地埋非圆形管道与土相互作用的分析计算

对地埋箱形涵道和蛋形管道结构的设计计算,现行的方法是给定作用荷载值和分布,按结构力学方法求解。实际上作用于管道上荷载是随管土的相对刚度而变化的。为此,采用管土相互作用的Winkler模型和传递矩阵法,提出地埋箱形和蛋形管道结构计算的新方法。通过对箱形和蛋形管道与土相互作用的分析计算表明,即使是“刚性”的箱形管道也应考虑与土的相互作用。最后讨论了模型参数、埋深以及管道结构尺寸的变化对管道受力与变形的影响,说明了考虑地埋管道与土的相互作用,对地埋箱形和蛋形管道结构的设计计算才更符合实际。     

钢筋混凝土箱涵竖向土压力理论研究 ——梯形沟谷设涵

梯形沟谷设涵在山区公路和铁路建设中的应用非常广泛。然而,目前规范中尚无梯形沟谷设涵的设计方法。现有的研究主要针对上埋式和沟埋式涵洞,对天然梯形沟谷埋设涵洞时的涵洞受力性状的研究甚少。通过数值模拟得出梯形沟谷设涵时,钢筋混凝土箱型涵洞顶部填土内的应力状态和土拱的分布规律。在此基础上建立理论模型,推导涵洞土压力理论计算式,并验证理论方法的正确性。此外,对涵顶土压力的影响因素进行了参数研究。结果表明,梯形沟谷设涵时涵洞的受力状态不同于上埋式和沟埋式两种情况。当涵顶填土高度到达临界高度时,填土中会形成上、下两层土拱。下层土拱效应使涵顶产生土压力集中,上层土拱效应会减小涵顶的土压力集中。涵顶土压力的大小取决于涵顶的填土高度、沟谷坡角、沟谷宽度、涵洞的几何尺寸及填土的性质。     

减载条件下高填方涵洞受力机制及基底压力

针对现有的理论方法主要关注涵顶土压力而未能考虑涵洞侧墙摩擦阻力对高填方涵洞结构受力状态的影响,提出了完整的减载条件下涵?土作用机制模型,推得涵洞侧墙摩擦力及基底压力的计算式。并将该理论方法的计算结果与数值模拟结果进行了比对,验证了该理论方法的正确性。研究结果表明,侧墙摩擦力沿墙身深度近似呈线性增加,并随填土高度的增加而增大;相同填土高度时,减载条件下的侧墙摩擦力大于非减载条件下侧墙摩擦力;采用减载措施虽然降低了涵顶垂直土压力,但是增大了涵测水平土压力,基底压力并未减小,现有的减载理论方法中不考虑侧墙摩擦力的影响是不合理的。     

软土地基上高填方刚性涵洞地基承载力分析

山区沟谷软土地基上高填方刚性涵洞的应用较为广泛,然而,现有的计算理论对该类条件下涵洞地基承载力的认识还不够充分,对地基承载力提出过高的要求,反而为结构带来了不利影响。通过数值模拟和试验手段对涵洞的地基承载力进行深入分析。探讨基础埋深、宽度及软土固结对涵洞地基承载力的影响。研究表明,当基础埋深系数 5时,涵洞地基承载力特征值随着基础埋深的增大近似线性增加,当 5时,基础埋深对地基承载力特征值影响逐渐减小;但基础宽度对软土地基上刚性涵洞地基承载力特征值的影响甚小,实际工程中可不予考虑。此外,试验结果表明,固结度和固结压力对软土的黏聚力和内摩擦角有复合影响,固结度较大时,黏聚力和内摩擦角随固结压力的增大而明显增大。固结度和固结压力对内摩擦角的影响比对黏聚力的影响要大。高填方涵洞地基极限承载力随着软土固结度的增大而提高,当固结度达到90%时,地基极限承载力通常可提高36%以上;地基极限承载力随固结压力的增加呈非线性增大,其提高的幅度逐渐减小。     

Static soil culvert interaction the effect of box culvert geometric configurations and soil properties

The response of box culverts to static loads is controlled by soil arching. Soil arching is a result of a complex soil culvert interaction (SCI) due to the relative stiffness between the culvert and the surrounding soil, and is a critical consideration in culvert design. The factors that affect soil arching on box culverts include the soil height above the culvert, the geometrical configuration of the box culvert and the properties of the soil around it. Box culverts are typically designed using formulae that assume simplified behaviors and in some cases rely on considerable empiricism. In the present study, small scale centrifuge physical model tests were conducted to investigate SCI considering the height and density of soil above the culvert and the geometry of the culvert. The results of these centrifuge tests were used to calibrate and verify a numerical model that was used to further investigate the response of box culverts to static loads. The results have been evaluated for bending moment and soil culvert interaction factors. The results demonstrated that the soil culvert interaction factors are not only a function of the height of soil column above the culvert, but also a function of the culvert thickness, soil elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Therefore, the results were used to establish charts and equations that can be employed to assess the design values of the static soil pressure and static bending moment for box culverts.     

Estimation of static earth pressures for a sloping cohesive backfill using extended Rankine theory with a composite log-spiral failure surface

The Rankine earth pressure theory is extended herein to an inclined c–? backfill. An analytical approach is then proposed to compute the static passive and active lateral earth pressures for a sloping cohesive backfill retained by a vertical wall, with the presence of wall–soil interface adhesion. The proposed method is based on a limit equilibrium analysis coupled with the method of slices wherein the assumed profile of the backfill failure surface is a composite of log-spiral and linear segments. The geometry of the failure surface is determined using the stress states of the soil at the two boundaries of the mobilized soil mass. The resultant lateral earth thrust, the point of application, and the induced moment on the wall are computed considering global and local equilibrium of forces and moments. Results of the proposed approach are compared with those predicted by a number of analytical models currently adopted in the design practice for various combinations of soil’s frictional angles, wall–soil interface frictional angles, inclined angles of backfill and soil cohesions. The predicted results are also verified against those obtained from finite element analyses for several scenarios under the passive condition. It is found that the magnitude of earth thrust increases with the backfill inclination angle under both the passive and active conditions.

     

大断面深埋高水压地铁盾构隧道周边土压力作用模式评价

以南京某大直径地铁盾构隧道为背景,对盾构管片衬砌所受荷载及结构内力进行现场测试,分析了深埋高水压粉细砂地层中盾构隧道管片土压力大小及分布特征。采用3种不同竖向荷载组合（即有效上覆土压力+水压力,太沙基松动土压力+水压力,只有水压力）计算管片内力并与实测内力进行比较,评价了作用在盾构隧道管片上的土压力模式。结果表明：（1）作用在盾构隧道衬砌上的水压力大小基本等于静止水压力;（2）盾构隧道隧顶实测土压力约为太沙基松动土压力的80%,实测隧顶土压力更接近于太沙基松动土压力,隧道上方存在土拱;（3）现场实测管片弯矩较3种荷载作用下计算弯矩小,而实测管片轴力约为理论计算轴力的2倍。此外,分析了水平地基抗力系数对隧道管片内力的影响。研究成果可为大直径深埋盾构隧道设计提供参考。     

沟谷地形对高填方拱涵涵周土压力影响研究

沟谷地形下高填方涵洞土压力分布规律较为复杂,不同沟谷地形下涵周土压力分布规律与上埋式涵洞差异显著。为探明沟谷地形对高填方拱涵涵周土压力的影响,采用离心模型试验与数值模拟方法,建立了地形-涵洞-填土的相互作用模型,分析了不同沟谷宽度B、沟谷坡度α下的拱涵涵周土压力及涵顶土压集中系数Ks的分布规律,并与最新涵洞设计规范进行了对比,阐述了沟谷地形下高填方拱涵土压力形成机制。研究表明：（1）沟谷宽度B对涵顶土压力集中系数Ks影响显著,沟谷宽度B为4D～6D,D为拱涵的净跨径,涵顶土压力集中系数Ks增幅较大;（2）沟谷宽度B小于4D时,可发挥沟谷地形对涵洞的减载作用;（3）沟谷坡度α在45°～60°时,涵顶土压力及其Ks变化最显著;（4）填土高度为20m,α>70°时,Ks≤1。填土高度为40m,α>50°时,Ks≤1;(5)我国最新涵洞设计规范推荐的Ks与离心模型试验、数值模拟规律存在一定差异,当α=45°时,沟谷宽度B较小时,规范的涵顶土压力集中系数Ks较为保守;（6）沟谷地形下高填方拱涵Ks与拱顶压密区、等压面的形成有关。拱顶压密区可引起拱涵涵顶土压力集中,并引起压密区周边土体...     

矩形沟埋涵洞顶部垂直土压力试验和理论研究

针对无黏性填土,通过模型试验和理论分析的方法研究矩形沟埋刚性涵洞顶部的垂直土压力。考虑胸腔土体的作用,建立了沟埋涵洞土压力的计算模型和计算公式,结果表明,计算值与试验值相吻合。沟槽宽度等于涵洞外径时,洞顶土压力系数随填土高度的增大呈单调减小的变化规律;沟槽宽度大于涵洞外径时,洞顶土压力系数随填土高度的增大呈先增后减的变化规律;洞顶填土厚度等于初始等沉面高度时,土压力系数最大。槽洞宽比加大时,土压力系数、等沉面高度按双曲线规律增大,7倍洞径的沟槽宽度近似为沟埋式涵洞和上埋式涵洞的临界槽宽。填土内摩角增大时,土压力系数增大。洞顶填土厚度增大,等沉面高度减小。     

软土次固结阶段桩侧负摩阻力变化规律研究

设计软黏土中单桩模型箱试验,模拟了桩周土逐级加荷沉降,通过量测超孔隙水压力、土体沉降及桩身轴力变化,分析了软黏土进入次固结阶段时,桩侧负摩阻力及桩身中性点位置变化情况。研究表明,在次固结阶段桩周土所产生的沉降对桩侧负摩阻力仍具有一定影响,沿桩身呈先增大后减小的趋势;当桩周土所施荷载等级达到一定程度时,桩身中性点位置将随着桩周土次固结时间的增长而逐渐上移。次固结阶段产生的沉降量与土体上所施加的荷载等级有关,随着桩周土荷载等级的增大,次固结阶段产生的沉降所占总沉降的比例逐渐减小,其蠕变效应逐渐减弱。     

Earth pressure diagram and field measurement of an anchored retention wall on a cut slope

To utilize space more effectively for constructing apartments, roads, infrastructure, etc., excavation work is typically found in slope areas. An anchored retention wall has been installed because of the presence of soil slopes behind the walls and unsymmetrical excavation sections. An instrumentation system is normally applied on the anchored retention walls of slopes to observe and estimate lateral earth pressure acting on anchored walls. The earth pressure acting on the wall is decreased with increasing the deformation of the wall during the progress of excavation work. An earth pressure diagram acting on the anchored walls can be presented approximately as a trapezoid. The earth pressure at the ground surface is larger than zero. Also, the earth pressure is increased linearly from the ground surface to 15% of total excavation depth and then keeps constant. The earth pressure acting on the anchored retention walls installed on the cut slope is higher than that of the horizontal ground surface behind the wall, owing to the surcharge load of the slope soils.     

Relationship Between Temperature and Earth Pressure for a Rigidly Framed Earth Retaining Structure

The relationship between temperature and earth pressure acting on a rigidly framed earth-retaining structure (RFERS) subject to wide temperature variation was explored. A distressed RFERS open concrete garage that retains 11 m (36 ft) of soil was instrumented. After some repairs, movement of the building was monitored and recorded hourly for a period of four and a half years. The monitoring revealed complex temperature-dependent soil–structure interactions. The measured displacements were used to calculate the earth pressure coefficient using closed form equations that were developed by treating the structure as an equivalent cantilever beam, and calibrating the expression using a total of 42,000 FEM models. The data indicated that the coefficient of earth pressure behind the monitored RFERS had a strong linear correlation with temperature. During the cold season the building contracted, and the retained soil followed. During the hot season, the building was unable to overcome the earth pressure, thus it expanded away from the soil, resulting in a cumulative annual displacement. The coefficient of lateral earth pressure changed by approximately 0.005/°C, varying in the range of 1.25–1.5, depending on the season. The study also reveals that thermal cycles, rather than lateral earth pressure, caused some of the structural elements to fail.     

挡土墙主动土压力分布与侧压力系数

采用库仑土压力理论的假设：挡土墙土压力是由墙后填土在极限平衡状态下出现的滑动楔体产生,在该滑动楔体上沿竖向取水平薄层作为微分单元体,通过作用在单元体上的水平力、竖向力和力矩平衡条件,建立挡土墙上土压力强度的一阶微分方程式,给出了土侧压力系数、土压力强度、土压力合力和土压力合力作用点高度的理论公式,并分析了填土内摩擦角和墙背摩擦角对土侧压力系数、土压力强度、土压力合力、土压力合力作用点和墙底抗倾稳定性的影响。     

Computations of Seismic Passive Resistance and Uplift Capacity of Horizontal Strip Anchors in Sand

In this paper, the limit equilibrium method is used to compute seismic passive earth pressure coefficients and the vertical uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchors in presence of both horizontal and vertical pseudo-static earthquake forces. By considering a simple planar failure surface, distribution of soil reaction is obtained through the use of Kötter’s equation. Presence of pseudo-static seismic forces induces a considerable reduction in the seismic passive earth pressure coefficients. The reduction in seismic passive earth pressure coefficients increases with increase in magnitude of the earthquake accelerations in both horizontal and vertical directions and with increase in wall friction angle. The vertical uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchor is obtained for various values of soil friction angle, embedment ratio and seismic acceleration coefficients in both horizontal and vertical directions by using rigorous computational optimization. Proper justification for selected value of wall friction angle is established. Results are presented in the form of non-dimensional breakout factor for anchor. A significant reduction in breakout factor is observed in presence of both the seismic acceleration coefficients whereas breakout factor increases with increase in soil friction angle and embedment ratio even under the seismic condition. Angles of failure planes keep changing with change in seismic acceleration coefficients and failure zone shifts towards the critical direction of seismic acceleration coefficients. Present results are compared and found in good agreement with some specific available results in literature.     

深基坑桩锚支护体系主动区土压力试验研究

通过深大基坑桩锚支护体系主动区土压力现场试验,依据基坑工程时空效应理念,研究分析了在深大基坑开挖过程中桩锚支护体系的受力特性,得出了主动区土压力随开挖进程发展而变化的分布规律,对类似深大基坑支护体系设计时的土压力计算具有重要参考价值。     

考虑土体硬化的基坑开挖性状及隆起稳定性分析

基坑开挖过程中,土体应力路径、卸载回弹再压缩特性与简单加载或卸载不同,采用常规的理想弹塑性模型模拟基坑开挖,得到的围护墙位移、坑内土体回弹以及坑外沉降较大。分析了基坑开挖不同区域土体的性状,采用土体硬化模型模拟基坑开挖的卸载与土体硬化行为,结合工程算例,对比土体硬化模型和理想弹塑性模拟以及实测的围护结构土压力、围护墙水平位移和坑外土体沉降,并利用强度折减法分析基坑的稳定性。计算结果表明,考虑土体硬化的HS模型有限元方法能体现土体卸载再加载与开挖的特性,所得土压力、围护结构水平位移以及基坑抗隆起稳定性符合软土地区基坑工程的实践。     

桩板墙土拱效应及土压力传递特性试验研究

为更深入地研究桩板墙背侧的土拱效应,分析其土压力荷载的作用规律及传递特性,进一步揭示桩板墙土拱效应与荷载分配之间的联系,采用现场大型试验及室内模型试验开展相关的监测研究工作。基于对土拱结构承载机制的认识,将作用于桩背侧与桩间挡板中部土压力的比值作为衡量土拱效应作用效果的直观标准。在某一自然边坡上,设计施工桩板墙堆载试验的模型槽,在挡土板与抗滑桩背侧分别安装土压力计,并开展持续21 d的现场试验监测。现场试验结果表明,随着时间的发展,该土压力的比值呈现先增加后趋于稳定的特点,时间效应相对较显著。还设计多工况室内模型推桩试验,为深入分析桩板墙背侧土拱效应与土压力传递特性之间的关系,试验重点对挡板刚度、桩间距、填料性质和挡板布置方式对桩板墙土拱效应的影响进行对比研究,并揭示被动状态下桩板墙背侧的土压力传递特性。     

车辆荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的静动响应现场试验

为研究车辆荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的静动力响应规律,以330国道K139+100~K139+400路段的模块式加筋土挡墙为原型,通过埋设动静土压力盒、柔性位移计以及加速度计等元器件,测试了车辆荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的筋材拉应变、面墙后侧向土压力、加筋体后侧向土压力和挡墙的侧向变形等。结果表明:车辆荷载作用时,挡土墙面墙上部的响应加速度远大于下层;当车辆荷载作用在加筋体上时,车辆行车距离对加筋体内产生的动土压力影响不大,当车辆荷载作用在加筋体后时,车辆行车距离对加筋体内的动土压力大小及分布模式有很大影响。无论是在车辆静载作用下还是在车辆动载作用下,加筋体后侧向土压力远大于面墙后的侧向土压力。     

考虑二期荷载的高填明洞加筋减载土压力计算

随着城市建设的迅速发展,既有高填明洞填土顶面将不可避免地出现新增结构物等二期荷载的情况。为了明确明洞回填完成后新增二期荷载对其顶部垂直土压力的影响,在已有明洞减载结构土压力计算公式的基础上,利用土体沉降弹性理论计算公式建立了土工格栅变形与土体沉降变形的关系,并考虑二期荷载作用,进一步完善了高填明洞减载前后的洞顶垂直土压力计算公式。建立数值分析模型,将数值分析结果与文中公式计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：公式计算与数值分析结果较为接近,表现出相同的规律性;有无减载措施对明洞回填土压力影响较大,填土越高,减载越显著,实际作用在明洞顶土压力越小。新增二期荷载作用下的明洞顶垂直土压力计算,应考虑其对土体沉降变形的影响,而非简单叠加。     

高路堤下涵洞地基处理现场测试与数值模拟研究

山区高速公路高填方涵洞工程应用广泛,由于地基处理不当造成的涵洞病害屡见不鲜。结合现场实测成果和有限元数值模拟结果,分析了涵洞结构物的受力状态及地基受力、变形特性,讨论了地基刚度、不均匀沉降对涵洞受力的影响和埋深效应对地基承载力的影响。研究结果表明：涵洞基底与相同标高下涵洞外侧路基基底土压力相差不大,地基设计时可按二者相等考虑;地基刚度越大,涵洞顶部土压力越大,对涵洞结构物强度要求就越高,地基处理中应尽量避免使用刚性桩复合地基。根据研究结果,提出了高路堤下涵洞地基的设计方法。