前列腺导管腺癌42例临床病理分析

目的探讨前列腺导管腺癌的临床病理和免疫组化特征。方法回顾性分析42例前列腺穿刺活检、经尿道前列腺切除和前列腺癌根治手术标本中的前列腺导管腺癌,所有病例均作34βE12、CK5/6、p63、AMACR、PSA和PAP免疫标记,并对照HE切片诊断。结果导管腺癌以周围型多见(39例,92.6%),有30例(21.4%)合并普通经典型腺癌。镜下以大腺泡为主,呈乳头状,筛孔状或管状结构,瘤细胞高柱状,核异型性明显。免疫组化表型类似经典型腺癌,但有23.8%的病例肿瘤性腺管周围有34βE12、CK5/6、p63标记阳性的基底细胞存在。结论导管腺癌与经典型腺癌相比,临床病理和免疫组化表现均有差异,病理诊断应注意与高级别上皮内瘤和转移性腺癌鉴别。     

抗体鸡尾酒AMACR/P63/34βE12在前列腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨抗体鸡尾酒AMACR/P63/34βE12在前列腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法:收集2001~2005年111例前列腺手术切除标本，其中前列腺腺癌39例，高级别前列腺上皮内瘤（high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias，HGPIN）29例，非典型性腺瘤样增生（atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, AAH）3例，前列腺结节性增生（benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH）40例。作抗体鸡尾酒AMACR/P63/34βE12的免疫标记，观察3种抗体在各类病变中的表达情况。结果:39例前列腺腺癌AMACR全部呈阳性，癌巢周围无基底细胞残存（P63/34βE12阴性）。29例高级别前列腺上皮内瘤变，14例（48.3%）腺泡上皮AMACR呈阳性，29例腺泡上皮周围有连续或不连续的基底细胞（P63/34βE12阳性）。3例非典型性腺瘤样增生中2例腺泡上皮AMACR呈弱阳性；3例腺泡上皮周围有较连续的基底细胞（P63/34βE12中度阳性）。40例前列腺结节性增生，腺泡上皮AMACR染色均呈阴性，周围有连续的基底细胞（P63/34βE12强阳性）。结论:鸡尾酒抗体AMACR/P63/34βE12标记前列腺组织，能够同时高特异性和敏感性地检测出前列腺腺癌细胞（或非典型增生的腺泡上皮细胞）和基底细胞，为前列腺腺癌与高级别上皮內瘤变、非典型性腺瘤样增生、前列腺结节性增生的鉴别诊断提供有力的证据。     

前列腺癌与良性前列腺增生关系的病理学研究

１３例前列腺癌和１９５例良性前列腺增生中，前者伴有腺上皮细胞不典型增生发生率和程度（严重性）均较后者显著。３／４前列腺癌患者的前列腺内伴有前列腺增生的结节状病变，有结节内也同时含有腺癌和部分癌变或不典型增生的腺上皮细胞，或有较正常结构的腺组织，说明前列腺癌发生与前列腺增生间有一定的形态学联系。有些增生和萎缩性腺泡腺上皮与基底膜间有增生，间变或癌变基底（储备）细胞生长或占据，或有部分或全部腺上皮细胞     

少见前列腺癌类型45例临床病理学分析

目的探讨少见的前列腺癌类型的临床病理学特点。方法采用免疫组化EnVision两步法对45例少见前列腺癌类型标本进行染色,回顾性分析其穿刺活检标本的临床资料。结果 302例前列腺癌穿刺活检标本中发现45例(14.9%)少见类型,患者年龄56～86岁,血清PSA值2.8～100 ng/ml。对45例标本进一步观察组织学特征检出导管腺癌4例;尿路上皮癌1例;基底细胞癌1例。在39例前列腺腺泡癌组织学变异型中发现萎缩型3例、假增生型11例、泡沫样腺体型13例、印戒细胞型12例。这些少见的前列腺癌类型通常和经典的前列腺腺泡癌共存,其中仅有5例为单一形态。结论少见前列腺癌类型的临床病理特点和经典的前列腺腺泡癌有所不同,提高对其病理形态学的认识水平并正确理解有利于诊断及鉴别诊断,为患者选择合适的治疗手段。     

13例前列腺导管腺癌临床病理分析

目的：探讨前列腺导管腺癌的临床及病理组织学特征。方法：对13例前列腺导管腺癌进行光镜观察、免疫组织化学标记,鉴别诊断。结果：混合腺泡腺癌的导管腺癌最多见,占61.35%,大多发生于前列腺中央部,占76.92%,镜下呈乳头状、筛状或实性腺样排列,肿瘤细胞呈高柱状,胞浆丰富,嗜双色性,细胞异型性明显,大部分肿瘤细胞可见核仁。免疫组织化学标记PSA及AR均阳性13例,P504s阳性12例,P63及34βE12阳性1例,Ki-67增殖指数5%~80%。结论：前列腺导管腺癌与普通型腺癌相比,临床及病理特征均有差异,且需与高级别PIN、尿路上皮癌累及前列腺及尿道乳头状腺瘤相鉴别。     

AMACR/34βE12/p63鸡尾酒双染对诊断前列腺癌及癌前病变的价值

目的探讨AMACR／34βE12／p63鸡尾酒双染对诊断小灶性前列腺癌及癌前病变的价值。方法从2005年6月起对3个月内临床连续送检的105例前列腺穿刺活检标本,6例前列腺癌根治标本和19例经尿道和耻骨上摘除的良性前列腺增生标本总计130个病例,1030个组织块中需要用免疫组织化学辅助诊断的262个组织块分别作AMACR／34βE12／p63鸡尾酒双染,同时作这3个抗体的单项染色,并结合HE切片和临床资料观察结果作出诊断。结果鸡尾酒双染切片中前列腺癌和高级别上皮内瘤变（HGPIN）上皮细胞呈蓝黑色,良性腺体的基底细胞呈红色。癌的蓝黑色腺上皮周围无红色基底细胞围绕,HGPIN的蓝黑色腺上皮周围有间断或连续的红色基底细胞。共在214个（82％）组织块中发现前列腺癌,包括31处小灶性癌。64个（24％）组织块中发现HGPIN,包括局灶性HGPIN和小腺泡性HGPIN。1个组织块有不典型性腺瘤样增生。未发现上皮细胞AMACR阳性同时基底细胞34βE12和p63阴性的良性腺体。结论鸡尾酒双染有助于提高小灶性前列腺癌和HGPIN检出率。     

单/双酶标记鸡尾酒抗体AMACR/p63/34βE12在前列腺穿刺组织鉴别诊断中的对比观察

前列腺穿刺标本良恶性鉴别诊断是临床病理诊断工作的难点之一。近年来通过应用α-甲酰基辅酶A消旋酶（AMACR）、34βE12、p63抗体分别检测前列腺癌细胞和基底细胞，提高前列腺癌诊断的准确性已得到普遍认同。Jiang等在2005年首先使用混合型AMACR／p63／34βE12抗体和双酶标记法检测前列腺癌，国内也有单酶标记鸡尾酒抗体AMACR／p63／34βE12检测前列腺癌的报道，但单酶标记与双酶标记鸡尾酒抗体两种试剂染色的比较研究尚未见报道。我们采用单酶标记的鸡尾酒抗体和双酶标记的混合型抗体标记前列腺穿刺标本，以评价两种方法在前列腺癌的鉴别诊断中的应用价值。[第一段]     

高级别前列腺上皮内瘤变及其他癌前病变的病理特点

研究表明,高级别前列腺上皮内瘤变(HGPIN)是无可置疑的前列腺癌前病变.HGPIN的形态特点是前列腺导管和腺泡的分泌细胞增生,细胞核和核仁肿大与前列腺癌细胞相似,不同的是HGPIN保留有部分基底细胞层.HGPIN与前列腺癌之间有非常密切的关系,因此对HGPIN的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要的临床意义.除了HGPIN以外,目前还提出了一些与前列腺癌的发生可能有关的癌前病变,如:低级别前列腺上皮内瘤变(LGPIN)、增生性炎症性萎缩(PIA)、不典型性腺瘤样增生(AAH).我们旨在对HGPIN及可能为前列腺癌前病变的一些病变的病理形态学、分子学和流行病学研究新进展作一介绍.     

免疫组化在前列腺癌病理诊断中作用

前列腺癌的病理诊断基于光镜下形态学表现，如组织结构异常、核的异型性、明显的核仁、肿瘤上皮特征性的细胞外物质以及基底细胞消失，但这些组织学特征没有一项是绝对敏感和特异的。许多情况下低级别前列腺癌和诸多良性病变在形态学上无明显区别，尤其在穿刺或经尿道前列腺切除（TURP）所获得的小而变形的标本中，癌性与非癌性腺体的鉴别就更为困难。     

单/双酶标记鸡尾酒抗体AMACR/p63/34βE12在前列腺穿刺组织鉴别诊断中的对比观察

前列腺穿刺标本良恶性鉴别诊断是临床病理诊断工作的难点之一.近年来通过应用α-甲酰基辅酶A消旋酶(AMACR)、34βE12、p63抗体分别检测前列腺癌细胞和基底细胞,提高前列腺癌诊断的准确性已得到普遍认同[1～5].Jiang等[6]在2005年首先使用混合型AMACR/p63/34βE12抗体和双酶标记法检测前列腺癌,国内也有单酶标记鸡尾酒抗体AMACR/p63/34βE12检测前列腺癌的报道[7,8],但单酶标记与双酶标记鸡尾酒抗体两种试剂染色的比较研究尚未见报道.我们采用单酶标记的鸡尾酒抗体和双酶标记的混合型抗体标记前列腺穿刺标本,以评价两种方法在前列腺癌的鉴别诊断中的应用价值.     

Anatomy of the prostate revisited: implications for prostate biopsy and zonal origins of prostate cancer

Over the past 25 years, our understanding of prostatic disease has evolved secondary to the increased detection, treatment and study of both benign and neoplastic prostatic lesions. The advent of aggressive prostate-specific antigen screening and standardization of extended transrectal needle biopsy protocols has resulted in significant stage migration and earlier detection of prostate cancers, a growing proportion of which are lower-volume posterior peripheral zone tumours. Consequently, an increased incidence of anterior-predominant prostate cancers has been observed. Given the histomorphological complexity of the prostate, these developments have necessitated a reconsideration of prostatic anatomy, biopsy strategies in the detection of anterior tumours and the determination and relevance of zonal origin in prostate cancer. This review will provide a contemporary update of these topics, while highlighting specific areas in which a keen understanding of prostatic histoanatomy may influence biopsy interpretation.     

Carcinosarcoma of the prostate

A unique case of carcinosarcoma of the prostate occurring in a 32 year old man is presented. This is the youngest case reported to date among nine well-documented examples. The patient underwent a total prostatectomy under the diagnosis of prostatic sarcoma. Despite adjuvant chemotherapy and full-dose radiotherapy being undertaken, the patients died from multiple lung metastases about 8 months after the operation. The surgically resected primary tumor was composed of two histologically distinct elements, these being an undifferentiated carcinoma and a sarcoma with various mesodermal components. These elements were intimately intermingled and transitional forms were often noticed. The sarcomatous portion contained myxoid areas, spindle cell sarcomas with nuclear palisading, areas of osteoid formation and small islands of chondromatous differentiation. The pathogenesis of this complex neoplasm is discussed, and it is suggested that vestigial embryologic Müllerian mesodermal tissue may be capable of diverse differentiation.     

Screening for carcinoma of the prostate with prostate specific antigen.

A free screening clinic for cancer of the prostate was held in Madison County, New York, in September 1990, in conjunction with Prostate Cancer Awareness Week, a program of the Prostate Cancer Educational Council. Serum prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination were used to screen 565 men. The two tests were equally effective in identifying patients with carcinoma. Of 118 patients with one or both tests positive, 54 were biopsied. Carcinoma was found in 20 of these. Four carcinomas were found in patients with prostate specific antigen (PSA) greater than four ng per ml with negative rectal examination. The costs for adding PSA to the protocol appeared reasonable in terms of the number of carcinomas identified.     

''Pseudoadenomatoid'' tumour of prostate

A prostatic nodule with the histological appearance of an adenomatoid tumour is described. Mucin and immunohistochemical stains, however, revealed striking differences from five classical adenomatoid tumours and from mesothelium but similarities with prostatic glandular epithelium. It is concluded that the prostatic nodule was a localized area of florid epithelial hyperplasia and not a true adenomatoid tumour despite its appearance.     

Precursors of prostate cancer

High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is the only accepted precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma, according to numerous studies of animal models and man; other proposed precursors include atrophy and malignancy-associated changes (with no morphologic changes). PIN is characterized by progressive abnormalities of phenotype and genotype that are intermediate between benign prostatic epithelium and cancer, indicating impairment of cell differentiation and regulatory control with advancing stages of prostatic carcinogenesis. The only method of detection of PIN is biopsy because it does not significantly elevate serum prostate-specific antigen concentration and cannot be detected by ultrasonography. The mean incidence of PIN in biopsies is 9% (range, 4%-16%), representing about 115,000 new cases of isolated PIN diagnosed each year in the United States. The clinical importance of PIN is its high predictive value as a marker for adenocarcinoma, and its identification warrants repeat biopsy for concurrent or subsequent carcinoma, especially when multifocal or observed in association with atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP). Carcinoma develops in most patients with PIN within 10 years. Androgen deprivation therapy and radiation therapy decrease the prevalence and extent of PIN, suggesting that these forms of treatment may play a role in prevention of subsequent cancer. Multiple clinical trials to date of men with PIN have had modest success in delaying or preventing subsequent cancer.     

Carcinosarcoma of the prostate

We report the case of a 66-year-old man who was diagnosed as having prostatic adenocarcinoma with widespread skeletal metastases. After treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog for one year, a second biopsy revealed transformation of the tumour into a carcinosarcoma with heterogeneous and unusual findings in the carcinomatous as well as the sarcomatous component. Among others, these included a papillary growth pattern and a liposarcomatous differentiation. The patient died 5 months after the diagnosis of carcinosarcoma.     

Staging of prostate cancer

Prostatic carcinoma (PCa) is a significant cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accurate staging is critical for prognosis assessment and treatment planning for PCa. Despite the large volume of clinical activity and research, the challenge to define the most appropriate and clinically relevant staging system remains. The pathologically complex and uncertain clinical course of prostate cancer further complicates the design of staging classification and a substaging system suitable for individualized care. This review will focus on recent progress and controversial issues related to prostate cancer staging. The 2010 revision of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (AJCC/UICC) tumour, node and metastasis (TNM) system is the most widely used staging system at this time. Despite general acceptance of the system as a whole, there is controversy and uncertainty about its application, particularly for T2 subclassification. The three-tiered T2 classification system for organ-confined prostate cancer is superfluous, considering the biology and anatomy of PCa. A tumour size-based substaging system may be considered in the future TNM subclassification of pT2 cancer. Lymph node status is one of the most important prognostic factors for prostate cancer. Nevertheless, clinical outcomes in patients with positive lymph nodes are variable. Identification of patients at the greatest risk of systemic progression helps in the selection of appropriate therapy. The data suggest that the inherent aggressiveness of metastatic prostate cancer is closely linked to the tumour volume of lymph node metastasis. We recommend that a future TNM staging system should consider subclassification of node-positive cancer on the basis of nodal cancer volume, using the diameter of the largest nodal metastasis and/or the number of positive nodes.