90岁以上超高龄食管、贲门癌患者的手术治疗策略

目的探讨90岁以上超高龄食管癌和贲门癌患者手术治疗的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析我院2001年3月至2012年12月收治的8例90岁以上食管癌和贲门癌患者的手术治疗临床资料。其中,男5例,女3例,年龄90～98岁,平均（91．25±2．76）岁;贲门癌4例,食管癌4例。结果手术成功7例,剖胸探查1例,手术切除率87．5％,术后平均住院时间（24．25±7．09）d,术后出现并发症5例（62．5％）,治愈率87．5％（7／8）,住院死亡率为0．0％。结论对于90岁以上的超高龄食管癌和贲门癌患者,只要其心肺功能好,积极围手术期处理,手术治疗是安全、可行的。     

晋中市榆次区大中专学生艾滋病知识认知情况干预效果分析

自1990-2004年,我院胸外科组手术治疗食管癌334例,其中手术切除329例,切除率98．5％;探查手术5例,探查率1．5％。术后5年生存率35．0％（117例）,现对5年生存的病例进行系统回顾分析,以探讨食管癌切除术后长期生存因素。     

老年食管癌贲门癌患者外科治疗分析

目的探讨老年食管癌责门癌手术治疗。方法该院从1992年6月～2005年10月收治的70岁以上老年食管癌、贲门癌病例101例临床资料。本组中三切口颈部吻合术和经颈经腹二切口食管拔脱术23例,二切口经胸经腹治疗食管下段贲门癌13例,胸腹联合切口手术8例,单纯经腹手术治疗贲门癌19例,左胸后外侧切口手术治疗食管下段贲门癌33例。右经胸探查手术2例,左经胸探查手术1例,经腹探查手术2例。结果术后发生的各种并发症44例（发生率43．56％）。结论食管癌贲门癌老年患者的病例及手术途径恰当合理的选择、术前充分的准备、加强对患者围手术期的管理,是提高手术切除率,降低术后并发症的发生率和病死率、延长寿命,提高生存质量的关键。     

国产机械吻合器在食管癌和贲门癌术中的应用体会

目的评价国产机械吻合器在食管癌和贲门癌手术中的应用。方法选取自2002年10月至2008年8月期间,采用国产圆形管状吻合器行食管、贲门癌切除吻合术158例,其中男103例,女55例,年龄44～79岁。食管癌140例,贲门癌18例。食管胃颈部吻合7例,胸顶吻合81例,弓上吻合43例,弓下吻合27例。结果术后出现吻合口瘘3例（1．9％）,吻合口狭窄6例（3．8％）,吻合口出血2例（1．2％）,术中吻合出现机械故障2例（1．2％）。结论国产机械吻合器在食管贲门癌手术中是安全省时的,可反复使用,价格低廉,能满足基层医院和偏远地区大部分患者的需要。     

食管癌及贲门癌外科治疗557例初步分析

<正> 我院肿瘤科1983年5月至1989年4月手术治疗食管癌及贲门癌557例。男性404例,女性153例,男:女=2.64:1,年龄最大74岁,最小19岁,平均54岁。农民303例,工人131例,分别占54.4％和23.5％。一、切除率和死亡率本组557例中食管癌212例(上段14、中段144、下段54),贲门癌345例。手术切除531例,总切除率为95.3％。食管癌切除率94.3％。贲门癌切除率为95.9％,见表1。探查未能切除之病例,2例作短路手术,1例作胃造瘘术,其余23例均系单纯探     

老年食管贲门癌切除术后吻合口瘘7例护理

吻合口瘘是食管及贲门癌术后极为严重的并发症,食管、贲门癌切除手术后吻合口瘘发生率为1．8％～5．2％,瘘后死亡率为0．9％～44．9％。2000年5月至2008年6月我院共手术治疗食管癌、贲门癌253例,发生吻合口瘘7例,现将临床观察及护理情况报道如下：     

预防食管－胃（空肠）吻合口瘘的临床探讨

预防食管－胃（空肠）吻合口瘘的临床探讨三明市第二医院谢召平我院自１９８４年以来，在进行食管癌、贲门癌根治术和全胃、残胃切除等手术中，共施行食管－胃（空肠）吻合６２例，术后仅１例发生吻合口瘘（发生率１．５％）。与国内外资料相比较，发生率较低，疗效满意，...     

残胃食管癌和残胃贲门癌的术式选择

采用4种不同手术方法治疗残胃食管癌和残胃贲门癌15例。6例残胃中下段和下段食管癌采用残胃连同脾胰尾移位左胸内食管残胃吻合术；2例中上段食管癌应用结肠代食管术；1例残胃贲门癌行全胃切除食管空场ROUX－Y吻合术；贲门胃部分切除余残胃食管吻合3例。再手术12例均顺利康复，无并发症发生。手术探查2例，食管癌因故终止手术1例。作者认为残胃食管除了中上段外，手术应首选“移位法”，残胃贲门癌只要病变允许，应首选贲门胃部分切除术。     

外科治疗108例高龄食道癌、贲门癌

目的 探讨高龄食道癌、贲门癌病人围手术期的处理和手术方式的选择。方法 108例肿瘤患者中，食道癌48例，根治手术42例，探查6例；贲门癌60例，根治手术54例，探查6例。对食道癌贲门癌的术前准备、营养支持及手术方式进行总结分析。结果 本组手术切除率88．9％，并发症发生率35．2％，手术死亡率3．7％，获得了较满意的治疗效果。结论 对高龄食管癌、贲门癌病人，应严格掌握适应症及正确处理围手术期并发症。     

影响贲门癌预后的手术因素探讨(附413例报告)

目的 为寻求贲门癌根治性手术的规范化，探索提高疗效的合理措施。方法 总结1989年7月至2002年7月经手术切除的413例贲门癌，其中408例为胸腹联合切口，3例经上腹正中切口，2例为左侧直接进胸。377例为根治术，36例为非根治术。全胃切除156例占37．8％。淋巴转移以贲门右组居首，食管旁淋巴转移率达10．7％，距贲门5～7cm断食管，断端癌组织残留率为7．5％，PT4贲门癌残留率达25．3％，膈肌受累率达10．2％。结果 术后1、3、5年生存率为85．6%、49．3％和33．4％。结论 作者认为贲门癌应采用胸腹联合切口较妥，应常规清扫食管旁淋巴结群；PT3贲门癌应切除8cm食管，PT4贲门癌应切除10cm食管；贲门癌累及浆膜面应注意清除膈肌肌膜及受累膈肌。     

Proton pump inhibitors versus H2-antagonists: a meta-analysis of their efficacy in treating bleeding peptic ulcer

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether proton pump inhibitors are more effective than H2-antagonists (H2-A) for the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer. DATA SOURCES: PubMed database until January 2000. STUDY SELECTION: Comparative randomized trials of proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, lansoprazole, or pantoprazole) vs. H2-A (cimetidine, ranitidine or famotidine). DATA EXTRACTION: Meta-analysis combining the odds ratios (OR) of the individual studies in a global OR (Peto method). OUTCOMES EVALUATED: Persistent or recurrent bleeding, need for surgery, or mortality. DATA SYNTHESIS: Eleven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and contained data for at least one of the planned comparisons. Persistent or recurrent bleeding was reported in 6.7% (95% CI: 4.9-8.6%) of the patients treated with proton pump inhibitors, and in 13.4% (95% CI: 10.8-16%) of those treated with H2-A (OR 0.4; 95% CI: 0.27-0.59) (chi2-homogeneity test, 18; P=0.09). Surgery was needed in 5.2% (95% CI: 3.4-6.9%) of the patients treated with proton pump inhibitors, and in 6.9% (95% CI: 4.9-8.9%) of the patients treated with H2-A (OR 0.7; 95% CI: 0.43-1.13). Respective percentages for mortality were 1.6% (95% CI: 0.9-2.9%) and 2.2% (95% CI: 1.3-3.7%) (OR 0.69; 95% CI: 0.31-1.57). SUB-ANALYSIS: Five studies evaluated the effect of both therapies given in bolus injections on persistent or recurrent bleeding rate, which was 6% (95% CI: 3.6-8.3%) and 8.1% (95% CI: 5.3-10.9%), respectively (OR, 0.57; 95% CI: 0.31-1.05). Persistent or recurrent bleeding in high risk patients (Forrest Ia, Ib and IIa) occurred in 13.2% (95% CI: 7.9-8%) of the patients treated with proton pump inhibitors and in 34.5% (27-42%) of those treated with H2-A (OR 0.28; 95% CI: 0.16-0.48). In patients not having endoscopic therapy, persistent or recurrent bleeding was reported, respectively, in 4.3% (95% CI: 2.7-6.7%) and in 12% (95% CI: 8.7-15%) (OR 0.24; 95% CI: 0.13-0.43). Less marked differences were observed in patients having adjunct endoscopic therapy: 10.3% (95% CI: 6.7-13.8%) and 15.2% (11.1-19.3%) (OR 0.59; 95% CI: 0.36-0.97). Moreover, the significance disappeared in this group when a single outlier study was excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Proton pump inhibitors are more effective than H2-A in preventing persistent or recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer, although this advantage seems to be more evident in patients not having adjunct sclerosis therapy. This beneficial effect seems to be similar or even more marked in patients with Forrest Ia, Ib or IIa ulcers. However, proton pump inhibitors are not more effective than H2-A for reducing surgery or mortality rates. Nevertheless, the data are too scarce and heterogeneous to draw definitive conclusions, and further comparative trials are clearly warranted.     

Effects of dietary beta-cyclodextrin in hypercholesterolaemic rats

Beta-cyclodextrin is a compound that forms inclusion complexes with a variety of molecules, specially bile acids and sterols. This study examines the effects of beta-cyclodextrin on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups that received during 7 weeks: control diet, 2% cholesterol diet (A), A+2.5% beta-cyclodextrin (B) and A+5% beta-cyclodextrin (C). The cholesterol-rich diet induced hepatomegaly and fatty liver and significantly reduced cholesterol, bile acid and phospholipid secretion. Addition of beta-cyclodextrin normalised biliary lipid secretion. Moreover, when compared to A, beta-cyclodextrin significantly lowered plasma phospholipid concentration (B: -21%; C: -29%) and the liver free/total cholesterol molar ratio (B: -40%; C: -38%), increased bile acid faecal output (B: +17%; C: +62%) and enhanced cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity (B:+50%; C : +100%)and mRNA levels (B: + 14%; C: +29%). 5% beta-cyclodextrin also reduced plasma triglycerides concentration (-38%). However, ALT and AST activities were significantly increased (B: +140% and +280%; C: +72% and +135%) and there was a high incidence of cell necrosis with portal inflammatory cell infiltration. Addition of beta-cyclodextrin to a cholesterol-rich diet results in a triglyceride-lowering action, enhancement of bile acid synthesis and excretion, and normalization of biliary lipid secretion, but produces a marked hepatotoxic effect.     

Rearrest rates among Norwegian drugged drivers compared with drunken drivers

The rearrest rates among Norwegian drugged (n=1102) and a group of drunken drivers (n=850) (BAC: 0.16-0.19%) apprehended during 1992, were 57% (n=629) and 28% (n=238), respectively, when followed prospectively for 7 years. The most important risk factors for recidivism among drugged drivers were previous arrests for drugged or drunken driving (rearrest rate among previous arrests: 73%, no previous arrest: 42%), multi-drug detection at selection (multi-drug: 62%, single drug: 41%), sex (male: 61%, female: 35%) and age (below 36 years: 60%, 36 years and older: 44%). Most of the recidivist drugged drivers were rearrested during the year of selection (21%), followed by 13, 7 and 6%, retrospectively, during the following years. When followed both retrospectively and prospectively for a period extending from 1984 to 1998, 71% (n=779) and 40% (n=344) of the selected drugged and drunken drivers, respectively, were arrested two or more times.     

The use of morbidity questionnaires to identify communities with high prevalence of geohelminth infections in Gondar region, Ethiopia

In this preliminary study, a total of 8006 schoolchildren (aged 9-19 years) from 77 elementary schools was screened for infection with Ascaris lumbriocoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms using the Kato-Kata method. A. lumbriocoides was commonly encountered (35.4%) followed by the hookworms (16.3%) and T. trichiura (12.7%). The prevalence of "intestinal worms" (infection by A. lumbricoides, T. tirchiura and/or hookworms) accounted to 50.6%. The children were also asked about their recent experiences of the following: 'diarrhea', 'stomach ache', 'blood in stool', 'distended stomach'. and 'worms' using questionnaires and gave 24.0%, 64.9%, 18.6%. 37.0%, 38.1% 'yes' answers, respectively. At individual level reported 'worms' correlated with the prevalence of A. lumbricoides [OR 7.39 (95% CI: 6.65-8.20)] and 'intestinal worms' [OR 4.72 (95% CI: 4.27-5.22)]. Reported 'diarrhoea' was the best answer for T. trichiura [OR: 4.58 (95% CI: 3.98-5.27)]. Among schools, there were similar associations between prorated 'worms' and the prevalence of A. lumbricoides [OR 0.63 (95% CI: 0.47-0.75)] and 'intestinal worms' [OR 0.55 (95% CI: 0.37-0.69)]. No sign or symptom was significantly associated with hookworm infection. Reported 'worms' had the best though moderate diagnostic performance for 'intestinal worms' (sensitivity: 82.6%, specificity 51.6%, positive predictive value: 66.7%, negative predictive value: 71.7%) and A. lumbrocoides (sensitivity: 91.8%, specificity: 50.0%, positive predictive value: 75.5%, negative predictive value: 64.3%). These results indicate the potential of using reported 'worms' as a means of rapid assessment for identifying communities with a high prevalence of geohelminth infection.     

Comparison of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia between buckwheat seed-consuming and non-consuming Mongolian-Chinese populations in Inner Mongolia, China

1. In the present study, a total of 3542 Mongolians in two adjacent counties of Inner Mongolia, China, were randomly sampled in a cross-sectional study to assess the association of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia with lifetime consumption of buckwheat seed as a staple food. A sample group of 961 participants was also examined for fasting serum concentrations of lipids and glucose. 2. Frequent alcohol consumption significantly contributed to the high prevalence rate of hypertension in the pastureland Mongolian population. 3. The age-adjusted prevalence rate of hypertension in Kulun participants who consumed buckwheat seed as a staple food was 18.22% (95% confidence interval (CI): 16.95%, 19.49%), whereas that in Kezhuohou participants, who consumed corn as a staple food, was 23.31% (95% CI: 21.92%, 24.70%). A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (P < 0.01). 4. Age-adjusted prevalence rates in Kulun participants compared with Kezhuohou participants for hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and abnormalities in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were 4.02% (95% CI: 2.24%, 5.80%) versus 7.76% (95% CI: 5.39%, 10.13%; P < 0.01), 26.58% (95% CI: 22.59%, 30.57%) versus 31.04% (95% CI: 26.59%, 35.13%; P < 0.05) and 4.66% (95% CI: 2.75%, 6.57%) versus 8.81% (95% CI: 6.30%, 11.32%; P < 0.01), respectively. 5. The age-adjusted prevalence rate of hyperglycaemia in Kulun participants was 1.56% (95% CI: 0.78%, 2.34%), whereas that in Kezhuohou participants was 7.70% (95% CI: 6.01%, 9.39%). The difference was significant (P < 0.01). 6. These findings suggest that the consumption of buckwheat seed may be a preventative factor for hypertension, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia in the pastureland Mongolian population.     

Reductions in biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes with rosiglitazone added to metformin compared with dose escalation of metformin: an EMPIRE trial sub-study

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of rosiglitazone added to metformin with dose escalation of metformin on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Cardiovascular biomarkers were assessed in a sub-population of 122 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean age 54.6 and 56.0 years, BMI 34.7 and 32.1 kg/m2; for the rosiglitazone plus metformin and metformin groups, respectively) from the multicenter (63 centers in the USA), double-blind, randomized parallel-group Escalation of Metformin theraPy vs. Initiation of Rosiglitazone Early (EMPIRE) study. Treatment group sizes were slightly imbalanced owing to central, rather than local, randomization. Subjects receiving metformin 1000 mg/day at baseline were randomized to rosiglitazone 4 mg/day plus metformin 1000 mg/day (RSG + MET) or metformin 1500 mg/day (up-titrated MET) for 24 weeks. At 8-weeks, rosiglitazone was increased to 8 mg/day in RSG + MET recipients and metformin to 2000 mg/day in up-titrated MET recipients. RESULTS: Reductions from baseline in HbA1c at week 24 (mean +/- SD) occurred in both groups (RSG + MET: -0.61% +/- 1.16%; up-titrated MET: -0.65% +/- 1.18%). Post-prandial glucose levels (AUC(0-3h)) decreased with RSG + MET (-3.5 mmol/L.h; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -5.2 to -1.8) and up-titrated MET (-1.3 mmol/L.h; 95% CI: -3.8 to 1.1). Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA)-estimated insulin sensitivity increased by 37.7% (95% CI: 22.8 to 54.5) in RSG + MET and 6.9% (95% CI: -6.2 to 21.9) in up-titrated MET recipients. RSG + MET reduced C-reactive protein (CRP; -23.9%; 95% CI: -40.4 to -2.8), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity (-30.1%; 95% CI: -44.5 to -11.9), PAI-1 antigen (-15.5%; 95% CI: -28.3 to -0.3) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9; -13.8%; 95% CI: -25.1 to -0.9), but increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; 27.0%; 95% CI: 6.8 to 50.9). Corresponding values for up-titrated MET were CRP -9.3% (95% CI: -36.9 to 30.2), PAI-1 activity -7.2% (95% CI: -28.2 to 20.0), PAI-1 antigen -1.5% (95% CI: -17.4 to 17.5), MMP-9 29.0% (95% CI: -1.3 to 68.6) and TNF-alpha -6.0% (95% CI: -22.0 to 13.2). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that rosiglitazone plus metformin has positive cardiovascular effects against a background of similar glycemic improvements.     

Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in the Beninese and Belgian populations

AIMS: To investigate the distribution of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and 2C19 (CYP2C19) genotype frequencies in the Beninese and Belgian Caucasian populations. METHODS: Beninese (n = 111) and Belgian (n = 121) were genotyped for CYP2C9*2, *3, *4, *5, and *11 as well as for CYP2C19*2 and*3. RESULTS: The distribution of alleles was: CYP2C9*1: 95.5 vs. 82.2% (P < 0.001); CYP2C9*2: 0 vs. 10% (P < 0.001); CYP2C9*3: 0 vs. 7.4% (P < 0.01); CYP2C9*4: both 0%; CYP2C9*5: 1.8 vs. 0% (P = 0.05); and CYP2C9*11: 2.7 vs. 0.4% (P < 0.05). The frequencies of the CYP2C19*2 allele were 13 vs. 9.1%, respectively. CYP2C19*3 was not detected in either population. The 95% confidence intervals for the differences of frequencies of CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C9*4, CYP2C9*5, CYP2C9*11, CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 between Belgian and Beninese were 7%, 19%; - 14%, - 6%; - 11%, - 4%; - 1%, 1%; 0%, 4%; 0%, 5%; - 10%, 2%; - 2%, 10%; - 1%; respectively. The distributions of CYP2C9 genotypes in the Beninese and Belgian individuals were: CYP2C9*1/*1: 91 vs. 67% (P < 0.00001); CYP2C9*1/*2: 0 vs. 18.2% (P < 0.0001); CYP2C9*1/*3: 0 vs. 11.6% (P < 0.001); CYP2C9*1/*5: 3.6 vs. 0% (P = 0.05); CYP2C9*1/*11: 5.4 vs. 0.8% (P = 0.05); CYP2C9*2/*3: 0 vs. 1.6% (NS); CYP2C9*3/*3: 0 vs. 0.8% (NS). The distributions of CYP2C19 genotypes between these ethnic groups were: CYP2C19*1/*1: 73.9 vs. 83.5% (NS); CYP2C19*1/*2: 26.1 vs. 14.9% (P < 0.05); CYP2C9*2/*2: 0 vs. 1.6% (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Differences of allele frequencies between Beninese and Belgian populations were statistically significant for CYP2C9*2, *3, *5 and *11, but not for CYP2C9*4 or for CYP2C19*2 and *3.     

Spontaneous tumors in F-344/Jcl rats

The age-related incidence of spontaneously occurring neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in untreated F-344/Jcl rats, used as controls in carcinogenicity testing, were studied from the histological examination of tissues from 469 males and 354 females. The incidence of spontaneous tumors was 83.2% in the males and 71.2% in the females. The most common neoplasms were leukemia (males: 24.3%, females: 24.0%), pituitary adenoma (males: 16.0%, females: 45.2%), pheochromocytoma (males: 14.7%, females: 7.3%), testicular interstitial cell tumor (males: 79.1%), and uterine endometrial stromal polyp(females: 16.4%). The incidence of other tumors of almost all the organs and/or tissues was low. Non-neoplastic lesions generally increased with advancing age of the animals.