Effect of Elevated Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen in Barley Rhizosphere Soil

As one of the important problems in global change, elevated ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation induced by the depletion of stratospheric ozone layer has received more and more attentions around the world. Field experiment with barley was conducted to investigate the effects of elevated UV-B radiation on microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soil. The experiment was designed with two UV-B radiation levels, i.e., elevated (E, simulating 25% stratospheric ozone depletion) and ambient (A, control), and performed at the Station of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China. Compared with the control, elevated UV-B radiation significantly depressed shoot biomass by 13.2?C42.6% and root biomass by approximately 50% from jointing to ripening stage. Elevated UV-B radiation significantly increased microbial biomass C and N in nonrhizosphere soil in most cases, but significantly decreased microbial biomass C and N in rhizosphere soil. Further researches are needed to elucidate whether the above findings are connected with the changes in composition and amount of root exudates induced by elevated UV-B radiation, which can mainly affect the dynamics of soil microbial biomass.     

Effects of pine roots on microorganisms,fauna, and nitrogen availability in two soil horizons of a coniferous forest spodosol

Summary We investigated the effects of pitch pine seedling roots on extractable N, microbial growth rate, biomass C and N, and nematodes and microarthropods in microcosms with either organic (41% C, 1.14% N) or mineral (0.05% C, 0.01% N) horizon soils of a spondosol. Root quantity was manipulated by varying plant density (0, 1, 2, or 4 seedlings) and rhizosphere soil was separated from non-rhizosphere soil by a 1.2 m mesh fabric. In the rhizosphere of organic soil horizons, moisture, microbial growth rate, biomass C and N, and extractable N declined as root density was increased, but there was little effect on nematodes or microarthropods. High levels of extractable N remained after 5 months, suggesting that N mineralization was stimulated during the incubation. In the rhizosphere of mineral soil horizons, microbial growth rate, and nematode and microarthropod abundances increased at higher root density, and in the absence of roots faunal abundance approached zero. Faunal activity was concentrated in the rhizosphere compared to non-rhizosphere soil. In organic soil horizons, roots may limit microbial activity by reducing soil moisture and/or N availability. However, in mineral soil horizons, where nutrient levels are very low, root inputs can stimulate microbial growth and faunal abundance by providing important substrates for microbial growth. Our results demonstrate a rhizosphere effect for soil fauna in the mineral soil, and thus extends the rhizosphere concept to components of the soil community other than microbes for forest ecosystems. Although our results need to be verified by field manipulations, we suggest that the effects of pine roots on nutrient cycling processes in coniferous forests can vary with soil nutrient content and, therefore, position in the soil profile.     

Nutrient Acquisition by Soybean Treated with and without Silicon under Ultraviolet-B Radiation

The objective of this study was to determine if treatment with silicon (Si) may improve nutrient uptake by soybean under ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation stress. Soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars, ‘Kennong 18’ (K 18) and ‘Zhonghuang 13’ (ZH 13), were grown in hydroponic cultures under ambient and supplemental levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–315 nm) with and without Si. Supplemental UV-B radiation simulating 30% stratospheric ozone depletion significantly decreased plant biomass by 74.9 to 135.6%, increased leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) by 9% and 16%, respectively, decreased leaf magnesium (Mg) contents by 9%, and calcium (Ca) by 24%. UV-B radiation caused a substantial increase in the allocation of P, potassium (K) and Ca to roots compared with stem and leaves, presumably to ensure sustained nutrient uptake under the stress. Silicon application improved the uptake of P and Mg by 11%, which favored the partitioning of dry mass to shoots under UV-B radiation and the allocation of tissue P and Ca to roots. The overall changes due to Si supported a reasonable increase in dry mass of the ‘K 18’ cultivar.     

Carbon Turnover in the Rhizosphere

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards understanding and quantifying the input and turnover of plant carbon in the rhizosphere. This was made possible by the development (partially by the authors) and combination of appropriate new methods, such as:

• –homogeneous labelling of whole plants with ¹⁴C
• –distinction between root and microbial respiration
• –separation of soil zones of known distances from the roots
• –determination of microbial soil biomass.

These methods were applied to study the following aspects:

• –release of organic plant carbon into the soil by growing roots
• –utilization of this plant carbon by the microbial biomass in the rhizosphere
• –related influence on the turnover of soil organic matter, and
• –spatial range of such root influence in the soil.

About 19% of the total photosynthetic production of the investigated plants was released into the rhizosphere as organic material. Most of this (15%) was transformed by the rhizosphere microorganisms into CO₂, while only a small fraction (4%) remained in the soil, mainly as microbial cells (2.5%). As a result, microbial rhizosphere biomass increased considerably. Relative to the organic C-input, however, the incorporation of root derived carbon by the microbial biomass was remarkably low (13%). Along with the increase in microbial rhizosphere biomass, the presence of plant roots also enhanced the decomposition of soil organic matter and affected soil aggregate stability. Root carbon and root influences were even detected up to 20 mm away from the roots. This may be partially attributed to the contribution of root derived volatiles. Accordingly, both the actual volume of the rhizosphere and its metabolic significance is greater than what has so far been assumed. Possible interactions involving root, soil and microbial carbon are discussed.     

Rhizodeposition: Its contribution to microbial growth and carbon and nitrogen turnover within the rhizosphere

A greenhouse rhizobox experiment was carried out to investigate the fate and turnover of ¹³C‐ and ¹⁵N‐labeled rhizodeposits within a rhizosphere gradient from 0–8 mm distance to the roots of wheat. Rhizosphere soil layers from 0–1, 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, 4–6, and 6–8 mm distance to separated roots were investigated in an incubation experiment (42 d, 15°C) for changes in total C and N and that derived from rhizodeposition in total soil, in soil microbial biomass, and in the 0.05 M K₂SO₄–extractable soil fraction. CO₂‐C respiration in total and that derived from rhizodeposition were measured from the incubated rhizosphere soil samples. Rhizodeposition C was detected in rhizosphere soil up to 4–6 mm distance from the separated roots. Rhizodeposition N was only detected in the rhizosphere soils up to 3–4 mm distance from the roots. Microbial biomass C and N was increased with increasing proximity to the separated roots. Beside ¹³C and ¹⁵N derived from rhizodeposits, unlabeled soil C and N (native SOM) were incorporated into the growing microbial biomass towards the roots, indicating a distinct acceleration of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and N immobilization into the growing microbial biomass, even under the competition of plant growth. During the soil incubation, microbial biomass C and N decreased in all samples. Any decrease in microbial biomass C and N in the incubated rhizosphere soil layers is attributed mainly to a decrease of unlabeled (native) C and N, whereas the main portion of previously incorporated rhizodeposition C and N during the plant growth period remained immobilized in the microbial biomass during the incubation. Mineralization of native SOM C and N was enhanced within the entire investigated rhizosphere gradient. The results indicate complex interactions between substrate input derived from rhizodeposition, microbial growth, and accelerated C and N turnover, including the decomposition of native SOM (i.e., rhizosphere priming effects) at a high spatial resolution from the roots.     

养殖废水灌溉下施用生物质炭和果胶对土壤养分和重金属迁移的影响

【目的】 养殖废水中含有丰富的养分,但也含有一定的重金属。本文研究了生物质炭和果胶对养殖废水灌溉下的土壤–植物系统养分和重金属迁移规律的影响,以利用养殖废水中的养分,并对其重金属进行调控。 【方法】 选取新乡市郊区农田土壤为供试土壤,采用根箱试验方法种植玉米。设置根箱土壤中添加1%的生物质炭和果胶,分别灌溉蒸馏水和养殖废水发酵产生的沼液。测定了土壤中养分和重金属的含量,探讨了其在土壤–植物系统的迁移规律。 【结果】 沼液灌溉的植株地上部生长与蒸馏水灌溉无显著差异。果胶相比于生物质炭可以促进植株生长。沼液灌溉时,果胶处理的根系和地上部生物量分别比对照增加了25.38%和31.21%。沼液灌溉普遍降低了根际和非根际土壤的pH,生物质炭处理和果胶处理与对照根际和非根际土壤的pH均无显著差异。沼液灌溉增加了非根际土壤的电导,生物质炭相比于果胶增加了土壤的电导。沼液灌溉增加了土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量。果胶根际土壤的全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、有效Fe、有效Mn均高于生物质炭处理,生物质炭处理根际和非根际土壤的全钾和速效钾含量均高于果胶处理。沼液灌溉相比于蒸馏水灌溉,增加了植株根、茎中N含量和Ca含量。生物质炭处理植株根茎叶N含量、根茎P含量、茎K含量、根茎叶Ca含量、根茎Mg含量高于果胶处理,但果胶处理养分的转运系数较高。养殖废水灌溉增加了根际和非根际土壤中有效Cu和Zn尤其是Zn的含量。与对照相比,生物质炭降低了根际土壤Cu、Pb、Ni的含量,而果胶增加了它们的含量。沼液灌溉增加了植株根茎叶中Cu、Zn、Pb含量,果胶处理植株根系Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni含量最高,但向地上部转运较少。 【结论】 在北方碱性土壤灌溉养殖废水发酵产生的沼液时,施用生物质炭和果胶可以提高土壤肥力和植株养分含量,生物质炭通过减少土壤中有效态重金属含量以减少重金属在植物体内累积,果胶虽然增加土壤有效态重金属含量,但可以降低其向地上部的转运,避免了重金属在植物体内的累积。      

Does the depletion of pentachlorophenol in root–soil interface follow a simple linear dependence on the distance to root surfaces?

To understand root–soil–microbe interactions in rhizo-depletion of xenobiotics, we conducted a glasshouse study using specially designed laminar rhizoboxes which allow intact layers of near- (1–5 mm) and far- (>5 mm) rhizosphere soil to be harvested separately from root surfaces without the removal of the root material itself. Plant (Lolium perenne L.) seedlings were grown for 90 days in a soil treated with PCP at 20 and 50 mg kg⁻¹. Changes in PCP depletion, soil microbial biomass and community structure (as indicated by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) profiles) with increasing distance from the root surfaces were then assessed after harvesting. Surprisingly, depletion of PCP in the planted rhizoboxes exhibited a nonlinear dependence on the distance to root surfaces, with the most rapid loss in the 2 or 3 mm near-rhizosphere layers, contrasting to the well-known linear gradient of root exudates and mineral nutrients etc. (generally, the extent gradually decreased with increasing distance from the root surface). Soil microbial biomass carbon, however, decreased linearly as expected with increasing distance from the roots. The microbial community structures as indicated by PLFA profiles showed distance-dependent selective enrichment of competent species that may be responsible for efficient PCP depletion. The results suggest that root exudates induced modifications of microbial communities in the PCP contaminated rhizosphere and spatially modified the dominant species within these communities, resulting in the nonlinear PCP depletion pattern.     

Effect of plant roots on carbon metabolism of soil microbial biomass

The utilization of plant- and soil-C by the microbial biomass in the rhizosphere of maize plants was investigated as a function of root proximity. The plants were cultivated in pots with divided root chambers and their shoots supplied with ¹⁴CO₂ for 23 days. Subsequently the individual soil zones were analyzed for organic C, ¹⁴C, biomass C and biomass ¹⁴C. Plant roots induced a 197% increase in microbial biomass and a 5.4% decrease in soil organic C compared with an 1.2% decrease in the unplanted control soil. The contributions of plant- and soil-C to this increased microbial growth amounted to 68% and 32% respectively. Biomass-¹⁴C corresponded to 1.6% of the total photosynthetically fixed ¹⁴C, to about 15% of the organic ¹⁴C-input into the rhizosphere and to 58% of the plant carbon remaining in soil after the removal of roots. 20% of this biomass-¹⁴C was found outside the immediate root zone. These results demonstrate that growing roots are a significant C-source for the microbial biomass and render an additional fraction of soil-C available to microbial utilization. The efficiency of C-utilization by the rhizosphere biomass is lower than values obtained with liquid cultures in laboratory experiments. The supply of plant-C to the microbial biomass outside the immediate root vicinity indicates that the overall volume of the maize rhizosphere is greater than what has been supposed so far.     

Production of root-derived material and associated microbial growth in soil at different nutrient levels

Summary Maize plants were grown for 42 days in a sandy soil at two different mineral nutrient levels, in an atmosphere containing ¹⁴CO₂. The ¹⁴C and total carbon contents of shoots, roots, soil and soil microbial biomass were measured 28, 35 and 42 days after germination. Relative growth rates of shoots and roots decreased after 35 days at the lower nutrient level, but were relatively constant at the higher nutrient level. In the former treatment, 2% of the total ¹⁴C fixed was retained as a residue in soil at all harvests while at the higher nutrient level up to 4% was retained after 42 days. Incorporation of ¹⁴C into the soil microbial biomass was close to its maximum after 35 days at the lower nutrient level, but continued to increase at the higher level. Generally a good agreement existed between microbial biomass, ¹⁴C contents and numbers of fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere. Numbers of fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere were maximal after 35 days at the lower nutrient level and continued to increase at the higher nutrient level. The proportions of the residual ¹⁴C in soil, incorporated in the soil microbial biomass, were 28% to 41% at the lower nutrient level and 20%6 – 30% at the higher nutrient level. From the lower nutrient soil 18%6 – 52%6 of the residual soil ¹⁴C could be extracted with 0.5 N K₂SO₄, versus 14%6 – 16% from the higher nutrient soil.Microbial growth in the rhizosphere seemed directly affected by the depletion of mineral nutrients while plant growth and the related production of root-derived materials continued.     

水稻根际和周围土壤中微生物功能基因丰度与碳、氮状况及其通量之间的关系

Rapid nitrogen（N） transformations and losses occur in the rice rhizosphere through root uptake and microbial activities. However,the relationships between rice roots and rhizosphere microbes for N utilization are still unclear. We analyzed different N forms（NH＋4,NO-3, and dissolved organic N）, microbial biomass N and C, dissolved organic C, CH4 and N2O emissions, and abundance of microbial functional genes in both rhizosphere and bulk soils after 37-d rice growth in a greenhouse pot experiment. Results showed that the dissolved organic C was significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the non-rhizosphere bulk soil, but microbial biomass C showed no significant difference. The concentrations of NH＋4, dissolved organic N, and microbial biomass N in the rhizosphere soil were significantly lower than those of the bulk soil, whereas NO-3in the rhizosphere soil was comparable to that in the bulk soil. The CH4 and N2O fluxes from the rhizosphere soil were much higher than those from the bulk soil. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the abundance of seven selected genes, bacterial and archaeal 16 S rRNA genes, amoA genes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, nosZ gene, mcrA gene, and pmoA gene, was lower in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil, which is contrary to the results of previous studies. The lower concentration of N in the rhizosphere soil indicated that the competition for N in the rhizosphere soil was very strong, thus having a negative effect on the numbers of microbes. We concluded that when N was limiting, the growth of rhizosphere microorganisms depended on their competitive abilities with rice roots for N.     

Mycorrhizal community structure,microbial biomass P and phosphatase activities under Salix polaris as influenced by nutrient availability

Low supply of the nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limit plant growth and spreading, and increase the plant-microbial nutrient competition in subarctic and arctic regions. We investigated the mycorrhizal community structure of a polar shrub willow (Salix polaris) and the microbial turnover in its rhizosphere to explore the adaptation of a mycorrhizal plant in the subarctic tundra. The ectomycorrhizal colonisation ranged from 35 to 64% of the fine root tips and decreased with an increasing soil C/N ratio. In total, 16 ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were found under S. polaris (eight to 13 morphotypes per site, five morphotypes at all four sites). Cenococcum sp. was the most common EM fungus (32% of the ectomycorrhizal fine roots). The abundance of Cenococcum sp. increased with an increasing organic matter content and N/P ratio in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of S. polaris was absent or less than 1% of the fine root length. Microbial biomass P accounted for 21–75% of the organic soil P and 6–49% of the total soil P. Microbial biomass P, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in the rhizosphere increased with increasing soil N concentration. We conclude that a higher N supply decreases the diversity in the mycorrhizal community on polar willows and increases the role of P turnover from the soil microbial biomass for the nutrient supply.     

Relationships between microbial indices in roots and silt loam soils forming a gradient in soil organic matter

Perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne) was grown in a greenhouse pot experiment on seven soils to answer the question whether the microbial colonisation of roots is related to existing differences in soil microbial indices. The soils were similar in texture, but differed considerably in soil organic matter, microbial biomass, and microbial community structure. Ergosterol and fungal glucosamine were significantly interrelated in the root material. This ergosterol was also significantly correlated with the average ergosterol content of bulk and rhizosphere soil. In addition, the sum of fungal C and bacterial C in the root material revealed a significant linear relationship with microbial biomass C in soil. The colonisation of roots with microorganisms increased apparently with an increase in soil microbial biomass. In the root material, microbial tissue consisted of 77% fungi and 23% bacteria. In soil, the fungal dominance was slightly, but significantly lower, with 70% fungi and 30% bacteria. Fungal glucosamine in the root material was significantly correlated with that in soil (r=0.65). This indicates a close relationship between the composition of dead microbial remains in soil and the living fraction in soil and root material for unknown reasons.     

Fate of C- and N-labelled rhizodeposition of Lolium perenne as function of the distance to the root surface

A greenhouse rhizobox experiment was carried out to quantify the incorporation of ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-labelled rhizodeposits into different soil pools, especially into the rhizosphere microbial biomass, with increasing distances to the root surface of Lolium perenne. Five layers were analysed over 0-4.2 mm distance to an artificial root surface. C and N derived from rhizodeposition were 4.2% of total C and 2.8% of total N in soil at 0-1.0 mm distance and decreased rapidly with increasing distance. Microbial biomass C and N increased significantly towards the roots. At 0-1.0 mm distance microbial biomass C and N accounted for 66% and 29% of C and N derived from rhizodeposition, respectively. These percentages declined with increasing distance to the roots, but were still traceable up to 4.2 mm distance. Only small amounts of root released C and N were found in the 0.05 M K₂SO₄-extractable fraction. Extractable C and N derived from rhizodeposition varied around means of 4% of total C and N derived from rhizodeposition and increased only marginally with increasing distance to the roots. C derived from rhizodeposition in the non-extractable soil organic matter increased from 65 to 89% of total C derived from rhizodeposition at 0-3.4 mm distance. Conversely, microbial biomass C derived from rhizodeposition decreased from 33 to 4%. N derived from rhizodeposition in the non-extractable soil organic matter increased from 61 to 79% of total N derived from rhizodeposition at 0-2.6 mm distance, followed by a decline to roughly 55% in the two outer layers. Microbial biomass N decreased from 37 to 16% at 0-2.6 mm distance, followed by an increase to roughly 41% in the two outer layers. The C/N ratio of total C and N derived from rhizodeposition as well as that of extractable C and N derived from rhizodeposition increased with increasing distance to the roots to values above 30. In contrast, the C/N ratio of incorporated rhizodeposition C and N into the microbial biomass decreased to values less than 5 at 2.6-4.2 mm distance. The data indicate differential microbial response to C and N derived from rhizodeposition at a high spatial resolution from the root surface. The turnover of C and N derived from rhizodeposition in the rhizosphere as a function of the distance to the root surface is discussed.     

氨基酸增值尿素对水稻苗期生长及根际微生物菌群的影响

[目的]研究氨基酸增值尿素(AU)对不同稻作水稻生长、根际养分与微生物群落的影响机制,以期为水稻早期水氮合理调控及氨基酸增值尿素合理施用提供依据.[方法]以'两优华6'水稻和氨基酸增值尿素(AU)为试材,开展了水作/旱作盆栽试验.试验共设旱作不施尿素(GCK)、旱作施普通尿素(GU)、旱作施氨基酸增值尿素(GAU)、水...     

Nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in the rhizospheres of three tree species in a nutrient-poor sandy soil

We examined acid phosphatase activity (APA), N mineralization and nitrification rates, available N and P, and microbial biomass C, N and P in rhizosphere and bulk soils of 18-year-old Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila), Simon poplar (Populus simonii) and Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) plantations on a nutrient-poor sandy soil in Northeast China. The main objective was to compare the rhizosphere effects of different tree species on N and P cycling under nutrient-deficient conditions. All tree species had the similar pattern but considerably different magnitude of rhizosphere effects. The APA, potential net N mineralization and nitrification rates increased significantly (by 27–60%, 110–188% and 106–142% respectively across the three species) in rhizosphere soil compared to bulk soil. This led to significantly higher Olsen-P and NH₄⁺-N concentrations in rhizosphere soil, whereas NO₃⁻-N concentration was significantly lower in rhizosphere soil owing to increased microbial immobilization and root uptake. Microbial biomass C and N generally increased while microbial biomass P remained constant in rhizosphere soil relative to bulk soil, indicating the N-limited rather than P-limited microbial growth. Rhizosphere effects on P transformation were most pronounced for Siberian elm, while rhizosphere effects on N transformation were most pronounced for Mongolian pine, implying the different capacities of these species to acquire nutrients.     

Microbial colonisation of roots as a function of plant species

Fifteen plants species were grown in the greenhouse on the same soil and sampled at flowering to obtain rhizosphere soil and root material. In both fractions, the data on fungal and bacterial tissue obtained by amino sugar analysis were compared with the total microbial biomass based on fumigation-extraction and ergosterol data. The available literature on glucosamine concentrations in fungi and on muramic acid concentrations in bacteria was reviewed to prove the possibility of generating conversion values for general use in root material. All microbial properties analysed revealed strong species-specific differences in microbial colonisation of plant roots. The root material contained considerable amounts of microbial biomass C and biomass N, reaching mean levels of 10.9 and 1.4 mg g⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. However, the majority of CHCl₃ labile C and N, i.e. 89 and 55% was root derived. The average amount of ergosterol was 13 μg g⁻¹ dry weight and varied between 0.0 for Phacelia roots and 45.5 μg g⁻¹ dry weight for Vicia roots. The ergosterol content in root material of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plant species did not differ significantly. Fungal glucosamine was converted to fungal C by multiplication by 9 giving a range of 7.1-25.9 mg g⁻¹ dry weight in the root material. Fungal C and ergosterol were significantly correlated. Bacterial C was calculated by multiplying muramic acid by 45 giving a range from 1.7 to 21.6 mg g⁻¹ dry weight in the root material. In the root material of the 15 plant species, the ratio of fungal C-to-bacterial C ranged from 1.0 in mycorrhizal Trifolium roots to 9.5 in non-mycorrhizal Lupinus roots and it was on average 3.1. These figures mean that the microbial tissue in the root material consists on average of 76% fungal C and 24% bacterial C. The differences in microbial colonisation of the roots were reflected by differences in microbial indices found in the rhizosphere soil, most strongly for microbial biomass C and ergosterol, but to some extent also for glucosamine and muramic acid.     

A model system for studying the biochemistry and biology of the root-soil interface

Calcined attapulgite, a non-swelling clay mineral, has been used as a medium for plant growth when mixed with a nutrient solution in the proportion of 0.95 ml g^?1. Attapulgite is an ideal model “soil” for ultrastructural studies, enabling large intact thin sections through root, rhizoplane and soil. Transmission electron micrographs are presented which illustrate the value of attapulgite for in situ studies of rhizosphere populations, for the demonstration of enzyme activities in individual bacteria and for specific staining of extracellular polysaccharide.A standard fumigation-respiration technique widely used for estimating soil microbial biomass is shown to give unreliable results for rhizosphere samples and should not be used to measure microbial biomass in close asssociation with living roots. The addition of a dilute soil suspension to the attapulgite medium caused a stimulation of root growth without any increase in shoot growth.     

半干旱农田生态系统作物根系和施肥对土壤微生物体氮的影响

盆栽和大田试验表明,作物根系显著影响土壤微生物体氮的含量。在田间试验条件下,根际土壤微生物体氮比非根际土壤平均高出N54.7μg/g;盆栽试验中,根际土壤微生物体氮平均含量为N77.1±13.6μg/g,而非根际土壤为N65.2±17.0μg/g,差异达显著水平,根际微生物体氮含量为非际根际土壤的1.10～2.04倍。施肥能明显增加土壤微生物体氮含量,但影响程度因肥料种类而不同。秸秆和富含有机物质的厩肥对土壤微生物体氮的影响远大于化学肥料,而且土壤微生物体氮含量随秸秆施用量增加而增加。在红油土上进行的20年长期田间定位试验结果表明,对不施肥和施氮磷处理,0—20cm土层的微生物体氮分别是N102.2和110.4μg/g;在施氮磷的基础上,每公顷配施新鲜玉米秸秆9375kg、18750kg、37500kg和厩肥37500kg时,相应土层微生物体氮分别是N147.5、163.2、286.4和265.3μg/g。培养条件下,当有效能源物质缺乏时,微生物对NH4+-N的同化固定能力远大于NO3--N,但在加入有效能源物质葡萄糖后,微生物对2种形态氮的固定量大幅度增加,且对2种形态氮的固定量趋于一致。     

酸性红壤上玉米不同部位固氮微生物群落丰度和组成特征

  【目的】   发挥微生物固氮功能可降低农田化学氮肥的投入,对于缓解土壤酸化具有重要意义。固氮微生物广泛存在于植物体的各个部位,了解酸性土壤上作物不同部位固氮微生物群落特征,为挖掘其功能潜力提供数据支撑和理论基础。   【方法】   选择性状差异较大的耐铝玉米品种先玉335和铝敏感品种Mo17为试验材料,在酸性红壤上种植1个月后,收集玉米地上部、根部和根际土壤样品,分析玉米生物量、养分含量和根际土壤基本理化性质;采用实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术,以nifH基因为标靶,分析不同玉米品种、不同取样部位 (叶部、根部和根际土壤) 固氮微生物群落的丰度、多样性和结构组成。   【结果】   先玉335地上和地下生物量显著高于Mo17,但是植株氮、磷浓度和根际土壤pH、铵态氮和速效钾含量却低于Mo17。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,nifH基因丰度在玉米不同部位间的差异程度明显大于玉米品种间的差异,其中根部丰度显著高于根际土壤和叶部,而且先玉335根部nifH基因丰度要高于Mo17。高通量测序分析显示,变形菌门 (Proteobacteria) 和蓝藻门 (Cyanobacteria) 是固氮微生物的优势门,根际土壤和根部的优势菌属是慢生根瘤菌属 (Bradyrhizobium),而叶部优势菌属是细鞘丝藻属 (Leptolyngbya),多数优势菌属相对丰度在玉米不同部位间呈现显著差异。取样部位显著影响固氮微生物群落多样性指数 (Shannon指数和OTU数量),但同一部位品种间没有明显差异,其中根际多样性指数显著高于根部,两者均高于叶部。非度量多维尺度 (NMDS) 和PERMANOVA分析显示,取样部位对固氮微生物群落结构组成的影响程度显著高于品种的影响,根际土壤、根部和叶部三者之间的群落组成差异达到显著水平,而品种间仅仅根际土壤样品差异显著。   【结论】   酸性红壤上,玉米不同部位间的固氮微生物群落丰度、多样性和结构组成差异程度显著高于品种间的差异。根部固氮微生物丰度最高,暗示固氮潜力更大。叶部固氮微生物群落组成显著不同于根际土壤和根部,且有最低的丰度和多样性,这与叶片苛刻的环境条件密切相关。     

玉米植株不同部位还田土壤活性碳、氮的动态变化

探讨玉米植株不同部位腐解对还田土壤活性碳、 氮动态变化的影响。采用室内培养方法,通过动态监测土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）、微生物量氮（SMBN）、可溶性碳（DOC）和矿质氮含量,研究等量玉米根茬、秸秆、茎及叶4个部位在连续7季还田（秸秆+根茬还田）和不还田土壤（仅根茬还田）中的腐解转化特征。结果表明,秸秆腐解的最初 7 d是土壤活性碳、 氮动态变化的高峰期;腐解期间（62 d）SMBC、SMBN含量表现为添加秸秆始终高于根茬,叶分别在前28 d、14 d内高于茎,后期则低于茎,秸秆介于茎、叶之间;土壤DOC、矿质氮含量为叶＞秸秆＞茎＞根茬;培养结束时,各处理SMBC和矿质氮含量均较起始（0 d）显著提高,DOC含量基本保持不变,SMBN含量显著下降。与不还田土壤相比,还田土壤对新鲜残体的腐解影响不显著,且两者间土壤活性氮组分的差异较碳组分明显。腐解期间土壤活性碳、 氮的动态变化主要取决于各器官碳、 氮等化学组分的差异性,等量秸秆较根茬更有利于补充土壤活性碳、氮数量,土壤活性氮组分对还田土壤的响应较碳组分灵敏。