骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤病理与鉴别诊断附4例报道并文献复习

目的 探讨骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤(extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma,EMC)的临床病理特点、免疫表型及病理诊断与鉴别诊断要点.方法 收集4例EMC,对其临床、病理组织学及免疫表型进行观察并复习相关文献.结果 4例患者均为成年男性,平均年龄40.2岁,平均病程约30.3个月.主要表现为无痛性或有触痛性软组织肿块,3例发生于下肢,1例发生于胸壁.病理检查:(1)眼观见瘤体最大径平均6.5 cm,切面呈多结节状,有黏液感,界清.(2)镜检见肿瘤呈分叶状生长,瘤细胞排列呈索状、簇状或纤细网状.3例间质富于黏液样基质,1例富于软骨样基质,血管较稀疏.免疫组化:4例均表达Vim(4/4),3例表达S-100蛋白(3/4),2例表达NSE(2/4),2例表达CgA和Syn(2/4),1例表达CKpan(1/4),1例Ki-67阳性率为50%,3例Ki-67阳性率均<5%,4例均不表达SMA和EMA.结论 EMC是一种罕见的软组织肿瘤,其诊断主要依靠发生部位和组织病理学特征,免疫组化标记可帮助诊断和鉴别诊断.     

骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤5例并文献复习

目的：探讨骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤( extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, EMC)的临床病理学特征、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析5例EMC的临床病理学特征并复习相关文献。结果5例患者中男性4例,女性1例,年龄32~62岁,中位年龄52岁。肿瘤位于大腿4例,左胸部1例。镜检：瘤细胞为圆形或卵圆形,形态及大小较为一致,细胞胞质嗜酸性,核小而深染,圆形或卵圆形,呈特征性的细网状、带状或假腺泡状排列,细胞之间为数量不等的黏液样物质。免疫表型：5例肿瘤细胞均强阳性表达vimentin,2例局灶表达S-100,1例表达Syn;不表达CK、p63、EMA、CD34、SMA等。 RT-PCR检测显示EMC染色体9号与22号易位。结论 EMC是一种较为罕见的疾病,临床及影像学无特征性,确诊主要依靠病理组织学检查、免疫表型及分子遗传学检测等方法;EMC是一类生长缓慢,但局部复发和转移率高的恶性肿瘤。     

脑转移性骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤1例并文献复习

目的：探讨脑转移性骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤( extraskele-tal myxoid chondrosarcoma, EMC)的临床病理学特征、免疫表型及鉴别诊断。方法采用免疫组化MaxVision法对1例脑转移性EMC进行观察并复习相关文献。结果患者既往病史为右小腿黏液样软骨肉瘤,术后复发2次;MRI示右侧颞枕顶叶见团片状囊实性占位,病灶实性部分见片状不均匀明显强化;镜下见富于软骨黏液样间质内可见圆形或小梭形散在分布的肿瘤细胞,细胞胞质嗜酸性,细胞核蓝染、较一致,核分裂象罕见。免疫表型：S-100、vimentin、Syn及NSE均阳性。结论 EMC为少见的恶性软组织肿瘤,脑转移性EMC临床极为罕见。     

骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤一例

患者男,5 5岁。因“发现右上腹包块5年,疼痛30d”于2 0 0 2年12月2 4日入院。查体:腹平软,右肋下约10cm处可扪及一包块,无压痛及反跳痛,肝肾区无叩痛,肠鸣音正常。于2 0 0 2年12月30日行右侧腹壁肿瘤切除术,术中见右侧腹壁有一约15cm×10cm×12cm大小灰红色肿物,累及腹膜浅层及肌层,部分区域与大网膜粘连,肿瘤未侵及皮下,压迫右肝前叶,余腹内脏器无异常。肿瘤质硬,边界尚清楚,肿物切面质脆,呈鱼肉状,中央部分坏死。病理检查:灰白灰红色组织1个,大小为15cm×10cm×8cm ,表面有一层纤维包膜,切面淡黄色,鱼肉状,部分区域呈黏液样,可见一8cm×6c…     

骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤1例

患者男性,44岁,左大腿无痛性肿块2年,无外伤史.查体:左大腿深部触及一大小3 cm×2.5 cm×2 cm肿物,质实,界限清,无明显压痛,无其它阳性体征.     

骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤七例临床病理分析

目的 探讨骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤(extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, EMC)的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断。 方法 收集2005至2015年福建省立医院与南京军区福州总医院7例EMC,进行组织形态学、免疫组织化学及特殊染色检查,并随访及复习相关文献,进行综合分析。 结果 1例女性和6例男性,年龄21～50岁(中位年龄36岁),肿块最大径2.5～15.0 cm(平均8.4 cm)。肿块分别位于：左颈、右肩、左股骨、右上臂、腹腔、左股骨、右股骨。除例3表现为疼痛和酸胀,例5表现为腹痛外,其余5例均表现为无痛性肿块。病理组织学上,本组7例手术切除标本,病理组织学表现相似,低倍镜下,肿瘤呈结节状或分叶状,间质见大量黏液样基质。肿瘤细胞排列呈片状、巢状、簇状或星网状。瘤细胞呈梭形、短梭形、卵圆形、上皮样、横纹肌样(或浆细胞样)。胞质少到中等,胞质淡染,部分胞质丰富,嗜酸性,可见胞质内空泡或胞质内嗜酸性包涵体。核分裂象少见(一般<2/10 HPF),可见坏死。肿瘤浸润周围横纹肌及脂肪组织。其中1例表现为上皮型,2例肿瘤富于细胞(富于细胞型),细胞丰富,生长活跃,细胞呈上皮样,胞质丰富,染色质增粗,核质比增高,核分裂象多见,核仁清晰可见。免疫表型：肿瘤细胞呈波形蛋白(7/7)及INI1(7/7)阳性,少数呈广谱细胞角蛋白(2/7)、p63(3/7)、CD99(3/7)、S–100蛋白(1/7)及突触素(2/7)阳性,Ki–67阳性指数10%～40%。α–平滑肌肌动蛋白、结蛋白、myoD1、CD34和CD117均阴性。5例(5/7)检测到EWSR1基因信号。例5未检测到MDM2基因扩增信号。例6和7未检测到SSX–SYT融合基因信号。 结论 EMC属于罕见恶性间叶源性肿瘤,确诊主要依靠形态学及免疫组织化学标志物,必要时分子病理学检查有帮助。临床及病理均需与骨旁软骨肉瘤、混合瘤/肌上皮瘤/肌上皮癌、脊索瘤、黏液性脂肪肉瘤、软骨样脂肪瘤、黏液性上皮样肉瘤等肿瘤相鉴别,治疗以手术切除为主,预后较好。     

细胞型骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤1例临床病理分析

目的 探讨细胞型骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤(extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma,EMC)的临床病理学特征及其鉴别诊断.方法 对1例盆腔细胞型EMC进行EnVision法免疫组化标记和影像学观察,并复习相关文献.结果 影像学检查示盆腔内巨大占位.镜检示瘤组织呈结节状,由密集排列的瘤细胞及少量黏液样基质组成,局灶少细胞区软骨样小岛形成;瘤细胞呈圆形或多边形,胞界清楚,胞质丰富,强嗜酸性或半透明,其中可见微小空泡,核居中或偏位,圆形或轻度不规则形,染色质细颗粒状,可见1个明显核仁,核分裂象2～3个/10 HPF.免疫组化显示肿瘤细胞表达vimentin、S-100、GFAP及Bcl-2,其他受检的抗体无表达.结论 EMC影像学无特征性表现,组织学上需与多种肿瘤相鉴别,当出现软骨样分化和S-100阳性染色时有助于该病的诊断.     

舌前部外胚间叶软骨黏液样瘤1例并文献复习

目的 探讨舌前部外胚间叶软骨黏液样瘤(ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumour, ECT)的临床病理学特征。方法 回顾性分析1例ECT的临床病理学及免疫表型特征,并复习相关文献。结果 肿瘤界限清楚,无纤维性包膜,呈单个分叶状结节。肌纤维和神经束内陷于肿瘤内。在黏液或软骨样背景下,肿瘤由短梭形至卵圆形细胞组成,细胞温和,偶见胞核增大、不典型性。未见核分裂象及组织坏死。免疫表型：GFAP和CD56弥漫中～强阳性,S-100和SMA部分阳性,CK7、CK20、CKpan、CD68、p63均阴性。Ki-67增殖指数<1%。结论 ECT是一种发生于舌前部的罕见良性肿瘤,具有独特的组织病理学及免疫表型特征,明确诊断需结合临床病史、组织学形态及免疫表型,排除其他黏液性或软骨性疾病后方可确诊。     

软骨样脂肪瘤1例报道及文献复习

目的探讨软骨样脂肪瘤的临床、病理学特点和鉴别诊断。方法报道1例右小腿软骨样脂肪瘤的临床资料、光镜、组化、免疫组化及电镜观察结果,结合文献讨论。结果镜下见肿瘤由3种成分以不同比例混合构成:①较成熟脂肪细胞体积小的单泡状和多泡状脂肪母细胞,胞质淡染为主,少数细胞呈嗜酸性,核形多样,无异型性及核分裂象,排列成片状和巢状;②脂肪母细胞间黏液透明性软骨样基质;③多少不等的成熟脂肪细胞。PAS染色见脂肪母细胞的胞质内含许多可被淀粉酶消化的深红染颗粒,提示存在糖原。AB染色见黏液透明性软骨样基质呈阳性反应,并部分耐透明质酸酶消化,提示含有硫酸软骨素。脂肪母细胞和成熟脂肪细胞表达S-100蛋白,其中脂肪母细胞对S-100蛋白的表达与脂肪母细胞分化成熟程度相关。电镜观察可见处于不同发育阶段的脂肪母细胞,脂肪母细胞周围被絮状的软骨样基质围绕。结论软骨样脂肪瘤是一种十分罕见的良性脂肪细胞肿瘤的特殊类型,具有独特的组织学形态,应注意与黏液型脂肪肉瘤和骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤等肿瘤鉴别。     

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: a histochemical and immunohistochemical study

In reviewing a large series of soft tissue sarcomas, nine cases of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma have been retrieved. These tumours, which principally presented in middle-aged adults, have been examined histochemically to determine the heteroglycan content of their myxoid matrix and immunohistochemically for the presence of S-100 protein. The principal mucopolysaccharides identified were chondroitin-4 and 6-sulphate and keratan sulphate; each of the tumours was S-100 positive. The relevance of these findings to the histogenesis and differential diagnosis of these uncommon neoplasms is discussed.     

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: a light microscopic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and immuno-ultrastructural study indicating neuroendocrine differentiation

AIMS: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is a rare low-grade soft-tissue sarcoma with locally aggressive and metastasizing potential. Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma has distinctive clinical, light microscopic, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and ultrastructural features. Evidence that extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma often shows neuroendocrine features was first provided by Chhieng et al. on the basis of an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of seven cases. Our study aims to further confirm by immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural studies, including immunoelectron microscopy, that extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma indeed may show neuroendocrine differentiation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifteen cases of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma and seven control cases of skeletal chondrosarcomas were studied. Extensive immunohistochemical analysis was performed in all cases and ultrastructural studies were done in 11 extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas and three skeletal chondrosarcomas. Immunoelectron microscopy was performed on one case each of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma and skeletal chondrosarcoma. Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas expressed neuron-specific enolase (100%), synaptophysin (87%), S100 (50%), PGP 9.5 (40%), and epithelial membrane antigen (25%). Co-expression of synaptophysin and PGP 9.5 was observed in six tumours. Skeletal chondrosarcomas showed expression of S100 protein, vimentin and neuron-specific enolase in all cases. Synaptophysin, chromogranin and PGP 9.5 were not expressed in any skeletal chondrosarcoma case. Ultrastructurally, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma was characterized by distinct cords of cells immersed in a glycosaminoglycan-rich matrix. The cells were rich in mitochondria, had well-developed Golgi apparatus and there were numerous smooth vesicles. In three cases there were easily found 140-180 nm diameter membrane-bound dense-core granules in cell bodies and in processes, unrelated to the Golgi, compatible with neurosecretory granules. Fewer such granules were present in the remaining extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma cases, three of which also contained intracisternal tubules typical of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. The skeletal chondrosarcomas had scalloped cell surfaces, prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum focally distended with secretory product, and lacked neurosecretory granules. Intermediate filaments were prominent in both extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma and skeletal chondrosarcomas. Immunoelectron microscopy showed synaptophysin expression in the extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma but not in the skeletal chondrosarcoma case. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that a substantial proportion of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas show immunophenotypic and/or ultrastructural evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation, and are unlikely to be related to conventional skeletal chondrosarcomas.     

具有神经内分泌分化的肺粘液样软骨肉瘤

目的：探讨肺原发性具有神经内分泌分化的粘液样软骨肉瘤的病理特征。方法：通过HE、组化、免疫组化及电镜观察1例肺粘液样软骨肉瘤。结果：肿瘤由粘液样基质和疏网状结构的梭形及圆形细胞、软骨母细胞样细胞和小圆形细胞组成,3种细胞梯度移行,形成典型粘液样软骨肉瘤及类似原始性神经外胚层肿瘤结构。组化染色显示AB（pH2.5),TB(pH4.0)阳性,Grimelius嗜银颗粒阳性。免疫表型：S－100蛋白、vimentin,NSE,Syn阳性,小圆细胞和软骨母细胞样细胞还显示HBA71、CgA、Leu7、EMA阳性。超微结构;瘤细胞胞质分布致密核心颗粒。结论：证实该例为肺原发性具有神经内分泌分化粘液样软骨肉瘤。     

Malignant myxoid endobronchial tumour: a report of two cases with a unique histological pattern

AIMS: To present two cases of malignant endobronchial myxoid tumours with a highly distinctive sarcomatoid pattern not previously described at this site, and discuss their histogenesis in relation to previously documented endobronchial neoplasms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Both tumours presented in young adult females and were purely sarcomatoid with interweaving cords of small uniform, rounded or slightly elongated cells lying within a myxoid stroma. The stroma was alcian blue positive, but sensitive to hyaluronidase in both cases. The tumour cells contained a small volume of periodic acid-Schiff-positive eosinophilic cytoplasm and stained positively for vimentin only, but there also was a prominent background population of CD68-positive dendritic cells. Ultrastructural studies showed that the tumour cells contained an excess of rough endoplasmic reticulum, with some of the cisternae appearing dilated, and scalloping of the cell surfaces, although no intracisternal tubules were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Although the histological pattern was most reminiscent of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, the sensitivity of the stroma to pretreatment with hyaluronidase precluded the diagnosis. However, there were similarities with the sarcomatoid component of malignant salivary gland-type mixed tumours of the lung and this tumour possibly represents a variant of a bronchial gland tumour. Despite this uncertainty over origin, this pattern should be recognized as part of the differential diagnosis of myxoid tumours in the lung, as an apparently indolent type of malignant endobronchial neoplasm.     

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma characterized by microtubular aggregates in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and tubulin immunoreactivity

A case is reported of a 66-year-old female with an extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma which had originated in the lateral region of the right knee. The tumour tissue of the primary, recurrent, and metastatic deposits in the lungs was examined by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Almost all the sarcoma cells in every tumour specimen harboured immunoreactivity to both alpha- and beta-subunits of S-100 protein. A large population of cells in the subcutaneous tumour at autopsy had numerous parallel arrays of microtubules within the rough endoplasmic reticulum in addition to the well-described ultrastructural features indicative of chondroblastic origin. These structures were present in round to polygonal, but not in fibroblastic, tumour cells. Tubulin immunoreactivity in the tumour cells showed the same tendency, being frequently positive in the large cells of the subcutaneous tumour but weakly positive in the fibroblastic and medium-sized cells of the recurrent and metastatic tumours. The parallel arrays of intracisternal microtubules therefore may be composed of tubulin protein, as in ordinary cytoplasmic microtubules.     

Low-grade pulmonary myxoid sarcoma of uncertain histogenesis

The present report describes an unusual case of low-grade pulmonary sarcoma with extensive myxoid change in a 60-year-old man. During 30 months, the tumor enlarged gradually and thereafter rapidly to 9 cm. Preoperative biopsy and cytology gave negative results. The resected mass, located at the periphery of the right upper lobe, was well circumscribed and showed gelatinous without necrosis or hemorrhage. Histologically, the tumor was composed of slightly atypical, spindle-shaped or stellate cells, which were loosely distributed within a prominent myxoid stroma. Epithelial differentiation was not seen. Lacunar structures were occasionally evident, but no cartilaginous matrix was seen. Mitotic figures were infrequent. Immunohistochemistry failed to clarify the nature of the neoplastic cells except vimentin positivity. Histochemically, the myxoid ground substance was composed of hyaluronic acid and acid mucopolysaccharide. Electron microscopy revealed no specific differentiation other than aggregates of filaments, which were seen in a number of neoplastic cells. Flow cytometric analysis of the neoplastic cells revealed a diploid pattern. These findings indicated that the neoplasm was a low-grade myxoid sarcoma; however, a definite diagnosis could not be made. The tumor might have been a variant of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, especially considering the histochemical results.