制冷空调用CFCs替代工质研究的最近进展

本文综述了近三年来有关制冷空调用CFCs替代物的研究进展,内容包括潜在替代物种类,与替代工质配对的润滑油及特性,替代工质的传热性能及其强化,含油对替代工质传热性能的影响,以及替代工质的系统性能。最后对我国CFCs替代研究提出一些建议。     

CO2跨临界循环的理论分析与研究

对自然工质CO2的热力性质、循环特性进行分析研究，以求进一步完善R744循环，以替代CFCs和HCFCs制冷工质。     

基于MH状态方程的CFCs替代工质热力学性质计算模型

本文基于MH状态方程建立了计算CFCs替代工质热力学性质的计算模型。并以替代工质HCFC22和HFC134a来验证该模型的准确性。结果表明：根据该模型所编写的热力学性质程序计算结果精确度高，计算速度快。     

电冰箱压缩机过载保护器匹配试验研究

过载保护器是避免压缩机电机烧毁的一个关键部件。本文阐述了过载保护器的匹配试验方法 ,并成功运用于 CFCs替代工质新产品的开发之中。     

中国制冷学会2002年重点学术会议

序　　　　会议名称　　　　主要内容时间地点1国际能源组织第 7次热泵会议热泵发展新技术的研究和推广 5月份北京2第五届国际天然工质大会 天然工质研究与运用 ;环保工质的开发 ;CFCs替代的相关技术 9月份广州3气调冷藏及保鲜技术研讨会气调库技术发展研讨三季度西安4工业与医     

空气制冷应用于空调系统的分析研究

随着CFCs 制冷工质替代技术的深入研究,由于空气作为制冷工质对环境的非污染的友好特性,所以以空气作为制冷工质的制冷系统的特性研究得到人们的青睐.从分析空气制冷循环的热力特性入手,对应用于空调系统的空气制冷循环进行了高压循环和真空循环性能理论计算与比较,讨论了开式循环和闭式循环的特点、空气制冷循环利用一次回风的特性以及在实际工程中的应用问题.     

制冷剂CFCs替代物选择的方法

根据卫星的观察结果,发现北半球上空的臭氧空洞在继续扩大,臭氧层实际的耗量比计算和模拟计算大一倍。到本世纪末,在中欧、亚洲和北美上空的臭氧耗损将在现在的基础上翻一番,其破坏程度在夏季将超过6％,冬季可超过10％。当臭氧每减少1％时,有伤害性的紫外线辐射就增加1.5％以上。CFCs破坏了臭氧层,已经严重威胁到人类的健康与生态环境。因此蒙特利尔议定书提出了对CFCs和Halon的限止和禁用。目前各国都在积极采取措施,以防止臭氧层继续受到破坏。在制冷行业中以新工质的研究为主导,来替代CFCs工质。     

跨临界二氧化碳制冷技术现状研究

二氧化碳作为一种自然制冷剂，可以根本上解决制冷系统的CFCs工质替代问题。本文介绍了二氧化碳跨临界制冷循环系统及其关键设备——制冷压缩机、气体冷却器、蒸发器、膨胀机的研究设计进展情况，并详细介绍了压缩机、气体冷却器和膨胀机的性能影响因素。     

CFCs和PT方程

CFCs问题引来了广泛的研究.本文概述了CFCs问题.对于状态方程,讨论了1982年发表的PT方程。由此进一步比较讨论了RKS 和PR方程,另外总结了立方型方程的通式.这些对CFCs新工质的模拟计算都具有现实价值.     

制冷剂中混合相互作用系数Kij的计算

CFCs问题引起了广泛的研究。本文概述了CFCs问题及新开发的替代物,列表给出了其用RKS和RP方程计算的相关系数,CFCs混合物的计算,最大的障碍是相互作用系数K_(?)的取得,文中给出了具体的计算方法,也提供了最新的可考数据,还提出了一种尝试性的方法。这些对热力数据仍十分有限的CFCs新工质的模拟计算具有现实价值。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.