土壤加砷对魔芋砷的含量、吸收与分布的影响

为了认识土壤砷污染与植物砷含量的关系,进行土壤加砷盆栽魔芋试验.结果表明,本实验条件下,魔芋球茎和茎叶的砷含量范围分别为2.12～14.98和1.23～21.23μg g-1,均与土壤加砷量呈极显著的线性相关.在对照下,球茎砷含量高于茎叶,在土壤加砷下,茎叶的砷含量高于球茎.魔芋的富砷量与土壤加砷量呈极显著的线性相关,在低土壤砷水平下,魔芋球茎富砷量大于茎叶,高土壤砷水平下,魔芋茎叶的富砷量大于球茎.同对照相比,土壤加砷降低了魔芋球茎富砷量所占比例,增加了魔芋茎叶富砷量所占比例,低土壤砷水平下,球茎富砷量所占比例高于茎叶,高土壤砷水平下,茎叶富砷量所占比例高于球茎.魔芋对土壤加砷的利用量与土壤加砷量呈极显著的线性相关,魔芋对土壤加砷的利用率只有0.25‰～0.84‰.魔芋球茎和茎叶对砷的富集系数分别为0.03～0.13和0.07～0.13,同对照相比,土壤加砷降低了球茎的富集系数,增加了茎叶的富集系数,在对照下,球茎的富集系数高于茎叶,在土壤加砷下,茎叶富集系数高于球茎.总之,土壤加砷不仅显著增加了魔芋球茎和茎叶的砷含量,也改变砷在魔芋体内的分布格局,魔芋是吸收利用土壤砷能力弱的植物,魔芋通过将所吸收的砷转移到地上部分以适应砷污染土壤环境.     

土壤加砷对大豆叶绿素、脯氨酸和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为了认识土壤砷污染对大豆生理指标的影响,设置土壤加砷0、5、10、30、50和100mg kg-1共6个水平的盆栽大豆试验,测定大豆生长期间叶片的叶绿素、脯氨酸含量和过氧化氢酶活性等生理指标.结果表明,土壤砷污染影响大豆的叶绿素、脯氨酸、过氧化氢酶等生理指标.土壤加砷对大豆叶绿素的影响随生长期而不同,在结荚期,土壤加砷对叶绿素含量的影响不显著,但是高砷水平降低了叶绿素a与b的比值;在鼓粒期,高砷水平增加了大豆的叶绿素含量,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素总量的最大增加率分别达119.8%、111.0%、105.6%和117.2%.在大豆结荚期,土壤加砷30～100mg kg-1使大豆脯氨酸的含量降低了23.4%～31.4%,而所有加砷处理的过氧化氢酶活性都显著低于对照,土壤加砷使大豆过氧化氢酶活性降低了10.7%～46.6%.总之,土壤砷污染会通过影响叶绿素的构成和含量改变大豆光合作用、降低大豆抗逆性和破坏大豆抗氧化系统来妨碍大豆的生长.     

加拿大一枝黄花对土壤砷污染的生长响应

为了认识入侵植物对土壤砷污染的生长响应,进行土壤加砷种植加拿大一枝黄花的盆栽实验,观察一枝黄花的长势、测定一枝黄花的株高、茎粗和生物量.结果表明,高砷对一枝黄花具有毒害作用,其中毒症状为植株矮化,新叶发黄,叶尖焦枯,根系腐烂.与对照相比,当土壤加砷浓度不大于100 mg·kg-1时,一枝黄花的株高和茎粗无显著变化;加砷200和500 mg·kg-1时,株高分别降低49.9%和89.1%,茎粗分别降低48.4%和58.3%.土壤加砷不大于50 mg·kg-1时,一枝黄花的生物量没有显著变化.土壤加砷水平达到100 mg·kg-1时,一枝黄花的根、茎、叶和总生物量均显著下降.土壤加砷水平达到500 mg·kg-1时,一枝黄花根、茎、叶和总生物量降低95%以上.相关分析表明,加拿大一枝黄花的根、茎、叶生物量和总生物量均与土壤砷浓度存在显著的指数函数关系.根据指数回归方程计算得到一枝黄花根、茎、叶生物量和总生物量的半衰减浓度分别为119.2、110.3、125.3和126.1 mg·kg-1.综合来看,一枝黄花可以正常适应含砷100 mg·kg-1以下的土壤环境,但高砷环境会抑制其生长并改变其生物量的分配.     

土壤施硒对白肋烟硒状况的影响

土壤施硒盆栽实验结果表明：在实验设定的土壤施硒范围内，白肋烟叶含硒量为3．8—210μg，根含硒量为2．2-57μg，茎含硒量为1．4-42μg/g，白肋烟根、茎、叶的含硒量均与土壤施硒量呈极显著的正相关；白肋烟的含硒量呈叶大于根大于茎的分布规律；白肋烟根、茎、叶的富硒量均与土壤施硒量呈极显著的正相关，而白肋烟富硒量则呈叶大于茎大于根的分布规律，所以白肋烟的富硒能力为叶大于茎大于根；叶、茎、根的富硒量占总富硒量的比例分别为54．3％-70．8％、20．8％-37．5％、5．5％-9．5％，说明白肋烟吸收的硒有90％以上累积在地上部分；白肋烟对所施硒肥的利用率为8．9％-18．1％，与某些条件下磷肥的利用率相当．     

土壤硒对烤烟硒状况的影响

用不同含硒量的土壤进行烤烟盆栽试验表明,烤烟根、茎、叶的含硒量和富硒能力均随土壤硒增加而增加。烤烟含硒量呈根〉叶〉茎的分布规律,而富硒能力以叶最强,茎最弱,在天然含硒土上生产和发展富硒烤烟是可行而有效的。     

施硒对茄子生长、硒含量与富硒能力的影响

为了认识蔬菜的富硒状况和硒对蔬菜生长的影响,进行了土壤和叶面施硒种植茄子的盆栽试验,测定了茄子生长期间的株高和收获后的生物量及其硒含量。结果表明,土施和叶施硒均增加了茄果的产量,叶施硒还有助于茄子矮化。叶施硒使茄子根、叶和果的硒含量分别增加了3.0、14.3和9.9倍,根、叶、果、地上部和总富硒量分别增加了1.6、10.2、15.0、8.5和6.7倍;而土施硒使茄子根、茎、叶和果的硒含量分别增加了3.1、4.4、5.7和2.0倍,根、茎、叶、果、地上部和总富硒量分别增加了2.1、5.8、7.5、4.2、5.9和4.5倍。叶施硒茄子叶和果的硒含量是土施硒的2.1和3.0倍,叶、果、地上和总富硒量是土施硒的1.3、3.1、1.5和1.4倍。对照下根的富硒率最高,叶施硒下果的富硒率最高,土施硒下叶的富硒率最高,均以茎的富硒率最低;所有处理中,地上富硒率均在64%～89%之间,呈叶施>土施>对照。叶施硒下茄子对施硒的总利用率达到30.5%,以果的利用率最高,茎最低;土施硒下茄子对施硒的利用率不到0.7%,以叶最高,根最低。总之,施硒增加了茄果的产量、茄子硒含量、富硒量和富硒率,其中...     

珠江三角洲典型区水土中砷的分布

 为了解研究区水土中砷的来源及分布,采集地表水样5组、土壤样32组、地下水样14组进行分析。结果表明研究区地表水已受到砷污染。表层土壤(0~10 cm)中砷全量为198~274 mg/kg,平均全量为237 mg/kg,土壤中砷的形态分布以极难迁移的残渣态为主,各形态平均含量的顺序依次为残渣态＞弱有机结合态＞氧化物结合态＞碳酸盐态＞强有机结合态＞水溶态＞离子交换态。底层土壤(30~40 cm)中砷全量为115~281 mg/kg,平均全量为212mg/kg,土壤中砷的形态也以残渣态为主,土壤中砷的各种形态的平均含量顺序依次为残渣态＞弱有机结合态＞氧化物结合态＞碳酸盐态＞强有机结合态＞离子交换态＞水溶态,底层土壤中砷的各种形态的均量均低于表层土壤。包气带砷全量随深度增加先降低后升高,水溶态、离子交换态以及碳酸盐态的含量均随深度的增加而逐渐降低;而弱有机结合态、氧化物结合态、强有机结合态以及残渣态的含量随深度增加均呈无规律变化。地下水砷含量在00028~0021mg/L之间,均值为00114 mg/L,超标率达429％。地表污水灌溉下渗以及含水介质中原生砷的释放是研究区地下水砷的主要来源。     

砷矿区受污染土壤中As赋存形态分析

对云南省楚雄州某废弃砷矿区的土壤采取4个样品进行分析,采用BCR法对该矿区土壤中砷的弱酸提取态、可还原态和可氧化态、总态4种存在形态进行提取研究.结果表明该砷矿区土壤重金属最大含量达465.125 5 mg/kg,从砷的存在形态来看,主要以残渣态砷为主,含量达280.2 mg/kg,占到砷含量的67.11%.该矿区土壤已经受到严重污染,且以残渣态砷为主,属于难处理废物,对当地的水环境和土壤健康存在环境风险.     

北部湾北部海区砷含量及其分布

本文列举了1984年从北部湾45个观察站收集到的关于海水及底质砷含量的调查结果,并给出了海水及底质砷含量的分布图。砷含量高的地区主要分布在河口,尤其是钦州湾和铁山港。砷含量向外海递减,低位区位于近海区。海水砷含量的高低之差大约为1—5倍,底质砷含量的高低之差大约为5～10倍。调查结果表明虽然北部湾北部海区没有明显受到砷的污染,但由于手工业污染物的影响,河口底质砷污染程度已增加了。     

水铁矿促进湿地植物净化含砷微污染水源水的试验研究

为了研究水铁矿促进湿地植物净化微污染水体中砷的效果及机理,选用美人蕉,添加不同比例水铁矿的石英砂构建微型垂直流人工湿地,考察含砷微污染水连续漫灌条件下美人蕉根表铁膜中铁含量及砷在湿地基质和植物茎叶中的分布规律。结果表明:湿地基质中水铁矿的添加剂量在200 mg/kg以内,湿地基质吸附截留砷的能力随水铁矿添加剂量的增加而提高;超过200 mg/kg以后,增加水铁矿对湿地基质截留砷的能力影响不明显。美人蕉根表铁膜中的铁含量随湿地基质中水铁矿添加剂量(在50~1 200 mg/kg范围内)的增加而增加;渍水状态下的美人蕉净化含砷的微污染水,根表铁膜中铁含量在100 mg/kg左右,最有利于砷的吸收和最终去除。     

Arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris Vittata L. and its arsenic accumulation

An arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. (Chinese brake) was first discovered in China by means of field survey and greenhouse cultivation. Field survey showed that Chinese brake had large accumulating capacity to arsenic; the orders of arsenic content in different parts of the fern were as follows: leaves>leafstalks>roots, which is totally different from that of ordinary plants; bioaccumulation coefficients of the above ground parts of the fern decreased as a power function of soil arsenic contents. In the control of pot trials with normal unpolluted soil containing 9 mg/kg of arsenic, the bioaccumulation coefficients of the above ground parts and rhizoids of Chinese brake were as high as 71 and 80 respectively. Greenhouse cultivation in the contaminated soil from mining areas has shown that more than 1 times greater arsenic can be accumulated in the leaves of the fern than that of field samples with the largest content of 5070 mg/kg As on a dry matter basis. During greenhouse cultivation, arsenic content in the leaves of the fern increased linearly with time prolonging. Not only has Chinese brake extraordinary tolerance and accumulation to arsenic, but it grew rapidly with great biomass, wide distribution and easy adaptation to different environmental conditions as well. Therefore, it has great potential in future remediation of arsenic contamination. It also demonstrates important value for studies of arsenic physiology and biochemistry such as arsenic absorption, translocation and detoxification mechanisms in plants.     

Arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris Vittata L. and its arsenic accumulation

An arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. (Chinese brake) was first discovered in China by means of field survey and greenhouse cultivation. Field survey showed that Chinese brake had large accumulating capacity to arsenic; the orders of arsenic content in different parts of the fern were as follows: leaves>leafstalks>roots, which is totally different from that of ordinary plants; bioaccumulation coefficients of the above ground parts of the fern decreased as a power function of soil arsenic contents. In the control of pot trials with normal unpolluted soil containing 9 mg/kg of arsenic, the bioaccumulation coefficients of the above ground parts and rhizoids of Chinese brake were as high as 71 and 80 respectively. Greenhouse cultivation in the contaminated soil from mining areas has shown that more than 1 times greater arsenic can be accumulated in the leaves of the fern than that of field samples with the largest content of 5070 mg/kg As on a dry matter basis. During greenhouse cultivation, arsenic content in the leaves of the fern increased linearly with time prolonging. Not only has Chinese brake extraordinary tolerance and accumulation to arsenic, but it grew rapidly with great biomass, wide distribution and easy adaptation to different environmental conditions as well. Therefore, it has great potential in future remediation of arsenic contamination. It also demonstrates important value for studies of arsenic physiology and biochemistry such as arsenic absorption, translocation and detoxification mechanisms in plants.     

喀斯特山区晴隆锑矿不同介质砷锑铋污染特征研究

以喀斯特山区锑矿冶炼厂周围旱地农田土壤、水和典型植物为研究对象,对土壤、水和植物中重金属As、Sb和Bi进行分析研究,探讨喀斯特山区晴隆锑矿冶炼As、Sb和Bi对环境介质造成的影响。结果发现:土壤表层受As、Sb和Bi污染程度不同,生物有效性Sb>As>Bi,与贵州省土壤背景值相比差异极显著(P<0.01);作为生活饮用水源的黄家洞山泉水Sb含量符合饮用安全标准;调查3种野生优势本土植物:芒萁(Dicranopteris pedata)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)和头花蓼(Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham.exD.Don),发现同种植物在不同土壤条件下对重金属的积累有显著差异,芒萁和白茅可作为修复锑矿污染土壤的首选植物,头花蓼可作为修复砷污染的首选植物。     

淹水-落干循环驱动下土壤砷结合形态的动态转化

外源砷在土壤中的毒性/迁移性主要受控于其结合形态,探明土壤砷结合形态的动态变化是准确评价其生态风险的前提。本研究主要通过室内土柱淹水-落干循环模拟野外土壤氧化还原环境的交替性转变,利用连续提取技术分析了土壤砷各结合形态的变化规律及相互转变过程,结果表明：土柱的淹水-落干循环致使不同层位土壤氧化还原电位值( Oxidation Reduction Potential)在-114 mV~615 mV范围内振荡变化并驱动着土壤氧化环境的交替变化。此外,ORP的振荡变化提高了与砷迁移性密切相关的氧化铁晶形化。在120 d的试验周期内,非专性吸附态和残渣态砷含量总体减少,而非晶质和晶质氧化物结合态砷含量增加。水溶性砷在水动力作用下向上层土壤迁移,导致非专性吸附态砷含量表现为上层土壤>底层土壤,其它形态则相反。微生物对土壤矿物的氧化/还原性溶解、微孔扩散、氧化物的吸附包裹等可能是土壤砷结合形态相互转化的主要驱动机制。对比特定氧化/还原条件,氧化还原条件的交替转变明显延缓了土壤砷的“老化”并使其在各形态的(重)分配变的更为复杂。     

砷对绿豆和黑豆种子萌发的影响

为了认识砷污染与种子萌发的关系,进行绿豆和黑豆加砷砂培种子萌发实验.结果表明：低浓度的砷（1mgkg-1）对绿豆和黑豆种子萌发有促进作用,对萌发质量的促进作用可达12%以上,当砷水平超过一定浓度（5mg kg-1）则表现出明显的抑制作用,且随砷水平增加,抑制作用增强.砷处理第6天绿豆的发芽率和萌发质量的最大抑制率分别为88.2%和56.2%,黑豆发芽率和萌发质量的最大抑制率分别为57.9%和43.6%.同一砷水平下,砷对绿豆和黑豆萌发的抑制作用均随萌发时间的延长而减弱.在高砷水平15和20mg kg-1砂下,黑豆发芽率高于绿豆,砷对黑豆发芽率的抑制率小于绿豆.无论是发芽率还是萌发质量,黑豆的半抑制浓度均大于绿豆.总之,低剂量的砷可以促进绿豆和黑豆种子萌发,大于5mg kg-1的砷则抑制种子萌发,砷毒害导致种子发芽率和萌发质量降低,萌发延迟,豆芽变短;黑豆种子的耐高水平砷毒害的能力比绿豆种子强.     

Immobilization of arsenic in soils by stabilized nanoscale zero-valent iron, iron sulfide (FeS), and magnetite (Fe3O4) particles

Arsenic is a widespread contaminant in soils and groundwater. While various iron-based materials have been studied for immobilizing arsenic in contaminated soils, the feasibility of stabilized iron-based nanoparticles has not been reported. This study investigates the effectiveness of using three types of starch-stabilized iron-based nanoparticles, including zero-valent iron (ZVI), iron sulfide (FeS), and magnetite (Fe₃O₄), for immobilization of arsenic in two representative As-contaminated soils (an orchard soil and a fire range soil). To test the effect of the nanoparticles on the arsenic leachability, As-contaminated soils were amended with the nanoparticles at various Fe/As molar ratios (5:1–100:1) and contact time (3 and 7 d). After three days’ treatments of a field-contaminated sandy soil, the PBET-based bioaccessibility of As decreased from an initial (71.3±3.1)% (mean±SD) to (30.9±3.2)% with ZVI, (37.6±1.2)% with FeS, and (29.8± 3.1)% with Fe₃O₄ at an Fe/As molar ratio of 100:1. The TCLP-based leachability of arsenic in a spiked fire range soil decreased from an initial (0.51±0.11)% to (0.24±0.03)%, (0.27±0.04)% and (0.17±0.04)% by ZVI, FeS, and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, respectively. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles appeared to be more effective (5% or more) than other nanoparticles for immobilizing arsenic. When the two soils were compared, the treatment is more effective on the orchard soil that has a lower iron content and higher initial leachability than on the range soil that already has a high iron content. These results suggest that these innocuous iron-based nanoparticles may serve as effective media for immobilization of As in iron-deficient soils, sediments or solid wastes.     

土壤—植物系统中砷的研究进展

综述了砷在自然界中的含量、人为引入环境的砷的主要来源、土壤中砷吸附机理及其影响因素等内容。