一种基于特征值的多天线认知无线电盲感知算法

当不存在噪声不确定性时,频谱感知算法中能量检测法是较优的,但实际中噪声是无法确切估计的。针对这一问题,提出了一种适合多天线认知无线电系统的盲感知算法。该算法不需要主用户的任何先验知识,利用采样协方差矩阵的最大特征值和矩阵迹之比作为判决统计量来检测主用户信号。根据随机矩阵理论,当给定虚警概率时,可以求出判决门限的渐近式表达式。仿真结果表明,与同类算法相比,所提算法能获得较高的检测概率和较低的虚警概率,同时克服了能量检测法对噪声的敏感性。     

基于能量检测算法的频谱感知方法分析

简要介绍了认知无线电通信系统中基于能量检测算法的频谱感知方法,分析了能量检测算法的原理和性能,研究了噪声的不确定性对检测性能的影响。仿真实验表明,能量检测法是一种有效的频谱感知方法。     

基于Matlab和通用软件无线电外设的频谱感知实现

为提高频谱资源的利用率,针对实际无线通信信道,搭建基于Matlab和通用软件无线电外设的无线通信系统平台,应用能量检测法对主用户信号进行频谱感知和可用频谱带宽估计,实现频谱检测并为次用户的频谱接入提供判断依据。实验结果表明,该方法能快速准确地实现无线电系统通信,并且在高信噪比和采样个数较多的情况下,能较好地检测频谱占用情况,满足认知无线电频谱感知的要求。     

基于信号采样自相关的步进宽带频谱感知方法

采用步进频域能量检测法可以提高在软件无线电平台的频谱感知的带宽范围,但能量检测法易受噪声不确定性的影响,而信号采样自相关检测法对噪声不确定性有很好的鲁棒性。为进一步提高软件无线电的检测性能,提出了基于信号采样自相关的步进宽带频谱感知方法。首先阐述了信号采样自相关检测的原理,然后对基于该原理的步进宽带检测方法的流程进行了分析,最后利用MATLAB软件仿真其检测性能。仿真结果表明,在信噪比（Signal-noise-ratio, SNR）不同的情况下,基于信号采样自相关的步进宽带频谱检测方法能达到所要求的检测性能。此 外,为了兼顾频谱感知的检测速度和频带带宽分辨率之间的关系,进一步提出了在原本固定步进值的步进宽带信号采样自相关的频谱感知方法中采用可变步进值的两阶段检测方法,该方法可 以获得较高的频带带宽检测分辨率和较短的检测时间。     

基于能量检测的认知无线电频谱感知技术分析

介绍认知无线电的基本知识,较详细论述其中的频谱感知技术,分析了用于发射端检测的能量检测法的基本原理和方法,完成高斯白噪声信道条件下能量检测法的性能参数计算仿真,给出了相应结论。     

基于多子带信号采样和小波变换的宽带频谱感知*

在GHz级宽带信号频谱感知中,如果直接采样此宽带信号,其所需采样速率太高,超过现有的模数转换器指标;确切估计出主信号所占频段,可以进一步提高频谱利用率;因此本文基于调制宽带转换系统（MWC）,提出一种基于多子带信号采样和小波变换的宽带频谱感知方法。首先利用MWC实现宽带信号的低速率采样,得到子带信号;然后提出一种噪声功率及检测门限估计方法,再利用能量检测法实现对非噪声子带的频谱感知;最后利用小波变换对信号子带进行频谱边缘检测,以确定主用户信号占用频段的确切位置信息。仿真结果验证了本文所提出的宽带频谱感知方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于FDC准则的认知无线电宽带频谱感知

提出了基于灵活检测准则(FDC)的认知无线电宽带频谱感知算法。传统的基于信息论准则的宽带频谱感知算法在估计主用户占用的子带个数时,往往出现低估的情况。针对此情况,利用FDC改进基于Gerschgorin似然估计的认知无线电宽带频谱感知算法。相较于传统的基于信息论准则的能量检测方案,该方案不仅不依赖于噪声功率先验信息,而且可以通过改变灵活系数满足感知系统的不同要求。     

动态阈值的双门限协作感知方法

随着通信技术的提高和通信应用的增多,无线频谱资源越来越匮乏.许多分配到资源的主用户利用率很低,认知无线电技术希望没有分配到资源的次用户合理使用主用户频谱来提高频谱的利用率.频谱感知技术关系到认知无线电中次用户对空闲频谱的使用机会,是认知无线电的关键技术之一.就是在已有的感知技术的基础上,提出了新的感知手段.在认知无线电网络中,不同的次用户由于与主用户距离以及自身所处环境的噪声影响不同,它们的信噪比一般是不一样的.这里采用的动态阈值的双门限协作感知方法,是对传统双门限能量感知方法的改进,通过充分考虑次用户之间的差异性来提高感知的性能.首先,根据对检测和虚警概率的要求,过滤掉一部分检测能力不满足条件的次用户.同时,每个次用户的用于能量感知的双门限会根据它们各自信噪比的不同而动态变化.通过与单门限能量感知以及传统双门限能量感知方法进行比较,可以看出本文提出的感知方法一定程度上提高了系统整体感知的性能.     

高阶循环特性下联合频谱感知算法研究

高效的频谱感知算法是认知无线电系统有效通信的前提;现有的能量检测算法复杂度较低,但其性能易受到噪声不确定度的严重影响,为提高频谱感知的速度和性能,采用了联合频谱感知算法;该方法利用双门限的能量检测法进行粗检,将判决结果划为三个区域,并使用高阶循环统计量检测算法对中间混淆区域进行二次判决;然后给出了噪声确定或不确定的情况下,联合频谱感知算法和单一检测算法的检测性能和算法复杂度的仿真分析;结果表明,联合频谱感知算法在增加计算复杂度不多情况下,得到较高的检测性能,优于单一检测算法,是一种快速准确的频谱感知算法。     

认知无线网络多用户协同频谱感知协作机制研究

认知无线电技术被公认是下一代无线网络的核心架构之一,频谱感知是认知无线电实现的核心手段。通过分析现有的协同频谱感知模型,证明了在多用户进行协同频谱感知的情况下,所有用户进行协同频谱感知所得到总体信道利用率是最高的;进而设计策略促使所有的非授权用户积极进行协同频谱感知,并对所设计的策略进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,所设计的策略可以有效地促进非授权用户进行协同频谱感知,从而提高频谱资源的整体利用率。     

Cooperative spectrum sensing based on stochastic resonance in cognitive radio networks

A new censoring cooperative spectrum sensing scheme based on stochastic resonance(SR)technique in cognitive radio(CR)network is proposed in this paper.The observations of the cooperative secondary users(SUs)whose statistics fall into the censoring interval are processed by SR system in the proposed scheme.The hard fusion and the soft fusion for the censoring cooperative spectrum sensing scheme are analyzed respectively.Theoretical analyses and simulation results show that the proposed censoring cooperative spectrum sensing scheme has the same detection performance as and lower computational complexity than the method that each cooperative SU performs spectrum sensing using SR-based energy detection,and its detection performance is superior to that of the conventional method that all the cooperative SUs perform spectrum sensing using energy detection in hard fusion.In soft fusion,the proposed censoring cooperative spectrum sensing based on equal gain combination can achieve the optimal sensing performance approximately.     

Cooperative spectrum sensing against noise uncertainty using Neyman–Pearson lemma on fuzzy hypothesis test

In this paper, we consider the problem of cooperative spectrum sensing in the presence of the noise power uncertainty. We propose a new spectrum sensing method based on the fuzzy hypothesis test (FHT) that utilizes membership functions as hypotheses for the modeling and analyzing such uncertainty. In particular, we apply the Neyman–Pearson lemma on the FHT and propose a threshold-based local detector at each secondary user (SU) in which the threshold depends on the noise power uncertainty. In the proposed scheme, a centralized manner in the cooperative spectrum sensing is deployed in which each SU sends its one bit decision to a fusion center. The fusion center makes a final decision about the absence/presence of a primary user (PU). The performance of the PU's signal detection is evaluated by the probability of signal detection for a specific signal to noise ratio when the probability of false alarm is set to a fixed value. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared numerically with two classical threshold-based energy detectors. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm considerably outperforms the methods with a bi-thresholds energy detector and a simple energy detector in the presence of the noise power uncertainty.     

An Efficient Optimized Handover in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

Cognitive radio systems necessitate the incorporation of cooperative spectrum sensing among cognitive users to increase the reliability of detection. We have found that cooperative spectrum sensing is not only advantageous, but is also essential to avoid interference with any primary users. Interference by licensed users becomes a chief concern and issue, which affects primary as well as secondary users leading to restrictions in spectrum sensing in cognitive radios. When the number of cognitive users increases, the overheads of the systems, which are meant to report the sensing results to the common receiver, which becomes massive. When the spectrum, which is in use becomes unavailable or when the licensed user takes the allocated band, these networks have the capability of changing their operating frequencies. In addition, cognitive radio networks are seen to have the unique capability of sensing the spectrum range and detecting any spectrum, which has been left underutilized. Further this capability of recognizing the spectrum range based on the dimensions detected, allows for determination of the band, which may be utilized. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the cognitive radio’s spectrum sensing ability and evolving a self-configured system with dynamic intelligence networks without causing any interference to the primary user. The paper also brings focus to the quantitative analysis of the two spectrum sensing techniques namely; Energy Detection and Band Limited White Noise Detection. The estimation technique for detecting spectrum noise is based on the detection of probability and probability of false alarms at different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) levels using Additive White Gaussian Noise signal (AWGN). The efficiency of the proposed Cooperative CUSUM spectrum sensing algorithm performs better than existing optimal rules based on a single observation spectrum sensing techniques under cooperative networks.     

基于BP神经网络的协作频谱感知技术

认知无线电技术可以利用主用户未使用的频谱资源来有效地提高频谱利用率。单用户感知技术虽然简单但可靠性较低,协作频谱感知技术可以显著地提高频谱感知的性能。现有的大部分协作感知都是在假设各认知用户的信噪比相同的前提下进行研究。然而在实际环境中,由于每个认知用户所处的环境不同,其信噪比不同,对融合中心判决的影响也不同。如何在提升检测性能的同时提升系统的能量效率是关键问题。提出一种基于BP(Back Propagation)神经网络的协作频谱感知技术,它利用频谱环境的历史信息,通过BP神经网络提高频谱感知性能。仿真结果表明,该算法可以在保证协作感知性能的同时减少参与协作的认知用户数,从而减少能量消耗。     

基于可信度的加权协作频谱检测算法

协作频谱检测技术可以有效解决认知无线网络本地检测存在的信道衰落、隐藏终端等问题。论文研究了加权协作频谱检测技术,提出一种基于可信度的协作频谱检测算法。每个感知节点基于最大最小值特征值检测完成本地频谱检测,并与融合中心的全局检测结果进行比较估计各自感知节点的频谱检测可信度;融合中心利用切尾平均法计算参与频谱协作检测的可信度门限,并选择可信度大于门限的感知节点参与协作频谱检测。该算法有效降低了认知网络协作检测的复杂性,提高了频谱检测性能,在噪声波动环境下具有良好的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,算法频谱检测性能要优于其它加权算法1~3 dB,节省系统开销43.75%左右。     

认知无线电网络中的分布式协作感知算法*

针对认知无线电中频谱感知的问题,讨论了分布式协作感知场景下最优的感知算法。介绍了经典的基于放大前传（AF）、解码前传（DF）和选择中继（SR）的分布式协作方案,包括模型、检测概率和虚警概率。提出了一种新的分布式协作感知算法,该算法将原始统计量和信噪比发送给协作用户,减少信道噪声对最后决策结果的影响。运用似然比准则推导出了最优的加权系数,以及决策函数。对几种协作方案的中断概率进行理论推导,并用数值仿真的方法验证了算法在中断概率上的性能。仿真结果表明,提出的方法在检测概率和中断概率上远优于其他分布式协作方案,但该方法需要协作用户间无损耗的传输,这也给实际的应用提出了很大的挑战。     

单天线认知无线电中的协作频谱感知和无线能量传输

在单天线认知无线电中,可以通过天线协作频谱检测来提高检测衰落信道中主用户(Primary User,PU)存在的传感性能。然而,由于协作频谱检测,认知无线电(Cognitive Radio,CR)可能消耗更多的存储能量,从而降低其传输性能。为了保证其传输性能,提出了一种同步协作频谱检测和无线功率传输的方案,该方案可以收集PU信号的射频(Radio Frequency,RF)能量,以提供频谱检测消耗的能量。提出了时间分流模型、实现了协作频谱检测,能量收集和数据传输的同步。制定了适用于该方案的优化问题,以最大化同步协作频谱检测和无线功率传输模型中认知无线电的频谱效率,分别受限于检测的概率和收集的能量。最后通过计算得到的最佳分配因子,以实现了频谱效率的最大值,并通过仿真得出了结论。     

Proposed Approaches for Cooperative Cognitive Radio

This paper in this topic concentrates on an important part is spectrum sensing (SS). It can detect the idle hole in spectrum by detection methods. This paper uses the sensing technique is called energy detector(ED). The ED depends on only the energy of the signal without other needs such as the modulation of signal or pre-knowledge about the signal and this is considered as advantage. This research proposed new two techniques are the additive wavelet transform (AWT) with Homomorphic Way (HW) and Haar Discrete Wavelet Transform (HDWT) approach. We apply these techniques are applied in wide band wireless signal by using the Cognitive Radio (CR) network. Each technique reduces the noise of signal before enter to the detection method ED. The HW is considered new technique in the wireless communication. This study will have these techniques as hybrid with the ED to increase the throughput for the cognitive user with a sufficient protection to the PU transmission. Also, it improves the probability of detection and reduces the probability of false alarm and the probability of error. The cooperative CR is used in this work which more than the non-cooperative cognitive user to detect the holes. The final decision for detection built on four fusion rules are the logic OR, logic AND, MAJORITY and K-Out-Of-M fusion rule. The two proposed are applied techniques on four fusion rule at constant sensing time. Then; study the four metric detection performances for each fusion rule by using the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. At the end, comparison between two these proposed techniques with each fusion rule. Simulation results prove that the proposed scenario increases the probability of detection in the range of SNR of the PU from ?20 to ?5 dB using the theses proposed approaches.

     

加速食物引导的粒子群算法在协作频谱感知中的应用

为找到基于合作频谱感知软判决算法中的优化加权系数,最终来优化提高认知无线网络协作频谱感知的检测概率,针对传统的粒子群优化算法进行研究改进。通过赋予每个微粒以生物体的特性,根据它们能量需求的不同,获取当前粒子最需要的信息,选择向个体或群体最优食物源靠近。同时,引入加速变量,运用在粒子的位置更新中,称这种方法为加速食物引导的粒子群优化算法(accelerated food guided Particle Swarm Optimization, afgPSO)。另外,针对噪声环境的不确定性,推导出了噪声不确定最坏情况下的系统检测概率。仿真结果表明,afgPSO算法具有可行性,并且在不同的噪声环境中都能获得更好的频谱检测概率,从而验证了此方法的优越性。对于粒子群算法中的其它参数,还有待进一步改善。