美国天气预报技术的发展

介绍了美国天气预报技术的发展现状。指出在大气探测技术、数值预报及可视化技术发展的推动下美国传统的天气预报向定量与定时方向发展。定量降水预报的实现是天气预报由定性走向定量的重要标志。在充分利用数值模式产品的基础上综合应用卫星与雷达资料建立客观预报工具在暴雨和强对流天气预报中取得较好效果;中尺度分析业务系统的不断改进使降水预报的技巧有明显提高。作者还介绍了美国数值预报产品释用及预报业务系统的概况。最后     

T106 L19中期数值预报系统介绍

国家气象中心中期数值预报业务系统T106已于今年6月18日投入实时业务运行，并向全国广大台站分发各种指导产品。T106L19模式经1996年汛期在国家气象局准业务运行证明，其预报性能优于原T63L16模式，它不仅为全国提供更加准确、时效更长、内容更丰富的中期预报产品，而且又为有限区域细网络模式提供嵌套侧边界条件。这标志着我国数值天气预报及其产品应用水平又有了新的发展。T106L19模式的运用将促进实现天气预报业务的逐级指导，为建立新的天气预报业务技术体制和业务流程提供了强有力的技术手段。为推动我省数值预报产品的释用和指导预…     

德阳市天气预报系统简介

德阳天气预报系统是依据客观预报方法和“以数值分析预报产品为基础，以人机交互系统为主要工作平台．综合应用各种气象信息和先进的预报技术方法”研制的。系统包括3部份内容：天气预报业务技术系统、天气预报业务流程、预报平台。     

基于B／S结构的区域数值预报产品查询系统

数值天气预报已成为现代天气预报业务的基础和天气预报业务发展的主流方向。吉林省气象局数值预报业务系统自运行以来，每日提供大量的数值预报产品，供全省预报人员和科研人员参考使用。本文简要介绍了吉林省气象局数值预报业务系统，论述了基于B／S结构的数值预报产品查询系统建立的方法与技术，简述了系统的功能。     

上海3 km数值预报系统数据传输与产品制作

在异地、异构的复杂网络结构中,采用防火墙的地址转换技术和传输过滤技术,实现了上海3km数值预报系统的数据安全传输。在数值预报产品制作中,运用VB语言制作“三定预报”图形,运用GrADS绘图软件制作形势预报图形,并将“三定预报”产品与采用GIS技术制作的上海地图相结合,实现了网站(网页)的调用形式。     

地市级客观化乡镇天气预报系统

应用VB6．0软件编写“地市级客观化乡镇天气预报系统”,采用逐步线性回归方法建立各县（市、区）春夏秋冬4个季节的气温和降水MOS预报方程,同县（市、区）乡镇采用同一套预报方程,对欧洲中心等多家数值预报产品进行释用和集成,得到客观化的乡镇天气预报,实现了利用大尺度环流背景下的数值预报产品,结合中尺度数值模式预报制作局部地区天气预报的一种方法;同时利用加密观测数据对乡镇预报进行检验,利用吉林省气象科学研究所MM5模式预报产品制作站点的逐时预报。本系统移植性好、操作简单、功能齐全,方便各地区台站使用。     

中国气象应用网格

“中国气象应用网格”是国家863重大专项支持的一个应用网格项目，主要针对中国气象局计算资源及科研人员分散在全国各地，气象预报面向政府、社会和公众服务的特点，建立了连接中国气象局行业内部和国防科技大学等单位在内的跨地域网格平台；在该网格平台上建立全面支持我国新一代中尺度数值天气预报系统的协同攻关环境和基于GRAPES的中尺度有限区数值天气预报业务系统，实现了应用层面的互联互通、资源共享和协同工作，提高气象部门的资源利用率、业务预报和自动化水平。“中国气象应用网格”包括网格中尺度数值预报模式GRAPES、网格门户、网格计算、资源和服务共享平台、基于Ganglia的网格资源监控、数值天气预报控制界面、气象预报产品发布和可视化、源代码管理系统、网格用户注册与管理等系统。     

欧洲中期天气预报中心的业务系统

1.引言1979年8月1日欧洲中期天气预报中心(EC-MWF)向成员国用户发布它的第一个业务预报。为能做到这一点,必须研制适用于中期天气预报的数值模式,为每天做预报要收集和处理资料,并且制定把分析和预报结果分发给成员国的计划。现已把预报程序、业务工作中收集和处理输入资料程序以及从数值模式输出资料程序合并为一个完整的自动运行程序。这套程序就是欧洲中期天气预报中心的气象业务系统,内部用字头语“EMOS”称呼。2.业务系统的基本结构从原则上讲,所有气象中心业务预报系统制作数值预报的总体结构基本上是一样的。然而,详细     

新世纪初我国数值天气预报的科技创新研究

概要介绍最近5年在国家科技攻关项目“中国气象数值预报系统科技创新研究”框架内所取得的主要成果，重点是卫星等遥感资料在变分同化中的应用，高分辨非静力数值预报模式的发展，全球资料同化与中期数值天气预报系统的发展，数值天气预报系统的模块化与并行计算，数值天气预报新技术的研究等，并扼要介绍我国新一代数值天气预报系统的业务应用试验。最后，对我国数值天气预报的进一步发展做了讨论。     

中国数值天气预报的自主创新发展

数值天气预报是天气预报业务和防灾、减灾的核心科技。中国数值天气预报研究和业务应用一直受到高度重视,在理论、方法和数值模式研究方面取得了有广泛国际影响的研究成果。在回顾新中国数值天气预报自主创新研究成果的基础上,重点对GRAPES（Global Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）半隐式半拉格朗日格点模式与物理过程的研发和业务应用的状况以及所取得的重要科学进展进行了综述。近年来,通过自主研发建立了中国数值天气预报业务体系—GRAPES体系。首次以自主技术实现了从区域3—10 km到全球25—50 km分辨率的确定性预报和集合预报系统,并在模式动力框架、四维变分同化和卫星资料同化技术等方面有所突破,建立了大气化学数值天气预报、台风数值预报和海浪预报等系统。自主研发的数值天气预报体系的建立是长期坚持既定科学技术方向以及研究和业务紧密结合、经验不断积累的结果,是中国自主发展数值天气预报技术的重要起点。      

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...