空化喷嘴混沌特性的辨识

通过实验,使用高频水听器采集3种常用不同结构空化喷嘴产生的空化噪声信号,选取其中的信号,以Takens定理为基础,进行相空间重构,并分别计算其最大Lyapunov指数值.实验对空化喷嘴的混沌特性进行辨识以及比较分析,为空化喷嘴的设计、检测提供了一种新的途径.在采用的实验条件下,选取的空化噪声信号的最大Lyapunov指数值大于零,即这些信号都是混沌信号.实验显示,具有自激振荡腔结构喷嘴的最大Lyapunov指数值最大.     

空化喷嘴混沌特性的辨识

通过实验,使用高频水听器采集3种常用不同结构空化喷嘴产生的空化噪声信号,选取其中的信号,以Takens定理为基础,进行相空间重构,并分别计算其最大Lyapunov指数值。实验对空化喷嘴的混沌特性进行辨识以及比较分析,为空化喷嘴的设计、检测提供了一种新的途径。在采用的实验条件下,选取的空化噪声信号的最大Lyapunov指数值大于零,即这些信号都是混沌信号。实验显示,具有自激振荡腔结构喷嘴的最大Lyapunov指数值最大。     

基于CFD的水泵水轮机压力脉动分析

针对水泵水轮机的压力脉动问题,采用计算流体力学进行了全流道数值分析。在活动导叶以及转轮之间的无叶区沿圆周方向设置61个监测点,并且对水轮机工况以及水泵工况分别采取不同工况进行压力脉动分析,对比分析不同工况的流场与压力脉动之间的联系。结果表明,水轮机工况以及水泵工况无叶区压力在时空尺度上均呈现周期性分布,水轮机工况压力分布主要由转轮叶片所决定,水泵工况压力脉动主要由活动导叶决定。水泵工况压力脉动强于水轮机工况。     

模型水轮机尾水管压力脉动试验研究

在水轮机模型试验台上进行水轮机尾水管压力脉动试验研究,通过压力脉动试验工况的选择、测点的布置、信号采样频率及采样时间的确定,得到了在水轮机模型试验台上进行水轮尾水管压力脉动试验的方法。试验结果表明,所选择的工况合理,测点布置科学,信号采样频率及采样时间确定合理可行。     

基于小波分析的淹没水跃脉动压力时频变化研究

利用Morlet小波变换对淹没式闸孔出流试验测得的脉动压力信号进行时频特征分析.通过标准化处理所采集的信号数据,选取合适的尺度伸缩因子和时间平移因子绘制各测点脉动信号的小波变换系数图.从小波系数的模平方图和实部图分析不同尺度下脉动压力的时频分布及强弱变化.应用小波方差图进一步验证各时间尺度下的压力信号时频变化主周期.结果表明:脉动压力第一主周期较小的点位于闸后淹没水跃段,不同工况第一主周期最小点与脉动压力能量最强点基本吻合;当淹没系数较小时,相邻测点间存在主周期一致现象增多.     

卡基娃水电站放空洞脉动压力模型试验研究

水流脉动压力会加剧闸门门槽的空蚀空化,增大阶梯泄槽底板承受的荷载,目前研究很少.结合卡基娃水电站放空洞工程实例,介绍了大比尺模型试验中脉动压力的测试方法及数据处理,分析了水流的脉动压力强度、脉动压力系数大小和频谱特征,得出工作门槽和阶梯泄槽部位的脉动压力特征和分布规律.希望能为高水头大流速的泄水建筑物的设计和安全运行提供参考依据.     

一个二维含有理分式离散混沌映射的分析与控制

借助非线性特征研究工具构造了二维含有理分式离散映射,然后运用最大Lyapunov指数谱和分岔图研究该二维有理分式离散映射的动力学行为,最后利用改进形式的小波函数构造压缩映射,对二维有理分式混沌映射进行了有效的混沌控制.通过理论分析和数值模拟,验证了该混沌控制方法的实用性和有效性.     

原型混流式水轮机压力脉动特性CFD模拟分析

水轮机压力脉动与流动特性紧密关联.在保证CFD模拟与原型试验结果吻合的基础上,对覆盖某原型水轮机运行区间的25个稳态工况进行了模拟,分析了压力脉动特性及流态特性的对应关系.结果表明,该水轮机存在不稳定的运行开度区间,区间大小和位置随水头而变动;转轮内存在叶道涡,尾水管内存在碎涡及螺旋涡带,碎涡相互干扰使得尾水管低频脉动丰富,螺旋涡带撞击尾水管壁面产生低频高幅脉动并向上游直线传播;动静干涉产生的高频高幅脉动幅值并非随导叶开度增加而成线性增大.该结论可为机组运行和振动特性研究奠定基础.     

动力空化流压力脉动特性研究

本文简介了作者在美国密执安大学文氏管空化装置上对动力空化流(DynamicCavitating Flow)压力脉功的统计特性进行研究的部分成果:作者建立的用于空化压力脉动采样的高速实时计算机数据处理系统的特点、基于统计特性的空化压力脉动分类方法、各种压力脉动成分的特性、特别是作者提出的“空化共振”效应及其机理。此外还结合这些研究成果,对一般流动系统(特别是水电站水轮机流动系统)的空化压力脉动作了初步探讨     

关联维数在尾水管压力脉动分析中的应用

以黄壁庄机组尾水管压力脉动试验的实测信号为例,对时域信号进行了频谱分析,并对在不同的工况下尾水管压力脉动信号进行嵌入维数和关联维数分析。结果表明,当嵌入维数大于等于18时,关联维数趋于稳定值。不同工况下水轮机尾水管压力脉动的关联维数也不同,当导叶开度为50.70%时,分形关联维数为3.456 6;导叶开度为62.85%时,分形关联维数为3.388 1。因此,关联维数可以作为对水轮机尾水管压力脉动情况进行识别的指标,可以指导电站的稳定运行。     

混流式水轮机空化流动特性分析

采用混合物空化模型对混流式水轮机的内部流场进行了数值计算,得到了大流量工况、最优流量工况、小流量工况水轮机的内部流动特性。计算结果表明：在大流量工况和小流量工况下,尾水管中心截面的低压区与涡带是相对应的,压力脉动的幅值主要受尾水管涡带直径两端压力差的影响,其尾水管进口段左右两侧以及弯肘段附近均有较大的漩涡区域,造成较大的能量耗散,尾水管内有明显的回流现象,水轮机内部流动比较紊乱。     

Runner cone optimization to reduce vortex rope-induced pressure fluctuations in a Francis turbine

Pressure fluctuations induced by a vortex rope are the major causes of hydraulic turbine vibration in partial load operating conditions. Hence, an effective control strategy should be adopted to improve rotating characteristics of the vortex rope and reduce the corresponding pressure fluctuation. In this study, two new types of runner cones(i.e., abnormally shaped and long straight cones) were proposed to optimize the pressure distribution in the draft tube, and unsteady numerical simulations were performed to determine their mechanism of action. Numerical results were validated using flow observation and pressure fluctuation experiments. Detailed analyses were conducted to understand the effects of the helical vortex rope operating conditions. The results indicated that pressure fluctuations in the draft tube at partial load operation result primarily from low frequency fluctuations induced by the rotation of the helical vortex rope, whose amplitudes are related to the rotating radius of the helical vortex rope. Both runner cone types could effectively reduce the pressure-fluctuation amplitude. The long straight type could reduce the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation induced by vortex rope to a maximum of 74.08% and the abnormalshape type to 38.31%. Thus, the effective optimization of the runner cone can potentially reduce pressure-fluctuation amplitudes.Our research findings were applied to a real hydraulic plant in China.     

液力透平进口截面对蜗壳内压力脉动的影响

为研究液力透平不同进口截面对蜗壳内压力脉动的影响,选取一单级液力透平为研究对象,利用流场分析软件CFD对该液力透平内流场进行三维非定常数值计算,在蜗壳内沿周向和径向设置监测点,计算各监测点在不同进口截面和最优工况下沿周向和径向的压力脉动,以及各监测点在不同流量和不同进口截面下沿径向的压力脉动,利用快速傅里叶变换对各监测点的压力脉动计算结果进行变换,分析各监测点处压力脉动的时域和频域分布。结果表明:蜗壳进口直径越大,隔舌处的压力脉动幅值越大;蜗壳进口直径越小,叶轮动静相干作用越强,蜗壳内压力脉动幅值越大;流量越大,不同蜗壳进口截面下蜗壳内压力脉动主频幅值之间相差越小;当离心泵用作液力透平时为了使液力透平能够较稳定运行,需适当减小液力透平进口截面面积。     

水轮机全三维粘性大涡模拟数学模型研究

采用大涡模拟技术,建立了绝对坐标系和相对坐标系下的联合计算数学模型,控制方程的离散在空间上采用有限体积法,时间上采用了具有二阶精度的“预测-校正”法,固壁边界使用“部分滑移”条件,使用该模型对高水头、高转速混流式水轮机流动特性进行计算。结果表明,转轮计算流场分布与实际情况吻合,在部分负荷工况下,叶片出水边存在脱流现象,造成叶片出水边表面出现负压。尾水管直锥段和弯肘段在部分负荷工况下存在较强的旋流,在轴心线附近存在回流现象,并成功地模拟了尾水管中的涡带现象,与实际观测结果一致,该涡带频率为机组旋转频率的三分之一左右,振幅较大,属于低频大幅值性质,是引起机组振动的根源之一。     

撞击流反应器压力波动信号的Hilbert-Huang变换分析

将Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)应用于撞击流反应器压力波动信号分析,并提取出浸没循环撞击流 反应器压力波动信号的各阶内禀模态函数(IMF),证实了压力波动信号的非线性、非平稳特性。分析压力波动信号 各阶内禀模态函数的能量分布以及高、中、低频段能量分布与转换,发现不同频段IMF的能量分布与流型转变之间 的对应关系。结果表明,随着螺旋桨转速的增加,在粒子相互撞击的过程中,产生不同程度涡运动,使得各阶IMF分 量的能量分布也随之变化。新的Hilbert-Huang变换分析方法直接揭示了撞击流反应器内压力波动信号经EMD 分解所得的IMF分量的能量分布与流体流型转变之间的内在规律,同时也提供了一个有力的定量依据。     

Numerical predictions and stability analysis of cavitating draft tube vortices at high head in a model Francis turbine

Draft tube vortex is one of the main causes of hydraulic instability in hydraulic reaction turbines, in particular Francis turbines. A method of cavitation calculations was proposed to predict the pressure fluctuations induced by draft tube vortices in a model Francis turbine, by solving RANS equations with RNG k-turbulence model and ZGB cavitation model, with modified turbulence viscosity. Three cases with different flow rates at high head were studied. In the study case of part load, two modes of revolutions with the same rotating direction, revolution around the axis of the draft tube cone, and revolution around the core of the vortex rope, can be recognized. The elliptical shaped vortex rope causes anisotropic characteristics of pressure fluctuations around the centerline of the draft tube cone. By analyzing the phase angles of the pressure fluctuations, the role of the vortex rope as an exciter in the oscillating case can be recognized. An analysis of Batchelor instability, i.e. instability in q-vortex like flow structure, has been carried out on the draft tube vortices in these three cases. It can be concluded that the trajectory for study case with part load lies in the region of absolute instability (AI), and it lies in the region of convective instability (CI) for study case with design flow rate. Trajectory for study case with over load lies in the AI region at the inlet of the draft tube, and enters CI region near the end of the elbow.     

轴流式水轮机内流场整体三维数值解析

对轴流式水轮机从蜗壳进口至尾水管出口全流道的三维粘性数值解析问题进行了研究,详细地分析了该轴流式水轮机的能量特性及空化特性,分析该转轮引起间隙空化的主要原因.为下一步的改善其转轮空化性能提供理论基础.     

Fluctuant characteristics of two-phase flow behind a bottom aerator

Experimental observations show that the random process of two-phase flow behind an aerator is an ergodic process and its amplitude distribution is similar to a normal distribution. The maximum pressure fluctuation is at the re-attachment point where the jet-trajectory flow over the aerator re-attaches to the bottom of the channel, and its amplitude is 2-3 times larger than when there is no aerator. There is a dominant frequency of 1.24 Hz in the model, but the coherence in the frequency domain is not obvious for other frequencies beside the dominant frequency. There is a large vortex at the re-attachment point behind the aerator but correlation among the measurement points is not obvious in the time domain.     

基于流声耦合的调节阀空化噪声数值预测

针对工程应用中调节阀普遍出现的空化以及由其产生的噪声问题,提出基于流声场耦合法的调节阀空化噪声数值预测方法,首先选择大涡模拟和空化模型对调节阀进行瞬态流场计算,然后联合声学边界元法利用流场信息计算噪声场特征,分别数值计算一种轴流式调节阀在空化和无空化工况时的噪声。结果表明:监测点处的声压级频率响应曲线整体趋势基本一致,计算结果符合实际规律;空化工况时的声压级频率响应曲线具有较多的峰值点,而无空化则较为平稳,可作为判断调节阀是否产生空化的依据;数值计算得到的监测点处总声压级与理论预测计算的相对误差低于7.1%,证明了数值计算的准确可行性。     

One-dimensional/three-dimensional analysis of transient cavitating flow in a venturi tube with special emphasis on cavitation excited pressure fluctuation prediction

The large eddy simulation (LES) method is used to simulate cavitating flow in a venturi tube. The simulated results agree fairly well with the experimental data. To quantitatively describe the relationship between cavitation evolution and excited pressure fluctuation in the venturi tube, a modified prediction model is proposed and its accuracy is verified by the LES results. Based on the original one-dimensional model for the external cavitating flow around a hydrofoil, this model is corrected according to the internal cavitating flow characteristics in the venturi tube. The results show that the original one-dimensional model ignores the choking effect of cavitating flow, which is obvious in a venturi tube with a narrow flow channel, thus leading to an inaccurate prediction of pressure fluctuation in the venturi tube. The modified model can significantly overcome its deficiencies and improve the accuracy of the pressure fluctuation prediction, providing a theoretical basis and guidance for engineering application to controlling the pressure fluctuation in a venturi tube or for other internal flows.