工业废水中硝酸与醋酸的分别测定

工业废水中同时存在硝酸和醋酸时,加入适量的丙酮溶剂,应用电位滴定法分别测定两酸的含量。本方法的相对标准偏差,硝酸为1.16—1.59%,醋酸为0.64—1.45％;回收率,硝酸为100.72—104.59％,醋酸为97.11—99.92%。当废水中硝酸与醋酸的重量比为1∶80时仍可分别测出两酸的含量。     

Hg(NO3)2电位滴定法测定炼油废水中的Cl-

针对现行Hg（NO3）2滴定法测定炼油废水中Cl-含量时出现部分测定值偏高和终点变色迟缓、返色等现象，采用过滤除高价金属离子、直接加热和酸性条件下H2O2氧化的试样预处理方法，同时改用Hg（NO3）2电位滴定法替代现行Hg（NO3）2滴定法。以50％～60％体积分数的乙醇溶液为介质，可增大终点电位突跃，Cl-加标回收率为98．0％～102．6％，相对标准偏差为0．65％～2．90％，测定限为0．15mg／L。该法具有准确、平行、自动便捷的特点，适合炼油废水中cl一的测定。     

水杨醛生产废水中混合酸含量的测定

用双指示剂滴定法和磷钼蓝比色法分别测定水杨醛生产废水中盐酸和磷酸的含量，试验表明，两种测定方法的测定结果一致，准确度符合分析要求；且以双指示剂滴定法显得较为方便；同时提出了用石灰乳中和废水并制取磷肥的方案。     

水杨醛生产废水混合酸含量的测定

用双指示剂滴定法和磷钼蓝比色法分别测定水杨醛生产废水中盐酸和磷酸的含量，试验表明，两种测定方法的测定结果一致，准确度符合分析要求；且以双指示剂滴定法显得较为方便；同时提出了用石灰乳中和废水并制取磷肥的方案。     

废水中含硫化合物的定量测定

本文介绍了用碘量法测定含硫化合物水溶液中 S~(2-)、S_x~(2-)、CH_3S~-的浓度。该方法不仅能取代测定总硫量的重量法,而且比重量法测定范围广,可同时测定 S~(2-)、Sx~(2-)、CH_3S~-各自的浓度。第二次滴定部分亦适用于游离态硫的测定.     

钛白废酸中硫酸亚铁的分离及废酸回收

用二级浓缩法来回收钛白废酸。根据硫酸亚铁在硫酸溶液中的溶解度数据,着重讨论了常压浓缩、熟化结晶和真空浓缩的工艺条件。废酸在分离硫酸亚铁后,其浓度达80％(重量)以上,可回用于钛白生产中。此外,还讨论了滤渣打浆问题。     

脉宽调制（PWM）型高压电源的研究

把高频逆变技术及脉宽调制技术应用到高压电源装置中，能够实现电源装置的小型化、轻量化。省去了常规电源中的电抗器，容易实现最佳控制，装置的体积不足常规电源的三分之一，重量不足常规电源的四分这一，且高次谐波的含量丰富，电晕充分，能显著提高收尘性能．     

密封法测定焦化厂废水的COD

介绍了用密封法测定焦化厂废水COD的方法，并与回流法进行了比较。试验结果表明，密封法与回流法有着很好的相关性，准确度高，用密封法测定焦化废水的COD，不仅工艺简单，费用低，而且可进行批量分析，提高工效5倍以上。     

静态浓差渗析法回收钛白废酸中硫酸

前言硫酸法生产钛白,有大量废酸产生。用浓缩法来回收这种废酸,由于硫酸亚铁的大量存在,影响了浓缩进行。用多级真空浓缩处理,则能耗大,操作复杂。本文用静态多级浓差渗析来处理钛白废酸,只要控制扩散液和残液中硫酸含量,就能保证较高的浓差渗析速率,扩散液中硫酸亚铁含量较低;采用一级常压浓缩,回收硫酸浓度达80％(重量)以上,可返回钛白生产中使用。     

自动电位滴定法测定含硫废水中氯离子

在处理染料废水时,根据工艺要求需知其氯离子浓度。测定废水中的氯离子,一般采用以铬酸钾为指示剂的硝酸银滴定法。由于我厂染料废水的色泽深,且含有大量有机物和硫离子,难以直接用该法测定氯离子浓度。资料介绍,用马弗炉在600℃高温下将废水灰化,可消除上述干扰,但时间长达4小时,操作繁琐。若采用电位滴定法,可不受废水色泽、浊度和有机物含量的影响,但其中的硫离子对电极有严重干扰。为了解决这个问题,我们采用乙酸锌沉淀、过滤和过     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Model of technological alternatives of production of sodium chromate (VI) with the use of chromic wastes

This article presents a mathematical model which describes the sodium chromate (VI) production process with the use of chromic waste as a substitution of natural raw materials. This model is a function of selected process parameters common for all of the examined alternatives and based on equations of material balance. Optimization of the elaborated technological alternatives of the production process with use of recycling of chromic waste has been evaluated by determining the extreme value of the quality indicator WJ. This indicator defines the quantity of waste created in the process. Optimization results enabled the selection of the optimal technological solution from all of the alternatives possible for use in industrial practice. Negative values of the indicator prove that there is the possibility of introducing to the process a larger quantity of waste than the one obtained in the process and transported to the storage heaps.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

化学品生物降解性的评价与预测

介绍了有机化学物质生物降解性的测定方法及其预测方法研究概况，并讨论了生物降解性评价的发展前景。     

Mechanism of Microbial Degradation of Slow-Release Fertilizers

Methyleneureas are condensation products of urea and formaldehyde of different molecular mass and solubility; they are used in large amounts both as resins, binders, and insulating materials for industrial applications, as well as a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer for greens, lawns, or in bioremediation processes. In the present study, the microbial breakdown of these products was investigated. The nitrogen was released as ammonia and urea, and the formaldehyde released immediately oxidized via formiate to carbon dioxide. The enzymatic mechanism of metabolization of methyleneureas was studied in microorganisms isolated from soil, which were able to use these compounds as the sole source of nitrogen for growth. A strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia paucula (formerly Alcaligenes sp. CDC group IVc-2) completely degraded methylenediurea and dimethylenetriurea to urea, ammonia, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme initiating this degradation (methylenediurease) was purified and turned out to be different from the previously described enzyme from Ochrobactrum anthropi with regard to its regulation of expression and physicobiochemical properties. Fungal degradation of methyleneureas may occur via the formation of organic acids, thus leading to a nonenzymatic degradation of methyleneureas, which are unstable under acidic conditions.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.     

Structure-biodegradation relationships of polymeric materials. 1. Effect of degree of oxidation on biodegradability of carbohydrate polymers

The biodegradability of oxidized starch and inulin has been studied in relation to the degree of periodate oxidation to dialdehyde derivatives, by measuring oxygen consumption and mineralization to carbon dioxide. A higher degree of oxidation of dialdehyde starch and dialdchyde inulin results in a lower rate at which the polymers are biodegraded. It is demonstrated that the biodegradation rate of dialdehyde inulin derivatives decreases more than that of equivalent starch derivatives. The differences in biodegradation behavior between dialdehyde starch and dialdehyde inulin, resulting from comparable modifications, are discussed in terms of conformational structure.     

鼓泡式反应器高径比对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响

以N2和CO2混合气模拟燃烧烟气，研究了鼓泡反应器的高径比以及反应条件对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响。实验结果表明:在相同高径比的条件下，CO2吸收率随氨水质量分数的增加、反应温度的升高而逐渐增大，随进气CO2体积分数和模拟烟气流量的增加而逐渐减小;CO2吸收率随高径比的增加而增大，在高径比为3.98、氨水质量分数为28%、进气CO2体积分数为10%、模拟烟气流量为1.0L/min、反应温度为40℃的条件下，CO2吸收率最高可达100%。