新一代天气雷达在泥石流灾害中的应用探讨

天气雷达的发展大致经历了4个阶段，其主要用于监测强对流天气、定量估计降水，是气象部门的重要探测和监测手段之一。新一代天气雷达观测的实时回波强度（Z）、径向风速（V）、速度谱宽（W）的回波图像中，提供了丰富的有关强对流天气的信息，综合使用Z、V、W的图像分析，有利于较准确和及时地监测灾害性天气。云南滑坡泥石流灾害高发区与云南暴雨中心有很好的对应关系，云南滑坡泥石流灾害空间分布与暴雨空间分布的空间相关系数为0．19，通过了0．05的显著性水平检验，也进一步说明云南暴雨在滑坡泥石流灾害发生中起着重要作用。以2004年7月5日德宏州特大山洪泥石流灾害为例子，探讨了新一代天气雷达在泥石流灾害的临阵预警中的应用。     

云南新平2002-08-14特大滑坡泥石流灾害及防治对策

云南新平2002—08—14发生了超过百年一遇的特大滑坡泥石流灾害。这次灾害点多、面广，几乎同时暴发。通过对灾害的实地考察，分析了灾害发生的地质、气象、地貌等方面原因。崩塌滑坡灾害沿哀牢山东坡的高山与中低山交接处分布，而泥石流灾害则沿戛洒江和现刀河的支流沟口分布，这一区域处于红河大断裂范围内。灾害主要是特大暴雨激发所致。针对本区的社会条件和自然条件，提出了防灾、减灾对策，具体分为近期措施和远期措施。     

玉溪滑坡泥石流与降水关系及气象预警预报研究

应用玉溪市的乡镇加密雨量站,分析2004-2006年不同地质结构山体滑坡泥石流与降水的关系.提出乡镇雨量点在气象地质灾害中三站平均雨量应用方法,重点分析了触发滑坡泥石流的降水类型、降水强度和地质结构.得出不同地质结构和降水条件下的滑坡泥石流等级预报指标,结合降水预报和实况降水的基础上建立玉溪市山体滑坡气象预警预报等级.2007年度试运行中准确率达83.3%,在气象防灾减灾中取得了突出成绩.     

云南金省沙江流域滑坡泥石流灾害区划研究

滑坡泥石流灾害区划是自然灾害区划体系中的重要部分。选取11个指标,运用模糊聚类方法进行了云南金沙江流域滑坡泥石流灾害区划,将该流域划分为3个滑坡泥石流灾害区、9个滑坡泥石流灾害亚区,揭示了该流域滑坡泥石流灾害的地域差异性,为因地制宜地制定滑坡泥石流灾害防治规划及减灾防灾措施提供了科学依据。     

浙江省泥石流形成及成灾特点

浙江地处我国东南沿海,近几年频繁遭受泥石流等山地灾害的危害。由于所处地理地质和气候环境,发育的泥石流有其独特的地域特征。从泥石流的发育特征、形成过程等探讨了浙江泥石流形成的机理,分析了其成灾特点。结果表明,浙江省泥石流为滑坡、崩塌转化型泥石流,泥石流的形成机理及过程主要为:强降雨下滑坡、崩塌发生,持续强降雨使得滑坡、崩塌松散物流化从而形成泥石流。滑坡、崩塌转化型泥石流在流域特征上表现为形成区坡度大,易发滑坡、崩塌,水力条件充分等。泥石流灾害具有低频性、群发性、并发性、突发性、夜发性、危害大等特点。     

5·12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施

汶川5·12地震不仅造成了特大地震灾害,同时还诱发了大量的次生山地灾害,主要包括崩塌（滚石）、滑坡、堰塞湖和泥石流等。崩塌、滑坡不仅阻塞了救援道路,严重延缓了救援进度。还形成了30多个堰塞湖。地震和滑坡活动还将促进泥石流活动,使震区泥石流进入活跃期,在后期降水作用下形成严重的泥石流灾害。通过初步分析,提出了震区次生山地灾害应急减灾措施和恢复重建中的减灾措施。     

三峡库区山地灾害基本特征及滑坡与降水关系

分析三峡库区山地灾害的基本特征，着重讨论库区滑坡灾害与前期降水量的相关关系，运用Fisher判别法则建立该区滑坡发生的降水预报方程。结果表明，三峡库区山地灾害主要出现在雨季，7月发生最为频繁，灾害种类多样，主要以滑坡为主，降水是诱发山地灾害的主要因素；当日和前5d的暴雨日数、当日和前10d降水量与滑坡发生的关系最为密切，诱发库区滑坡灾害的主要降水类型为暴雨诱发型和多日中大雨诱发型；通过Fisher判别方法，以两个降水因子建立起的滑坡发生的预报方程，对于三峡库区滑坡发生具有一定的判别能力，为库区山地灾害的预防提供科学依据。     

泥石流滑坡发生的降水预报方法与雨量标准--以四川省盆地区域为例

通过对η坐标数值预报模式预报的降水量检验分析,发现η坐标数值预报模式对青藏高原天气系统活动造成的四川盆地降水预报明显偏弱,且雨区偏北、偏西。我们使用风场资料对高原天气系统作自动识别,进行了对高原天气系统影响降水的强化与雨区漂移的处理,研究得出了η坐标数值预报模式释用强降水预报方法。通过对1991-2001年四川盆地发生泥石流、滑坡灾害的气象成因(强降水)分析,研究得出了四川盆地不同的地质地貌条件下泥石流、滑坡预测雨量标准。在上述研究基础上,建立了四川盆地泥石流、滑坡产生的强降水预报方法。经2003-08-09业务试运行,效果较好,较成功的预报了四川盆地西部、西南部3次大暴雨过程触发的多处泥石流、滑坡灾害,在防灾减灾中发挥了好的作用。     

5·12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施

汶川5·12地震不仅造成了特大地震灾害,同时还诱发了大量的次生山地灾害,主要包括崩塌(滚石)、滑坡、堰塞湖和泥石流等.崩塌、滑坡不仅阻塞了救援道路,严重延缓了救援进度.还形成了30多个堰塞湖.地震和滑坡活动还将促进泥石流活动,使震区泥石流进入活跃期,在后期降水作用下形成严重的泥石流灾害.通过初步分析,提出了震区次生山地灾害应急减灾措施和恢复重建中的减灾措施.     

金沙江下游的滑坡和泥石流

金沙江下游位于青藏高原、云贵高原向四川盆地过渡的横断山区,地形起伏大,构造变动强烈。遥感调查确定有体积大于１００×１０６ｍ３的滑坡４００个,这些滑坡大多分布在金沙江下游的中段及支流沿岸４００ｍ～３２００ｍ地带。滑波活动方式复杂多样,以高速、剧冲式和碎屑流滑坡对工程和环境影响最大。目前,约有７０％的滑坡处于局部活动状态。调查区内,有流域面积大于０．２ｋｍ２、堆积扇面积大于０．０１ｋｍ２的一级支流沟谷型泥石流４３８条,主要分布在调查区中段。其中粘性泥石流２９９条,占总数的６８％,稀性泥石流仅占总数的１１％。本区泥石流处于活跃期,新泥石流还在大量发展。本区滑坡、泥石流灾害严重,对环境有巨大影响。     

良好植被区泥石流防治初探

通过对近年来发生在良好植被区的几次重大泥石流、滑坡灾害的考察,发现植被在泥石流、滑坡形成中的作用有待于进一步认识。通过分析,当中小强度降雨激发下,植被能够削减泥石流、滑坡灾害的规模,甚至抑制泥石流、滑坡灾害的发生;当降雨超过一定阀值后,在水作用下,植被不但不能削减灾害规模,反而增大灾害的规模。在这类地区,简单地使用一般的防治措施,已经不能满足防灾、减灾的需要,客观要求针对这些地区泥石流灾害的形成原因、危害特征,研究防治对策。经初步研究提出3点防治措施:1)加强泥石流滑坡灾害的预测预报工作;2)在重点区域设置自动雨量记录报警装置;3)特别针对漂木拦挡,采取新型结构减轻泥石流的危害。     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system's performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN)real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system′s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early—warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system’s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

1998-07-06云南境内金沙江流域暴雨泥石流的气象成因

1998-07-06昭通地区发生了不同程度泥石流灾害,以此为例,应用气象资料及其带通滤波方法,分析了引发此次暴雨泥石流的天气成因。结果表明:此次暴雨泥石流发生的引发因素除了地面因素和前期降水使地面达到饱和外,中尺度辐合天气系统———西南涡以及充分的水汽输送是直接造成此次暴雨泥石流灾害的天气系统。     

广东省鹤山市地质灾害分布特征与防治

广东省鹤山市地质灾害类型主要有崩塌、滑坡和泥石流.区内地质灾害的发育特征主要受地质构造、地形地貌、地层岩性、大气降雨以及人类工程活动的影响.地质构造、地形地貌及地层和岩石类型是地质灾害形成的内因,而降雨及人类工程活动则是引发地质灾害的外因.地质灾害的防治措施应以预防为主,工程治理、生物防治与搬迁避让相结合.     

DEM地形分析在山区地质灾害研究中的应用——以云南省漾濞县为例

云南省漾濞县具有典型的山地特点,每年其境内发生的地质灾害都给人民生命和财产造成了极大的损失。在漾濞县的地质灾害调查中,通过"3S"技术的应用,建立了漾濞县的数字高程模型,进行了基于ArcGIS的地形分析,提取出了坡度和坡向等重要的地形因子。通过研究发现:坡度是漾濞县地质灾害频发的最主要控制因素,漾濞江及其支流上游的滑坡和崩塌为泥石流的发生提供了物源基础;同时阳坡是地质灾害发生的主要坡向,滑坡和崩塌等灾害发生频繁。最后,制作了漾濞县坡度、坡向分析图,指出了漾濞县较易发生地质灾害的地区,为其他山地地区地质灾害研究提供了一种借鉴模式。     

证据权模型在泥石流灾害易发性评价中的应用

利用空间统计方法进行泥石流易发性定量评价的本质是度量影响因子（地形、地貌、岩性等）和响应因子（泥石流）之间的空间关系,最后给出所有影响因子综合作用结果,得到泥石流易发性评价结果。选取高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、岩性、降雨量与水系距离7个因素作为泥石流影响因子,采用证据权模型,对研究区内泥石流进行灾害易发性评价,使用自然间断法将研究区内泥石流易发程度分级,得到研究区泥石流易发后概率图,获得了较高的置信度,方法简单易行,可以在其它灾害易发性评价中推广。     

复合型泥沙灾害过程特征及区域划分

本文给出了复合型泥沙灾害的定义,从时间序列角度出发,表述了复合型泥沙灾害过程的复杂性、周期性、耦合性及层次性等特征,并对泥沙灾害的区域关联性与区域差异,区域划分与分区特征作了研究。根据复合泥沙灾害过程发育的大环境及基本复合过程进行划分,分为东部平原-沿海地带复合泥沙灾害过程地区、中部高平原低山复合泥沙灾害过程地区、西北干旱高中山盆地复合泥沙灾害过程地区、青藏高寒山原复合泥沙灾害过程地区4个一级区;依据泥沙灾害复合过程的相似性及差异性,划分11个复合泥沙灾害过程二级亚区。