Mitigation of light-induced damage on modern digital prints: Photographs and documents

This study is part of a larger research project dedicated to digital print preservation issues – the Digital Print Preservation Portal (DP3). This work quantifies the potential of glazing materials to mitigate different types of light-induced damage – colorant fade, paper yellowing, changes in paper gloss, and loss of optical brightening agent (OBA) function – that occur to digitally printed photographs and documents when on display. Prints were subjected to xenon lighting to simulate daylight through window glass in a series of arrangements: without glazing, with plain framing glass (soda-lime) in a sealed or unsealed package, and with UV blocking glass in a sealed or unsealed package. Sealed packages served the purpose of isolating the samples from atmospheric pollutants, known to contribute to the deterioration of certain print types. In this study, the use of UV-filtering glass protected prints from colorant fade, paper yellowing, and paper gloss change to an extent. Protection conveyed by plain glass was less comprehensive and less effective than UV glass. Neither type of glazing was able to keep the OBAs functional by the end of the light exposure. It was also seen that light-induced damage to digital prints is due not only to UV radiation, but also to visible light, and that different digital prints may be more vulnerable to one or the other. Protecting sensitive prints from UV radiation and budgeting the amount of light they may be exposed to should be essential to any print display policy in order to ensure longevity.     

Effect of Light on Modern Digital Prints - Photographs and Documents

Abstract

This project examines the lightfastness of prints created with the most commonly used digital technologies (inkjet, color electrophotography, dye sublimation and digital press) along with prints created using traditional technologies (color photography, black-and-white electrophotography and offset lithography). The inclusion of traditional prints provides benchmarks for collection care professionals to better gauge the significance of the results. In this study, prints were subjected to two types of lighting used independently to simulate daylight through window glass and artificial indoor illumination. Five aspects of light damage were assessed: fade in the mid-tone neutral, fade in the darkest neutral tone, paper yellowing, changes in paper gloss and text readability. In general, digital prints were less sensitive to light than traditional prints; but each digital printing technology produced at least one sample that performed worse than its traditional benchmark in at least one of the aspects of light damage studied. Therefore, it is recommended that cultural heritage institutions strive to provide the most benign environment possible, taking display practices currently in use for traditional prints as a minimum starting point for the care of digital prints. Close monitoring for signs of change is also recommended.     

北宋汴梁的版画刊印及其贡献

汴梁是北宋的绘画中心,同时也是北宋的刻书中心,汴梁绘画和汴梁雕版印刷事业的兴盛共同促进汴梁版画的繁荣。在汴梁,版画的雕印技术被广泛应用到生活中,佛经版画的刊印也较前代有很大的提高,版画作为书籍插图被成功运用,木版年画也因此得以发明。无论在题材开拓上,还是在应用形式的创新上汴梁版画都具有划时代的意义。     

A Review of Lining Methods for Paper-based Photographic Prints from the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

Abstract

A photograph may be lined when its physical condition is so poor that an additional support is necessary to ensure its survival. Photographic prints may comprise a number of layers, often composed of dissimilar materials that react differently to moisture. As most traditional lining methods involve the use of water, lining can thus cause stresses within and between the various layers. These stresses are thought to exhibit as increased cracking of binder layers and increased curling of the photograph itself. This paper reviews the literature to date regarding the lining of photographs and examines possible future treatment pathways. From the literature, it would appear that the question of how best to line traditional photographic formats, such as albumen, collodion and silver gelatin prints, has not yet been answered. Standard water-based lining adhesives can cause damage to various types of traditional photographs. Heat and solvent-activated adhesives can also cause damage; however, they may allow better control over the physical changes that occur within some types of photographs during treatment. Further investigation of non-traditional adhesives for paper (e.g. waxes and synthetic polymers) is recommended.     

Delay between online and offline issue of journals: A critical analysis

Journals, which were earlier published in print-only version, are now published in both the online and print versions. It has been established that online versions, free or not, have greater impact over the print version. But there is a difference between the dates of publication of the online and print version of the same journal. This is called the delay measured in terms of days. The purpose of this study is to find the average time delay. For this, data for more than 200 journals of various subjects from different publishers have been manually acquired for publications during the first 6 months of year 2005. Further subject-wise investigation was made during the last month of the year 2005. The average delay is found to be nearly 3 months, but it varies for different publishers. Also, the issue of large deviation from the average delay – as noted in some journals – will be discussed here.     

Evaluation of Conservation Treatments Applied to Salted Paper Prints,Cyanotypes and Platinotypes

Abstract

As the great majority of photographic prints have a paper support, their conservation has been based on conservation treatments traditionally used by paper conservators. It cannot be assumed, however, that these standard treatments, that are employed on paper without any problem, will give comparable results on photographic prints. The effects of mechanical cleaning, solvent cleaning, wet cleaning, bleaching and deacidification on salted papers, cyanotypes and platinotypes are investigated and discussed. The treatments were separated into those that gave clearly negative results and should be rejected, and those that should be studied in depth before accepting them as suitable. It was shown that the use of some types of bleaching and deacidification agents can be very dangerous in the case of plain paper prints. Cyanotypes proved to be the most sensitive to any treatment method and platinotypes the most resistant.     

关于科技学术期刊论文更正和撤销的讨论

科技学术期刊论文的更正和撤销是一个不容忽视的问题。"撤稿"不同于"撤销论文"(已发表论文的撤销)。应鼓励学术期刊设置更正、论文撤销栏目。学术期刊的纸质版与电子版或网络数据库的论文更正和撤销应一致。     

学术期刊优先出版与印刷出版的冲突及其对策

为探讨学术会议与期刊的关系,分别从学术会议与期刊的起源、组织和交流形式、内容和功能上分析其共同点、特点和联系点,从而揭示学术会议与期刊之间的相互关系.阐明学术会议与期刊之间的相互联系和各自的优势.认为它们互相补充、相互促进、共同发展,在信息传播、学术交流和推动科学发展的不同方面共同发挥着重要作用.     

The limitations of retraction notices and the heroic acts of authors who correct the scholarly record: An analysis of retractions of papers published from 1975 to 2019

While researchers with retracted papers – publications that are withdrawn because of significant errors or scientific misconduct – carry a permanent stain on their publishing records, understanding the causes and initiators of such retractions can shed a different light on the matter. This paper, based on a random sample of 2,046 retracted papers, which were published between 1975 and 2019, extracted from Retraction Watch and the websites of major publishers, shows that 53% of the retraction notices do not specify who initiated the retraction. Nearly 10% of the retraction notes either omit or do not contain information related to reasons for retractions. Furthermore, most of the retracted papers in our sample have no limitation section; those who do are commonly unhelpful or irrelevant. The results carry three implications for scientific transparency: retraction notices need to be more informative; limitation sections ought to be a required and even an open section of all published articles; and finally, promoting ‘heroic acts’ in science can positively change the current publishing culture.     

The rapid evolution of scholarly communication

Traditional journals, even those available electronically, are changing slowly. However, there is rapid evolution in scholarly communication. Usage is moving to electronic formats. In some areas, it appears that electronic versions of papers are being read about as often as the printed journal versions. Although there are serious difficulties in comparing figures from different media, the growth rates in usage of electronic scholarly information are sufficiently high that if they continue for a few years, there will be no doubt that print versions will be eclipsed. Further, much of the electronic information that is accessed is outside the formal scholarly publication process. There is also vigorous growth in forms of electronic communication that take advantage of the unique capabilities of the web, and which simply do not fit into the traditional journal publishing format. This paper presents some statistics on usage of print and electronic information. It also discusses some preliminary evidence about the changing patterns of usage. It appears that much of the online usage comes from new readers (esoteric research papers assigned in undergraduate classes, for example) and often from places that do not have access to print journals. Also, the reactions to even slight barriers to usage suggest that even high-quality scholarly papers are not irreplaceable. Readers are faced with a ‘river of knowledge’ that allows them to select among a multitude of sources, and to find near substitutes when necessary. To stay relevant, scholars, publishers and librarians will have to make even greater efforts to make their material easily accessible.     

Photochemical colour change for traditional watercolour pigments in low oxygen levels

Abstract

An investigation for light exposure on pigments in low-oxygen environments (in the range 0–5% oxygen) was conducted using a purpose-built automated microfadometer for a large sample set including multiple samples of traditional watercolour pigments from nineteenth-century and twentieth-century sources, selected for concerns over their stability in anoxia. The pigments were prepared for usage in watercolour painting: ground and mixed in gum Arabic and applied to historically accurate gelatine glue-sized cotton and linen-based papers. Anoxia benefited many colorants and no colorant fared worse in anoxia than in air, with the exception of Prussian blue and Prussian green (which contains Prussian blue). A Prussian blue sampled from the studio materials of J.M.W. Turner (1775 ? 1851) was microfaded in different environments (normal air (20.9% oxygen) 0, 1, 2, 3.5, or 5% oxygen in nitrogen) and the subsequent dark behaviour was measured. The behaviour of the sample (in normal air, anoxia, and 5% oxygen in nitrogen) proved to be consistent with the 55 separately sourced Prussian blue samples. When exposed to light in 5% oxygen in nitrogen, Prussian blue demonstrated the same light stability as in air (at approximately 21°C and 1 atmosphere). Storage in 5% oxygen is proposed for ‘anoxic’ display of paper-based artworks that might contain Prussian blue, to protect this material while reducing light-induced damage to other components of a watercolour, including organic colorants and the paper support.     

《第三军医大学学报》拟刊用稿件查重结果分析

利用现有全文数据库对<第三军医大学学报>1300余篇经撊髷定稿后待发表的稿件进行查重,发现43篇稿件的内容与已发表的论文重复或主要结果和结论重复.通过分析43篇重复发表的文章题名、作者及所属单位的相同情况、拟刊用稿件投稿时间与已刊登论文发表时间的间隔分布后发现:1)大部分重复稿件的题名相同或基本相同;2)重复稿件多属同一作者或同一课题组不同作者所投;3)重复稿件刊登的时间间隔多在1年以内.认为编辑应在查重中发挥主动作用,以期在今后办刊工作中杜绝稿件重复发表.     

王韬办报思想中的西学渊源

王韬自1849年到上海墨海书馆工作到1874年创办《循环日报》,全面系统地接触了西学,其中既包括西学中的神学、哲学,也包括西学中自然科学、社会科学,但王韬对这些西学知识是有选择的吸收与借鉴———即弃其道而扬其器;1867年到1870年游历欧洲时对资本主义社会政治制度的考察直接影响了王韬日后的办报活动。我们在王韬的办报思想中可以清晰地看出西学影响。     

'Diasec' and Other Finishing Techniques - Investigation of Accelerated Light Fading

Abstract

A study of the accelerated light fading behavior of face-mounted color photographic materials has shown that alterations on the surface of the materials influence their fading characteristics. With the help of spectral density measurements it became apparent that the application of materials such as silicone rubber, adhesive film and acrylic sheeting, but also laminating films, onto the surface of the prints accelerated the degradation of the colorants, especially the yellow dye, in chromogenic materials. In the case of silver dye bleach materials, however, the opposite effect was observed. The influence of the material combination on the stability of face mounted color photographic prints was demonstrated to vary considerably. In order to better assess the inherent damage potential of the materials themselves, these were examined by means of instrumental analysis and measurements of pollutant gasses. Besides off-gassing compounds such as acetic acid and changes in pH caused by aging of the adhesive, face-mounting with a rigid plastic sheet (acrylic glazing) also affected the respective fading behavior of the various materials that were tested.     

The Pedagogical Value of an Integrated Approach to Legal Research Instruction: Overcoming Student Resistance to the Use of Print Sources and Striking a Balance That Instills an Appreciation of the Strengths and Weaknesses of Both Print and Online Sources

The ABA Legal Technology Survey Reports from 2006 to 2012 reported that, on average, 51% of attorneys “regularly” used print materials. Given the propensity of law students to default to online research, this article describes the results of a three-year longitudinal study of an integrated approach to teaching first-year legal research. This approach required students conduct legal research tasks both online and in print sources, and to evaluate their experience. The objective of this approach was to transform the legal research experience from a “treasure hunt” into a much higher level of engagement based on Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning.     

POLITICAL POLL REPORTING IN SWISS PRINT MEDIA: ANALYSIS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

This article deals with the quality of political poll reportsin the Swiss print media. A content analysis of 31 differentpapers reveals that the methodological information given innewspaper articles is more elaborate when papers use variousdevices such as information boxes. When polls are reported thatother papers or organizations financed, methodological informationis scarce. Beyond such formal criteria, a case study shows thataspects of measurement and specification errors must also betaken into account, which are highly relevant in the conceptualizationof polls and within the press-polling connection. Consequently,two different practical suggestions for improvement are outlined:whereas the first is directed at the press and stresses thegraphic possibilities of the print media and the role of newsagencies as important distribution channels, the second refersto pollsters who have to maintain intellectual quality criteriaand can contribute substantially to the improvement of mediareporting by implementing different disclosure practices intheir tables and reports.     

Do we measure novelty when we analyze unusual combinations of cited references? A validation study of bibliometric novelty indicators based on F1000Prime data

Lee et al. (2015) – based on Uzzi et al. (2013) – and Wang et al. (2017) proposed scores based on cited references (cited journals) data which can be used to measure the novelty of papers (named as novelty scores U and W in this study). Although previous research has used novelty scores in various empirical analyses, no study has been published up to now – to the best of our knowledge – which quantitatively tested the convergent validity of novelty scores: do these scores measure what they propose to measure? Using novelty assessments by faculty members (FMs) at F1000Prime for comparison, we tested the convergent validity of the two novelty scores (U and W). FMs’ assessments do not only refer to the quality of biomedical papers, but also to their characteristics (by assigning certain tags to the papers): for example, are the presented findings or formulated hypotheses novel (tags “new findings” and “hypothesis”)? We used these and other tags to investigate the convergent validity of both novelty scores. Our study reveals different results for the novelty scores: the results for novelty score U are mostly in agreement with previously formulated expectations. We found, for instance, that for a standard deviation (one unit) increase in novelty score U, the expected number of assignments of the “new finding” tag increase by 7.47%. The results for novelty score W, however, do not reflect convergent validity with the FMs’ assessments: only the results for some tags are in agreement with the expectations. Thus, we propose – based on our results – the use of novelty score U for measuring novelty quantitatively, but question the use of novelty score W.     

Empty calories? A fragment on LIS white papers and the political sociology of LIS elites

White papers – reports conveying research or recommendations on a complex issue – arrive in the inboxes of academic librarians, along with an obligation to monitor them if they can help one's library or university. They seem to invariably disappoint, the written equivalent of empty calories. This paper asks: is this true? If so, how so? And why? To answer, a selection method produced a modest subset of current, topical white papers to analyze – hence this article as a fragment on recent, topical white papers. A simple discourse analysis was performed to find if there was a broad pattern the documents followed, and if a more analysis was required. A clue as to why this pattern prevailed came from criticisms of prognostications about the current pandemic (as of this writing), leading to a return to the reports: who authored them, and how they are situated in political-sociological terms in LIS discourse? The concluding findings fit with earlier analyses, suggesting much about prestige in LIS and how that is maintained, how practices are (and are not) formulated – and what that has to do with the white papers.