鲁中地区冬小麦水分盈亏及灌溉需水量的时空变化特征

利用1980—2014年鲁中地区气象资料和冬小麦生育期资料,采用Penman-Monteith模型和单作物系数计算冬小麦各生育阶段需水量,利用美国农业土壤保持局推荐方法计算有效降水量、水分盈亏指数(CWSDI)和灌溉需水量,对冬小麦不同生育阶段的需水量、有效降水量、水分盈亏指数及灌溉需水量时空变化进行分析。结果表明:近35 a来,鲁中平原地区冬小麦全生育期需水量呈弱的减少趋势,山区呈增加趋势;拔节—乳熟期是需水量最大的阶段,呈减少趋势,强度中心在中部地区。有效降水量全生育期呈减少趋势,拔节—乳熟期呈增加趋势,强度中心在中部地区;除平原地区的越冬期外,其它生育阶段有效降水量呈减少趋势。CWSDI全生育期呈减少趋势,乳熟—成熟期减少幅度最大,自中部向南北两边递减。为满足冬小麦需水要求,全生育期平均灌溉需水量515 mm,呈上升趋势,强度中心在西部地区,拔节—乳熟期是灌溉需水量最大的阶段,呈减少趋势,返青—拔节期是增加趋势最明显的阶段。     

干旱及灌溉对冬小麦根系和产量的影响研究

在郑州农业气象试验站开展不同程度干旱、灌溉试验,研究了不同水分条件对冬小麦根系活力、形态及产量的影响。结果表明,干旱条件下,冬小麦根系活力和根直径均有明显的降低,根长有明显增加,土壤下层所占根系总体积比例增大,且随着发育期的推进,下层根系所占比例呈现增大的趋势,水分利用效率有明显提高;随着干旱程度的增加,上述变化趋势更加明显。在灌溉量相同的情况下,越冬期灌溉,有利于冬小麦根系活力和根直径增加,但不利于根系的向下伸展;返青期和拔节期灌溉有利于根系向下伸展、水分利用效率提高、理论产量增加,但不利于根系活力和直径的增加;拔节期灌溉,可适当增大灌溉量,减少灌溉次数,以提高水分利用效率。综合根系形态和活力、水分利用效率及产量,在冬小麦干旱持续发生条件下,在返青期、孕穗期灌水600 m~3·hm~(-2)左右,可根据干旱程度适当增减灌水量,重旱条件下适当增加灌水次数,少量多灌缓解旱情,而重大干旱年份灌水困难条件下可只在拔节期灌水600 m~3·hm~(-2),以实现产量的减损和节水效果。     

地膜移栽棉花高产性能研究初探

本文论述了地膜移栽棉花栽培技术的增产优势和潜力。该项技术可将棉花形成产量的有效有殖生长时期延长15天以上,有效现蕾期的利用率从地膜棉的57％提高到79％,有效开花期的利用率提高了19％,单株平均果枝数较地膜棉多出3.3—3.9个,单株平均有效结铃数多出地膜棉11.0—13.3个,每亩增产皮棉55.5—59.5公斤,增产幅度达67.3％—72.1％。     

海南岛农业气候生产力的估算

发挥气候资源的生产潜力,是农作物增产的有效途径。本文用Lieth法估算海南岛的农业气候生产力。光、热、水资源丰富的海南岛,植物的气候产量高,农作物的增产潜力至少为现在生产水平的一倍以上。水分是海南岛(尤其是西南部)农业产量的主要限制性因子。通过灌溉来补充所欠缺的水分(全岛平均每公顷需灌溉1778吨水),可期望达到最大气候产量。      

A2和B2排放情景下气候变化对福建省水稻生产的阶段性影响

选择IPCC排放情景特别报告(SRES)中的A2和B2方案,利用区域气候模式PRECIS构建的气候变化情景文件与作物模型(CERES-Rice)耦合,采用雨养与灌溉两种方式,并综合考虑未来CO2浓度增加带来的直接增益效应,模拟了未来2020s及2040s两个时段气候变化对福建省水稻生育期与产量的影响。结果表明:无论是雨养方式还是灌溉方式,未来全省各稻区水稻生育期都将缩短,并且随着温度增高,2040s时段缩短的时间较2020s更长,单季稻生育期缩短时间最长,可达15~20 d。雨养条件下,除了闽东南双季稻区后季稻在2020s时段表现为2.3%(A2)和3.1%(B2)较小幅度的增产外,其他稻区各种稻作制度下的水稻产量较之BASE均出现了不同幅度的减产。闽西北稻区后季稻减产幅度最大,2020s时段A2和B2情景下减产幅度依次为6.9%和10.2%,2040s时段减产幅度进一步加大至14.1%和15.6%。闽东南稻区后季稻模拟结果较为乐观,尤其是在灌溉条件下表现为不同幅度的增产,两种情景下分别增产了1.7%、3.9%。双季稻种植区的后季稻产量稳定性均不如早稻和单季稻的,且随着温度升高,到2040s产量不稳定性有增加的趋势。灌溉在一定程度上可以缓解未来高温天气带来的产量波动。从全省的总产变化趋势来看,A2和B2两种排放情景模拟的结果都不容乐观,即使采用充分灌溉的方式,也依旧表现为减产。2020s时段,两种情景下分别减产0.74%与2.44%;2040s时段,两种情景下减产为3.50%与3.23%。未来早稻和单季稻生长季的土壤水分条件将变得不如目前湿润,与之相关的灌溉需要量均有所增加。     

雪水浸种能增产

1975和1976年,我们进行了用雪水浸种与井水浸种的对比试验,发现用雪水浸种比用井水浸种好,其种子发芽势和发芽率都比较高(见表1),而且还能起到一定程度的增产作用,增产幅度一般在4—12％。雪水浸种为什么能增产呢?     

阶段性干旱胁迫对小麦光合生理特性及产量结构的影响

在人工遮雨的条件下,采用盆栽的种植方式探究"皖麦68"营养生长期(返青期—开花期)及生殖生长期(开花期—成熟期)轻度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量为55%±5%)及复水(土壤相对含水量为70%±5%)对其光合生理特性及产量结构的影响。结果表明:返青期至成熟期充分供水(CK)的小麦旗叶光合参数和产量最高。开花至成熟期复水(DN)的小麦叶片在复水后光合能力迅速恢复,表现出了超补偿效应:光合速率(16.43μmol/(m~2·s))甚至超过了CK(15.01μmol/(m~2·s));采用非直角双曲线模型拟合小麦旗叶的光响应曲线,其中DN的曲角θ最大;DN产量较CK略有降低但千粒重为34.51 g,高于CK(34.44 g)。开花至成熟期轻度干旱(ND)及全生育期轻度干旱(DD)的小麦光合特征参数与产量均显著降低。DD产量最低、品质最差,但其收获指数I_H高于CK、仅次于DN。在小麦返青期—开花期进行水分管理适量减少灌溉,开花期—成熟期复水能够提升籽粒的干物质积累量,获得较高的产量及品质。     

河南省获嘉县农田水分供需特征及秸秆覆盖效果分析

秸秆覆盖可以减少土壤表面水分蒸发,提高水分利用效率.以不覆盖处理为对照,2005年10月至2007年10月在获嘉县农场对冬小麦和夏玉米生育期间进行了秸秆覆盖处理对比观测.结果表明,秸秆覆盖后近地层气象要素发生了改变,覆盖后近地层空气温度升高,水汽压降低,地表土壤温度下降;秸秆覆盖有明显的保墒、蓄水作用,提高了土壤水分利用率;同时秸秆覆盖对提高冬小麦的成穗数,增加冬小麦和玉米的千粒重有明显作用.试验期间,推广田冬小麦增产幅度为8.7%,夏玉米增产幅度为8.9%.     

夏玉米土壤水分指标研究

不同土壤水分状况对夏玉米生长发育和产量形成有着明显的影响,并且通过各种生理生态特征表现出来。本文根据1984—1987年试验资料,系统分析了土壤水分对气孔阻力、光合作用、蒸腾强度、灌浆速度等生理特征和产量的影响,建立了土壤湿度与它们之间的数学模式,运用最优分割理论进行最优分割,确定了夏玉米拨节—抽雄期的适宜土壤水分指标为15.5％,干旱指标为10.5％;分别占田间持水量的71.4％和48.4％,抽雄—成熟期的适宜水分指标为16.7％,干旱指标为10.7％,分别占田间持水量的77.0％和49.3％。从而为灌溉管理提供了依据。     

黑河地区玉米地膜覆盖节水增产灌溉制度的数学模型

通过一年的试验,初步得出参试各变量x_1(灌溉定额)、x_2(灌溉次数)、x_3(头水叶龄)和x_4(保苗株数)对产量y的多元回归模型。利用这一模型分析了各参试因子对产量的作用,并通过频数分析,筛选了地膜覆盖条件下玉米高于某一产量指标,同时限制灌溉定额或灌水次数的节水增产的优化措施组合。本文还分析了参试因子对玉米产量构成因素的影响,评价了地膜的节水效果和增温增产效果,初步探索了地膜玉米的节水增产机理。     

基于作物系数与水分生产函数的向日葵产量预测

利用河套灌区向日葵2012年田间水分、分期播种试验数据和两个站点的农业气象历史资料,研究基于向日葵作物系数和水分生产函数的产量预测方法。结果表明:向日葵标准作物系数在生育期内的变化规律是前期小、中期大、后期小, 最高值为1.21, 出现在开花期。标准作物系数与出苗后日数和大于0℃积温有很好的二次和三次多项式关系,拟合优度在0.93以上。在分析相对叶面积指数和作物系数关系的基础上,提出标准作物系数的相对叶面积指数订正方法,得出河套灌区向日葵作物系数的动态计算式,为水分生产函数中实际蒸散量的计算提供支撑。建立以Jensen模型为基础的向日葵水分生产函数,得到对水分亏缺的敏感顺序从高到低是开花期、花序形成期、成熟期、苗期。综合应用向日葵作物系数方程和水分生产函数模型计算分期播种产量,与实际产量分别相差4.4%和4.1%,初步证明该文提出的方法对产量预测较为理想,在该地区具有很好的适用性。     

Impact of climate change and irrigation technology advancement on agricultural water use in China

The impact of climate change and irrigation technology advancement on agricultural water use in China is analyzed for the period of 1949–2005. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is adopted to characterize climate change, and the Gross Irrigation Quota (GIQ) is used to examine the relationship between agricultural water use and climate change in China. The results show that the GIQ correlates well with the PDSI in Chinese irrigated areas for the period of 1949–1990. A quantitative relationship between the GIQ and PDSI is statistically regressed; a new GIQ dataset is generated with the PDSI based on this relationship over the period 1949–2005. The generated GIQ data with climate-only information follow the pattern of the actual GIQ for the period 1949–1990. Since 1991, the actual GIQ becomes much smaller than the generated GIQ, indicating that irrigation technology advancement exerts a dominant impact on reducing agricultural water use intensity in China.     

Climate change impacts on water management and irrigated agriculture in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, USA

The Yakima River Reservoir system supplies water to ~180,000 irrigated hectares through the operation of five reservoirs with cumulative storage of ~30% mean annual river flow. Runoff is derived mostly from winter precipitation in the Cascade Mountains, much of which is stored as snowpack. Climate change is expected to result in earlier snowmelt runoff and reduced summer flows. Effects of these changes on irrigated agriculture were simulated using a reservoir system model coupled to a hydrological model driven by downscaled scenarios from 20 climate models archived by the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. We find earlier snowmelt results in increased water delivery curtailments. Historically, the basin experienced substantial water shortages in 14% of years. Without adaptations, for IPCC A1B global emission scenarios, water shortages increase to 27% (13% to 49% range) in the 2020s, to 33% in the 2040s, and 68% in the 2080s. For IPCC B1 emissions scenarios, shortages occur in 24% (7% to 54%) of years in the 2020s, 31% in the 2040s and 43% in the 2080s. Historically unprecedented conditions where senior water rights holders suffer shortfalls occur with increasing frequency in both A1B and B1 scenarios. Economic losses include expected annual production declines of 5%–16%, with greater probabilities of operating losses for junior water rights holders.     

水分胁迫对华北平原冬小麦地上部分及产量的影响

以“济麦-22”为供试品种,利用中国气象局固城生态环境与农业气象试验站大型根系观测系统,研究冬小麦在重度干旱胁迫（≤40.0%）、轻中度干旱胁迫（40.1%-55.0%）和适宜（55.1%-80.0%）3种水分胁迫条件下地上部分对水分胁迫的响应,以探索水分胁迫对华北平原冬小麦产量的影响,分析不同水分胁迫对冬小麦产量的影响程度。结果表明：华北平原冬小麦在轻中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫下,小麦全生育期的天数缩短,株高、叶面积及灌浆速率均呈不同程度的减少。3种水分胁迫的株高增长量为适宜>轻中度胁迫>重度胁迫,灌浆速率为适宜>轻中度胁迫>重度胁迫。土壤水分胁迫引起冬小麦物质分配更多地向支持生长的茎秆转移,在生长发育过程中受到水分胁迫,小麦产量将降低,重度胁迫条件下小麦产量为适宜水分条件的69%。     

春大豆鼓粒至成熟期水分胁迫对结实和产量的影响

揭示春大豆后期干旱对产量形成的影响规律,为开展夏秋干旱评估和抗旱灌溉提供科学依据。于2017年和2018年在吉林省中部开展大豆鼓粒—成熟期农田水分控制试验,设7个土壤水分处理和1个自然雨养处理,观测土壤湿度、结荚率、空秕荚率、百粒重及产量。采用回归方法分析土壤湿度对大豆产量性状的影响。结果表明：在田间持水量以下,大豆粒重和产量与鼓粒—成熟期间耕层土壤水分线性正相关,结荚数和空秕荚率与土壤水分呈二次函数关系。鼓粒—成熟期间0—30 cm土层土壤湿度每下降1个百分点,大豆结荚数和有效荚数分别下降3.1和3.7个百分点,相对百粒重和相对单产分别下降0.8和1.5个百分点,空秕荚率上升9.3个百分点。大豆鼓粒—成熟期比较喜水,但也有较强的耐旱能力,土壤湿度22%—23%之间大豆荚数多、空秕荚少、籽粒重、产量高。大豆鼓粒—成熟期轻旱、中旱、重旱和特旱的土壤相对湿度指标分别为66%—75%、57%—65%、50%—56%和50%以下,对应的减产率分别为5%—10%、11%—15%、16%—20%和20%以上。与以往指标比较,本试验重旱、特旱指标明显大于凋萎湿度,更符合大豆水分生理规律,可用于春大豆鼓粒—成熟期干旱影响定量评估。     

六盘山区夏秋季大气水汽和液态水特征初步分析

六盘山区是中国典型的农牧交错带和生态脆弱带,也是黄土高原重要的水源涵养地、生态保护区及国家级扶贫开发区。利用2017年6-11月隆德气象站地基多通道微波辐射计资料,结合同期平凉探空站及隆德地面降水等观测资料,分析了六盘山区夏秋季大气水汽、液态水变化特征。结果表明：六盘山区夏秋季在降水天气背景下,大气水汽含量和液态水含量均较高,分别为无降水天气背景下的1.4倍和7.0倍;降水天气背景下水汽在5000 m以下有明显的增加,且在此高度范围内的水汽密度随高度的递减率比无降水天气背景下明显偏小;各高度层的液态水相比无降水天气背景下均有明显增大,除6月外,主峰值均出现在0℃层高度层以下。六盘山区夏秋季各月中,6-9月。大气水汽含量高值区均出现在正午到傍晚时段,低值区均出现在日出前后;液态水含量在日出前、午后及傍晚分别出现峰值,最明显的峰值出现在午后。对一次对流性降水天气过程分析后发现,降水发生前40 min大气水汽含量和液态水含量出现两次明显的跃增,水汽向上输送不断加强,2500-7500 m高度的相对湿度明显增大。     

Uncertainty of climate change impact on crop characteristics: a case study of Moghan plain in Iran

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Crop yield is one of the most critical factors in the food security chain. Climate plays a crucial role in crop water productivity in rainfed and irrigated...     

Climatic change and water requirements for grain corn in the North American Great Plains

A parametric crop water use and yield model was applied to a transect spanning the North American Great Plains to investigate the evapotranspiration demand on grain corn and the associated irrigation water applications needed for optimal crop production. The transect consisted of four sample stations, covering 25 degrees of latitude. 124 climate change scenarios for each of the transect stations, were created by systematically changing air temperature, precipitation, and incident solar radiation in terms of positive and negative departures from the normal, long-term record. This paper reports how grain corn evapotranspiration and irrigation water amounts would respond to climatic changes inherent in the scenarios if there were no changes in agricultural technology. Among the results, the seasonal response of evapotranspiration (ET) totals to air temperature perturbations was greatest in the higher latitudes and least in the lower latitudes. This impact of changing temperature was also greatest under sunny compared with cloudy conditions, and for fully irrigated in contrast to rainfed conditions. Changes in precipitation amounts caused greatest responses in rainfed fields under sunny conditions. The middle latitudes (e.g., Kansas City) were most sensitive. Perturbing solar radiation caused greatest evapotranspiration changes with irrigated conditions particularly in the middle latitudes. Percentage changes in solar radiation (or cloudiness) were of considerably greater importance than comparable precipitation changes. In the absence of temperature perturbations, the relative precipitation and solar radiation changes caused similar trends in amount of irrigation water applied. For temperature changes, the resultant irrigation watering responses were largely non-linear. A consecutive paper will report on the response of maize yield to the introduced climatic changes and associated irrigation schedules.Dr. Liverman was also affiliated with the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. She is currently at the Department of Geography, University of Wiscon, Madison, WI.P. A. O'Rourke and P. E. Todhunter. Dr. O'Rourke is a Visiting Scholar at UCLA from Litton System, Inc., Data Systems Division.     

CHANGE OF CLIMATE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CROPPING SYSTEM IN CHINA

Tne global change of climate and its influence on the cropping system in China have been investigatedin this paper.It is found that the temperature was increased during the last decade and the precipitationdecreased in northern China and increased in southern China during the last 30 years.The sea level hasbeen rising by about 21—26 cm in the coastal areas south of 30°N in China during the last 100 years.The most of results as simulated by the general circulation models(GCMs)show that the temperature increasewould amount to about 2°—4°C in the most parts of China and precipitation and soil moisture might bedecreased in northern China and increased in sourthern China due to doubling of carbon dioxide(CO_2).The effects of doubled CO_2 on growth period and climatic yield capability in China have been estimatedroughly.It is shown that the regions of the growth period in China would be moved northward about fivedegrees latitude and the climatic yield capability might be increased by about 10％ in the most parts of China.     

冬小麦土壤深松保墒增产效应试验研究

采用土壤深松 45cm、30 cm处理打破犁底层 ,1 996～ 1 998年连续进行 2个年度的冬小麦保墒、增产效应田间试验 .试验结果表明 :土壤深松处理后可减少冬小麦全生育期 0～ 1 0 0 cm的作物耗水量 ,促进根系对 1 0 0～ 2 0 0 cm土层土壤水分的利用 ,提高冬小麦的产量耗水比 .土壤深松处理能明显增加 0～ 30 cm土层的土壤湿度和含水量 ,降低 0～ 50 cm土层的土壤容重 .有利于冬小麦根系、茎、叶的生长发育和总生物量的累积 .土壤深松 45cm处理 2年平均冬小麦增产 7.0 % ,土壤深松 30 cm处理第一年增产 7.7% .冬小麦土壤深松保墒增产效应的适宜深松深度为 30 cm.