添加物对填埋场稳定化时间的影响

在垃圾中添加ＫＣｌ、ＫＨ２ＰＯ４、（ＮＨ４）２ＣＯ３，ＦｅＣｌ２时，对垃圾降解和填埋场稳定化时间的缩短有促进作用，而ＣｕＳＯ４、Ｋ２Ｃ４２Ｏ７、Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４、Ｎａ２ＷＯ４、醋酸的加入则抑制了垃圾的降解，认为ＫＣｌ是促进垃圾降解，加速填埋场稳定化的最佳添加物。     

雨水中S（Ⅳ）的离子色谱分析及其保护方法的研究

本文研究了用离子色谱法分析雨水中Ｓ（Ⅳ）的色谱条件和含Ｓ（Ⅳ）样品的保存方法，采用ＨＰＩＣ＿ＡＳＡ分离柱、用２ｍｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｎａ２ＣＯ３／３ｍｍｏｌ．ｌ＾０１ＮａＯＨ溶液作淋洗液、０．０１２５ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｈ２ＳＯ４为再生液、电导检测的方法，具有无干扰和灵敏度高等优点，而且在Ｓ（Ⅵ）的浓度秋－２８μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１范围内，其浓度与响应值之间呈现出良好的线性关系，其线性相关系数在０．９９９５以上     

洗涤废水化学法除磷试验研究

对Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３，Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２不同反应条件下去除洗涤废水中总磷的情况作了对比试验，结果表明，按Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２：ＴＰ＝３．７：１．０（重量比）投加试剂，回用生成的磷灰石沉淀助凝，ＴＰ（总磷）去除率可达９５％，ＣＯＤｃｒ有少量去除。     

硅营养缓解水稻幼苗Cd、Cr毒害的生理研究

两系法杂交稻“培杂山青”和常规稻“双桂３６”幼苗经较高浓度的Ｃｄ２＋（ｃ＝９．６～３８．４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）或Ｃｒ３＋（ｃ＝７．５～２５．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理可使其叶片光合速率、叶绿素（ａ＋ｂ）含量、叶绿素ａ／ｂ比值、叶片可溶性糖、淀粉及可溶性蛋白质含量降低，而叶片的ＰＯＤ活性提高；低浓度Ｃｄ２＋（ｃ＝４．８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和Ｃｒ３＋（ｃ＝２．５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理幼苗对上述生理指标有提高作用，但ＰＯＤ活性稍降低．加Ｓｉ（Ｎａ２ＳｉＯ３）［ｃ（ＳｉＯ２）＝１．３３１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ］的Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ处理比不加Ｓｉ的Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ处理的幼苗叶片上述生理指标明显提高，且明显降低其ＰＯＤ活性．说明Ｓｉ在不同程度上起到缓解Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ对水稻幼苗的毒害作用．而ｃ（Ｃｒ３＋）＝２５．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ是“双桂３６”幼苗的致死浓度     

煤的化学脱硫研究

以我国的三种高硫煤－山东兖州、四川南楠、东林煤为试验煤样，考察了Ｆｅ２（ＳＯ４）３溶液和ＮａＯＨ溶液加热处理的脱硫作用，以及热解时煤中有机硫的变化。试验发现，用２ｍｏｌ／ｌＦｅ２（ＳＯ４）３在反应温度１００℃，反应时间４ｈ下，可脱除近８０％的硫铁矿硫；经６％ＮａＯＨ溶液处理后再用５％ＨＣｌ浸煮，即可有效脱除煤中矿物质，也能明显脱硫；在煤热解时，煤中有机硫大部分滞留于煤焦中，被脱除的硫主要以Ｈ２Ｓ形     

红壤对SO_4~（2－）和H_2PO_4~－的吸附与竞争吸附研究

研究红壤对ＳＯ４（２－）和Ｈ_２ＰＯ(４－)的吸附与竞争吸附机理．实验结果表明，红壤吸附Ｈ２ＰＯ４－的量远远大于ＳＯ４（２－），前者几乎是后者的２倍．在两种阴离子共存体系中，Ｈ２ＰＯ４－使ＳＯ４（２－）吸附量明显减少，在浓度低时甚至出现负吸附；ＳＯ４（２－）对Ｈ２ＰＯ４－吸附量的影响很小．说明土壤对Ｈ２ＰＯ４－的吸持力较强，为高强度专性吸附，不易于被其它阴离子解吸；土壤对ＳＯ４（２－）的吸持力则较弱，为低强度专性吸附或非专性物理吸附，能够被吸持力更强的阴离子完全解吸．     

福建省沿海地区海盐和大气污染物反应的致酸作用

本文着重研究福建省沿海地区盐和大气污染物反应的致酸作用，从源排放估算、致酸前体物观测、大气气溶胶组成分析、降水离子特征分析四个层次进行讨论，结果表明ＨＣｌ人为排放源仅占ＳＯ２，ＮＯｓ的４％；大气中活性氯；ＨＣｌ最大浓度为４．２３μｇ／ｍ＾－３，Ｃｌ２最大浓度为３．９７μｇ．ｍ＾－３，气溶胶中Ｃｌ＾－／Ｎａ＾＋比和降水中Ｃｌ／Ｎａ＾＋比背离，降水中过量氯与Ｈ浓度呈现正相关，过量氯对Ｈ浓度最大贡献达３     

H2O2对抗旱性不同玉米品种愈伤组织抗氧化系统的影响

两个玉米品种愈伤组织经１０－４ｍｏｌＬ－１、１０－３ｍｏｌＬ－１和１０－２ｍｏｌＬ－１Ｈ２Ｏ２处理３ｈ后,电解质泄漏率加大;Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＭＤＡ含量增加;ＡｓＡ和ＣＡＲ含量的减少．１０－４ｍｏｌＬ－１的Ｈ２Ｏ２处理对愈伤组织产生的氧化伤害较小．抗旱性较强品种ＰＡＮ６０４３愈伤组织的抗氧化酶（ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＡＰ和ＧＲ）活性高于抗旱性较弱品种ＳＣ７０１,ＡｓＡ和ＣＡＲ含量的下降程度低于ＳＣ７０１．ＰＡＮ６０４３愈伤组织具有较强的抗Ｈ２Ｏ２能力,与含高活力抗氧化系统密切相关     

链霉菌碱性脂肪酶的研究

从杭州土壤中获得的一支链霉菌,通过ＵＶ、ＤＥＳ和Ｃｏ６０ － γ射线的５ 代诱变,选育成功了高产的Ｚ９４－ ２ 菌株,经过对Ｚ９４ －２ 的发酵研究,产碱性脂肪酶活力达５９６ ｕｍＬ,其最适培养基（λｕ Ｌ－１） 为：糊精１０、黄豆饼粉３０、尿素１０ 、Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４０ ．５、ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ０ ．５、ＮａＣｌ１ 和ＡＥＯ９ ０．５ ,产酶的最适条件为：初始ｐＨ９．０～１０．０ ,２６℃培养４８ ｈ．对Ｚ９４－ ２ 与其他菌株的碱性脂肪酶的特性作了比较     

OH自由基引发的甲烷光化学氧化体系中有机过氧化物的研究

在１．０１３２５×１０＾５Ｐａ,２９８Ｋ,Ｏ２－Ｎ２气氛下,采用长光路付立叶红外光谱仪跟踪反应进程,高压液相色谱仪测定反应产物中有机过氧化物,研究了ＯＨ自由基基引发的甲烷光化学反应体系,证实反应产物中有Ｈ２Ｏ２、甲基过氧化氢（ＣＨ３Ｏ２Ｈ,ＭＨＰ）和过氧甲醚（ＣＨ３Ｏ２ＣＨ３）,并发现羟甲基过氧化氢（ＨＯＣＨ２ＯＯＨ,ＨＭＨＰ）和一未知有机过氧化物,ＨＭＨＰ的发现表明ＣＨ４氧化过程中可能存在过氧甲     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.