental fat), an enriched PA supplement (HP; 91% C16:0), an enriched SA supplement (HS; 92.5% C18:0), and a blend of PA and SA (INT) fed at 1.95% of diet dry matter. All supplements contained oleic acid at approximately 5% of fatty acids. The HP treatment decreased dry matter intake (DMI) by 1.9 kg/d and 1.1 kg/d compared with SA and CON, respectively. Milk yield was not changed by treatment, but INT increased energy-corrected milk by 2.7 kg/d compared with HS. The HP and INT treatments increased milk fat yield by 0.11 and 0.14 kg/d compared with CON, respectively. Additionally, HP decreased yield of <16 carbon fatty acids (FA; de novo synthesized) by 44 g/d and 43 g/d compared with INT and CON, respectively. The HP treatment increased 16-carbon FA (mixed source) by 155 g/d compared with CON and 64 g/d relative to INT. No effect of treatment on apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, or neutral detergent fiber was detectable. The INT and HS treatments decreased total-tract digestibility of 16-carbon FA by 10.3 and 10.5 percentage units compared with HP, respectively. Total-tract digestibility of 18-carbon FA was lowest in the HS diet and highest with HP. In conclusion, supplementing PA increased milk fat yield compared with control and SA, but supplementing a mixture of PA and SA increased energy-corrected milk without decreasing intake. The FA profile of fat supplements influences their digestibility and effects on DMI and milk and milk fat synthesis.     

Comparison of enriched palmitic acid and calcium salts of palm fatty acids distillate fat supplements on milk production and metabolic profiles of high-producing dairy cows

A variable response to fat supplementation has been reported in dairy cows, which may be due to cow production level, environmental conditions, or diet characteristics. In the present experiment, the effect of a high palmitic acid supplement was investigated relative to a conventional Ca salts of palm fatty acids (Ca-FA) supplement in 16 high-producing Holstein cows (46.6 ± 12.4 kg of milk/d) arranged in a crossover design with 14-d periods. The experiment was conducted in a non-heat-stress season with 29.5% neutral detergent fiber diets. Treatments were (1) high palmitic acid (PA) supplement fed as free FA [1.9% of dry matter (DM); 84.8% C16:0] and (2) Ca-FA supplement (2.3% of DM; 47.7% C16:0, 35.9% C18:1, and 8.4% C18:2). The PA supplement tended to increase DM intake, and increased the yields of milk and energy-corrected milk. Additionally, PA increased the yields of milk fat, protein, and lactose, whereas milk concentrations of these components were not affected. The yields of milk de novo and 16-C FA were increased by PA compared with Ca-FA (7 and 20%, respectively), whereas the yield of preformed FA was higher in Ca-FA. A reduction in milk fat concentration of de novo and 16-C FA and a marginal elevation in trans-10 C18:1 in Ca-FA is indicative of altered ruminal biohydrogenation and increased risk of milk fat depression. No effect of treatment on plasma insulin was observed. A treatment by time interaction was detected for plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), which tended to be higher in Ca-FA than in PA before feeding. Overall, the palmitic acid supplement improved production performance in high-producing cows while posing a lower risk for milk fat depression compared with a supplement higher in unsaturated FA.     

Altering the ratio of dietary palmitic and oleic acids affects nutrient digestibility,metabolism, and energy balance during the immediate postpartum in dairy cows

This article is the second from an experiment that determined the effects of altering the dietary ratio of palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (cis-9 C18:1) acids on digestibility, production, and metabolic responses of dairy cows during the immediate postpartum. This article elaborates on the effect of these diets on nutrient digestibility, energy balance, and metabolism. Fifty-six multiparous cows were used in a randomized complete block design and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments fed from 1 to 24 d in milk. The treatments were: (1) control (CON) diet not supplemented with fatty acids (FA); (2) diet supplemented with a FA blend containing 80% C16:0 and 10% cis-9 C18:1 (80:10); (3) diet supplemented with a FA blend containing 70% C16:0 and 20% cis-9 C18:1 (70:20); and (4) diet supplemented with a FA blend containing 60% C16:0 and 30% cis-9 C18:1 (60:30). The FA supplement blends were added at 1.5% of diet dry matter by replacing soyhulls in the CON diet. Three preplanned contrasts were used to compare treatment differences: (1) CON versus FA-supplemented diets, (80:10 + 70:20 + 60:30)/3; (2) the linear effect of cis-9 C18:1 inclusion in diets; and (3) the quadratic effect of cis-9 C18:1 inclusion in diets. The FA-supplemented diets increased digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, 18-carbon FA, and total FA compared with CON. We observed a tendency for an interaction between treatment and time for the digestibility of 18-carbon and total FA because the difference in digestibility between CON and 60:30 treatments tended to increase over time. Increasing dietary cis-9 C18:1 increased linearly the digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, 16-carbon, 18-carbon, and total FA. Interestingly, total absorbed FA was positively related to milk, milk fat yield, energy-corrected milk, plasma insulin, and albumin, and negatively related to plasma nonesterified FA (NEFA) and body weight loss. The FA-supplemented diets increased intake of digestible energy, metabolizable energy, and net energy for lactation compared with CON. Compared with CON, FA-supplemented diets increased milk energy output and tended to increase negative energy balance. Increasing dietary cis-9 C18:1 increased intake of digestible energy, metabolizable energy, and net energy for lactation. Although increasing dietary cis-9 C18:1 did not affect milk energy output and energy for maintenance, increasing dietary cis-9 C18:1 improved energy balance. Compared with CON, FA-supplemented diets increased plasma insulin, but we did not observe differences between CON and FA-supplemented diets for NEFA and albumin. Increasing cis-9 C18:1 in FA treatments linearly decreased plasma NEFA and tended to linearly increase insulin and β-hydroxybutyrate. During the carryover period, no treatment differences in blood metabolites were observed. Our results indicate that feeding FA supplements containing C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 during the immediate postpartum period increased nutrient digestibility, energy intake, and milk energy output compared with a non-fat-supplemented control diet. Increasing dietary cis-9 C18:1 increased energy intake, reduced markers of body fat mobilization, and improved energy balance during the immediate postpartum.     

Compared with stearic acid,palmitic acid increased the yield of milk fat and improved feed efficiency across production level of cows

The effects of dietary palmitic and stearic acids on feed intake, yields of milk and milk components, and feed efficiency of dairy cows were evaluated in an experiment with a crossover arrangement of treatments with a covariate period. Cows with a wide range of milk production (38 to 65 kg/d) were used to determine if response to fat supplementation varied according to production level. Thirty-two Holstein cows (143 ± 61 d in milk) were assigned randomly to a treatment sequence within level of milk production. Treatments were diets supplemented (2% of diet dry matter) with palmitic acid (PA; 97.9% C16:0) or stearic acid (SA; 97.4% C18:0). Treatment periods were 21 d and cows were fed a nonfat supplemented diet for 14 d immediately before the first treatment period. The final 4 d of each period were used for sample and data collection. Milk production measured during the covariate period (preliminary milk yield) was used as the covariate. No interactions were detected between treatment and preliminary milk yield for the production response variables measured. Compared with SA, the PA treatment increased milk fat concentration (3.66 vs. 3.55%) and yield (1.68 vs. 1.59 kg/d), and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield (47.5 vs. 45.6 kg/d). Treatment did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield, milk protein yield, body weight, or body condition score. Milk protein concentration was lower for PA compared with SA treatment (3.24 vs. 3.29%). The PA treatment increased feed efficiency (3.5% fat-corrected milk yield/dry matter intake) compared with SA (1.48 vs. 1.40). The increase in milk fat yield by PA was entirely accounted for by a 24% increase in 16-carbon fatty acid output into milk. Yields of de novo (3.2%) and preformed fatty acids (2.9%) were only slightly decreased by PA relative to SA. The PA treatment increased plasma concentration of nonesterified fatty acids (96.3 vs. 88.2 μEq/L) and glucose (56.6 vs. 55.7 mg/dL) compared with SA, but insulin and β-hydroxybutyrate were not altered by the treatments. Results demonstrate that palmitic acid is more effective than stearic acid in improving milk fat concentration and yield as well as efficiency of feed conversion to milk. Responses were independent of production level and without changes in body condition score or body weight. Further studies are required to test the consistency of these responses across different types of diets.     

Altering the ratio of dietary C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 interacts with production level in dairy cows: Effects on production responses and energy partitioning

The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of altering the dietary ratio of palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (cis-9 C18:1) acids on nutrient digestibility, energy partitioning, and production responses of lactating dairy cows. Cows were blocked by milk yield and assigned to 3 groups (12 cows per group) in a main plot: low (45.2 ± 1.7 kg/d), medium (53.0 ± 1.6 kg/d), and high (60.0 ± 1.9 kg/d). Within each production group, a truncated Latin square arrangement of fatty acid (FA) treatments was used in 2 consecutive 35-d periods. The FA treatments supplemented at 1.5% of diet dry matter were (1) 80:10 (80% C16:0 + 10% cis-9 C18:1), (2) 73:17 (73% C16:0 + 17% cis-9 C18:1), (3) 66:24 (66% C16:0 + 24% cis-9 C18:1), and (4) 60:30 (60% C16:0 + 30% cis-9 C18:1). Treatment × production group interactions were observed for yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat, milk protein, and milk lactose and energy partitioned to milk. Increasing cis-9 C18:1 in FA treatments reduced fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, and milk energy output in low-producing cows but increased these in high-producing cows. Increasing cis-9 C18:1 in FA treatments did not affect milk yield, milk protein yield, and milk lactose yield in low- and medium-producing cows but increased these in high-producing cows. Regardless of production level, there was no effect of treatments on dry matter intake; however, increasing cis-9 C18:1 in FA treatments increased body weight change and body condition score change. Increasing cis-9 C18:1 in FA treatments increased total FA digestibility due to a linear increase in 16- and 18-carbon FA digestibilities. Interactions between FA treatments and production level were observed for the yield of milk fat and milk FA sources. In low-producing cows, increasing cis-9 C18:1 in FA treatments decreased milk fat yield due to a decrease in de novo and mixed milk FA without changes in preformed milk FA. In contrast, in high-producing cows, increasing cis-9 C18:1 in FA treatments increased milk fat yield due to an increase in de novo and preformed milk FA. Our results indicate that high-producing dairy cows (averaging 60 kg/d) responded better to a fat supplement containing more cis-9 C18:1, whereas low-producing cows (averaging 45 kg/d) responded better to a supplement containing more C16:0.     

GC-MS分析3个大球盖菇菌株脂肪酸组成及含量

以大球盖菇菌株高邮、朝阳、土肥为试验材料,利用GC-MS技术对其脂肪酸组成及含量进行分析。结果表明:在高邮和朝阳的菌丝体中共检测出15种饱和脂肪酸,18种不饱和脂肪酸;在土肥的菌丝体中共检测到11种饱和脂肪酸,17种不饱和脂肪酸。在高邮、朝阳、土肥的菌丝体中,不饱和脂肪酸含量大于饱和脂肪酸含量,分别占各自总脂肪酸含量的77.4%,77.5%,78.7%;在不饱和脂肪酸中,多不饱和脂肪酸亚油酸占主导地位,其含量分别占各自不饱和脂肪酸含量的76.8%,88.5%,72.8%;在饱和脂肪酸中,主要以棕榈酸的形式存在,含量分别占各自饱和脂肪酸含量的64.3%,69.2%,62.5%。     

基于HPLC-MS脂质组学研究棕榈酸 对人正常肝细胞脂质代谢的影响

对棕榈酸（PA）处理的人源肝细胞中的脂质进行脂质组学分析,探讨PA对肝细胞脂质代谢的影响。采用基于HPLC-MS的脂质组学技术,识别和量化PA处理人正常肝细胞后改变的内源性脂质代谢产物,并利用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化。结果表明,通过脂质组学分析共检测到1 000多种脂质代谢物,又可细分为22种质类别,根据正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）显示有628种脂质代谢物含量存在显著差异。其中PA处理组中溶血磷脂酰胆碱（LPC）、磷脂酰肌醇（PI）、神经酰胺（Cer）、己糖神经酰胺（Hex1Cer）、鞘氨醇（SPH）、甘油二酯（DG）、甘油三酯（TG）、酰基肉碱（AcCa）和N-酰基乙醇胺（AEA）含量显著升高,鞘磷脂（SM）、二己糖神经酰胺（Hex2Cer）和胆固醇酯（ChE）含量显著下降。与对照组相比,PA处理组G0/G1期细胞比例下降,S期和G2/M期细胞比例上升,即细胞周期发生阻滞。综上,PA显著改变了肝细胞的脂质代谢谱,诱导细胞G2/M期阻滞。     

Effect of varying levels of fatty acids from palm oil on feed intake and milk production in Holstein cows

To determine the optimum feeding level of fatty acids of palm oil (PALM; Energizer RP10; 86.6% palmitic acid) on milk production, lactating cows (n = 18) were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in replicated 4 × 4 Latin squares. Animals were assigned to squares by parity (3 multiparous and 1 primiparous squares with primiparous in the incomplete square). The 4 diets were designed to provide 0, 500, 1,000, and 1,500 g of PALM per day. Cows were fed individually with feed intake measured daily. Each period lasted 16 d with milk production and composition determined the final 2 d. Milk production, milk composition and feed intake data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Milk yields were 30.9, 34.0, 34.2, and 34.2 kg/ d (SEM = 1.9) for the 0, 500, 1,000, and 1,500 g levels, respectively. Milk yield was increased by the addition of PALM; however, there were no differences among the levels of PALM. Milk fat percentage was also increased from 3.44% for 0 g to 3.95% (SEM = 0.17) across all levels of PALM but there were no differences among the PALM treatments. Dry matter intakes were 23.3, 26.4, 24.7, and 23.8 kg/d (SEM = 1.4) for the 0, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 g levels, respectively. The addition of PALM increased milk yield and milk fat percentage, and no adverse effects on dry matter intake were observed.