海湾扇贝性腺发育的初步研究

１９９２年７月－１１月在青岛胶州五号码头养殖海区采集海湾扇贝，定期取样，测壳长、水温，并对性腺进行切片观察，以研究其性腺发育。观察表明，海湾扇贝性腺由３部分构成：滤泡、生殖管和生殖输送管。     

海湾扇贝南移后繁殖期的变动

本文根据海湾扇贝的肥满度、肉柱百分数、性腺指数及消化脓指数等指标的周年变化，并结合性腺的组织切片来确定其繁殖期。结果表明，海湾扇贝南移后的繁殖期是从每年的10月下旬开始的，直到翌年5月下旬，其中4月为繁殖盛期。繁殖期间，扇贝的性腺分批成熟，分批排放，并有消退与恢复的现象。同时，海湾扇贝引进中国北方海区并南移福建后，其繁殖规律与原产地（美国大西洋沿岸）的繁殖期有很大的不同。     

海湾扇贝南移后繁殖的变动

本文根据海湾扇贝的肥满度，肉柱百分数，性腺指数及消化腺指数等指标的周年变化，并结合性腺的组织切片确定其繁殖期。结果表明，海湾扇贝南移后的繁殖期是从每年的１０月下旬开始的，直到翌年５月下旬，其中４月的繁殖盛期，繁殖期间，扇贝的性腺分批成熟，分批排放，并有消退与恢复的现象，同时，海湾扇贝引进中国北方海区并南移福建后，其繁殖规律与原产地（美国大西洋沿岸）的繁殖期有很大的不同。     

紫扇贝与海湾扇贝种间杂交的研究

为推动中国扇贝养殖业的进一步发展,作者于2008年从秘鲁引进了紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus),尝试将紫扇贝与海湾扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)进行杂交,以期培育出具有优势性状的杂交子代.利用引进的紫扇贝与海湾扇贝进行种间杂交,培育出紫扇贝(雌)×海湾扇贝(雄)杂交扇贝.实验证明紫扇贝的卵子与海湾扇贝的精子可正常受精,受精卵发育正常.杂交扇贝的生长速度在幼虫阶段和成体阶段均快于海湾扇贝.至收获时,杂交贝比海湾扇贝平均壳高、壳长和壳宽分别大27.3%,25.2%和19.3%,体质量增加107.0%,杂种优势明显.     

紫扇贝和海湾扇贝杂交家系的生长和通径分析

以紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)和海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians irradians)为亲本,建立了紫扇贝自交(ZZ)、海湾扇贝自交(HH)、紫扇贝(卵)×海湾扇贝(精)(ZH)和海湾扇贝(卵)×紫扇贝(精)(HZ)共4个试验家系.在养殖60、127 d时测定壳高、壳长、壳厚和体质量,并分析各养殖时期影响体质量的主要因素.结果表明:在各养殖时期,2杂交家系子代的壳高、壳厚以及体质量均表现出生长优势(P＜0.01),因此认为通过紫扇贝和海湾扇贝杂交方式是改善扇贝的良好方法.通径分析的结果表明,对于自交家系,壳长是影响体质量的主要影响因素,但对于杂交家系HZ来说,壳长(60 d)和壳厚(127 d)对体质量的决定作用最大;在杂交家系ZH,60 d时壳长和壳厚的协同作用对体质量的决定作用最大,127d时壳高的决定作用最大.因此对于两个杂交家系的选育,应按照不同性状对体质量的决定系数选择各时期的优势性状,以使子代的杂种优势充分表现.     

胶州湾不同容器与不同密度养殖海湾扇贝的比较

Ⅰ. 材料与方法 试验用海湾扇贝苗种是1985年春采自于乳山县石埠海珍品养殖试验场。4月底采卵育苗,5月中旬移到海上中间养育,7月8日从乳山运来胶州湾红石崖镇海水养殖场,卵苗平均壳高8mm。8月份长到壳高1.5cm以上时陆续分苗到养成笼中。9月l8日将养成笼中的海湾扇贝(当时约有20—30%的个体仍然附着在底盘上)倒出来,混合均匀,然后按给定的试验密度分装入试验容器中。试验用贝平均壳高27.6mm(22—37mm),平均体重6.7g。     

扇贝“渤海红”性腺结构及生殖细胞发生的组织学研究

应用石蜡切片技术对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradias)与紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)的杂交品种——扇贝"渤海红"的性腺组织结构和生殖细胞发生规律进行了研究。扇贝"渤海红"大多为雌雄同体,但也存在雄性不育现象。性腺包括生殖滤泡、生殖小管和生殖输送管三个部分,滤泡是生殖细胞产生的主要场所。扇贝"渤海红"雄性生殖细胞发生经过了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和精子五个阶段;雌性生殖细胞发生经过卵原细胞、小生长期卵母细胞、大生长期卵母细胞和成熟卵子四个阶段。     

海湾扇贝性腺发育的生物学零度

采用数理统计的方法，对１９９１～１９９２年海湾扇贝控温促熟实验的有关数据进行分析。得到海湾扇贝在青岛地区性腺发育的生物学零度为６．６℃，产卵的有效积温为１７８．９℃。     

光合细菌在海湾扇贝人工育苗中应用的研究

光合细菌是一类组份较全且营养价值较高的细菌。在缺氧弱光条件下，具有处理低分子有机物、净化水质等显著功效。本研究利用了光合细菌所具有的独特生理功能和生态习性，在海湾扇贝人工升温育苗过程中，以单胞藻为基础饵料适当添加光合细菌，增强了海湾扇贝整体营养水平和改善了育苗水体生态环境条件，促进了亲贝性腺发育，提高了幼虫生长率。亲贝性腺指数平均日增长达２％以上，幼虫日平均增长１３．８５μｍ，同时，光合细菌可降低     

虾夷扇贝养殖技术

虾夷扇贝是海珍品之一,是日本、朝鲜的主要海水养殖品种,为目前世界扇贝科中经济价值最高、产量最大的种类。 虾夷扇贝与栉孔扇贝在生物学上有些不同,它不是终生附着生活, 一般当壳高达7～8mm后便失去足丝。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.