双滑移取向Cu单晶的循环形变行为──Ⅱ．滑移带和形变带SCIEI

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究了双滑移取向（［０３４］，［１１７］）Ｃｕ单晶循环饱和后的表面形貌，塑性分切应变幅（γｐｌ）低于１０^（－３）时，［０３４］晶体表面上要为主滑移系的驻留滑移带（ＰＳＢｓ）占据，次滑移只在边缘区域启动，其ＰＳＢｓ细窄（＜１μｍ），体积百分数在１％以下．γｐｌ＞１０^（－３）时，次滑移开始在试样的中部启动，同时，表面出现二种贯穿晶体的宏观形变带（ＤＢＩ，ＤＢＩＩ），滑移带在形变带内集中．［１１７］晶体在γｐｌ＝４．４×１０^（－４）时，双滑移现象已十分明显．γｐｌ＞１０^（－３）时，表面也形成与前者相似的形变带．ＤＢＩ的惯习面与主滑移面平行（［０３４］晶体）或接近（［１１７］晶体），ＤＢＩＩ的惯习面则与前者垂直，文章讨论了形变带形成的可能原因．     

单晶Ni_3Al裂纹扩展的TEM原位观察

利用透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）原位拉伸在室温下对（１１０）［１１０］取向 Ｎｉ３ＡＩ合金单晶中裂纹的萌生与扩展进行了研究结果表明：裂纹沿之字形路径扩展且裂纹的总体扩展路径与拉伸轴平行迹线分析表明,首先激活的是（１１１）和（１１１）两个主滑移面上的滑移系;其后在 Ｓｃｈｍｉｄ因子为零的两个滑移面上的滑移系激活．为了解释所观察到的现象而建立了一个位错塞积模型位错应力场的计算表明,塞积位错列所产生的应力场导致了第二滑移系的启动,并使得裂纹扩展路径平行于拉伸轴的方向     

双滑移取向Cu单晶的循环形变行为──Ⅰ．循环形变行为SCIEI

在塑性分切应变幅（γｐｌ）为１０^（－４）─１０^（－２）的范围，研究了双滑移取向（［０３４］，［１１７］）和单滑移取向（［１２５］）Ｃｕ单晶的循环硬化及饱和行为．［０３４］晶体的初始循环硬化规律与［１２５］晶体的相似，在γｐｌ小于１０^（－３）的范围，硬化速率（θ＿（０．２））较低，且不依赖于γｐｌ；当γｐｌ＞１０^（－３）时，硬化速率随γｐｌ的增加快速上升．［１１７］晶体在１０^（－４）＜γｐｌ＜５×１０^（－３）范围的初始硬化速率显著高于其它二种晶体．二种双滑移取向晶体在快速硬化之后、均有明显的软化现象．［０３４］晶体的循环应力－应变曲线（ＣＳＳＣ）有一平台区，饱和应力与单滑移晶体的相近，但平台区较短（上限为γｐｌ～４．３×１０^（－３））．［１１７］晶体的ＣＳＳＣ几乎不存在平台区，饱和应力是γｐｌ的单调升函数，与多晶体的ＣＳＳＣ相似．上述循环形变行为与不同滑移系之间的位错反应特点一致．     

a-Ti在原位透射电镜拉伸变形过程中位错的滑移系确定

利用聚焦离子束(FIB)对hcp结构金属α-Ti进行纳米尺寸单晶拉伸样品定向切割,利用特制的双金属片拉伸器在TEM中将单晶样品沿[2110]方向进行原位拉伸.结果表明,在拉伸过程中,随着应变量的增加,α-Ti先后产生了3类不同Burgers矢量的滑移位错:柱面a位错及2类锥面c+a位错,滑移位错的Burgers矢量主要通过原位TEM双束衍衬像确定.针对hcp结构的低对称性和Burgers矢量可能与多种滑移面相组合的特点,先利用TEM与EBSD确定晶体取向以及样品的拉伸方向,再通过计算位错Burgers矢量对应的多个滑移系的Schmid因子,确定α-Ti拉伸变形过程中开动的滑移系.     

CYCLIC DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF Cu SINGLE CRYSTALS ORIENTED FORDOUBLE SLIP Ⅱ. Persistent Slip Bands and Deformation Bands

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究了双滑移取向（［０３４］，［１１７］）Ｃｕ单晶循环饱和后的表面形貌，塑性分切应变幅（γｐｌ）低于１０~（－３）时，［０３４］晶体表面上要为主滑移系的驻留滑移带（ＰＳＢｓ）占据，次滑移只在边缘区域启动，其ＰＳＢｓ细窄（＜１μｍ），体积百分数在１％以下．γｐｌ＞１０~（－３）时，次滑移开始在试样的中部启动，同时，表面出现二种贯穿晶体的宏观形变带（ＤＢＩ，ＤＢＩＩ），滑移带在形变带内集中．［１１７］晶体在γｐｌ＝４．４×１０~（－４）时，双滑移现象已十分明显．γｐｌ＞１０~（－３）时，表面也形成与前者相似的形变带．ＤＢＩ的惯习面与主滑移面平行（［０３４］晶体）或接近（［１１７］晶体），ＤＢＩＩ的惯习面则与前者垂直，文章讨论了形变带形成的可能原因．     

CYCLIC DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF Cu SINGLE CRYSTAL ORIENTED FOR DOUBLE SLIPS Ⅰ. Cyclic Hardening and Saturation

在塑性分切应变幅（γｐｌ）为１０~（－４）─１０~（－２）的范围，研究了双滑移取向（［０３４］，［１１７］）和单滑移取向（［１２５］）Ｃｕ单晶的循环硬化及饱和行为．［０３４］晶体的初始循环硬化规律与［１２５］晶体的相似，在γｐｌ小于１０~（－３）的范围，硬化速率（θ＿（０．２））较低，且不依赖于γｐｌ；当γｐｌ＞１０~（－３）时，硬化速率随γｐｌ的增加快速上升．［１１７］晶体在１０~（－４）＜γｐｌ＜５×１０~（－３）范围的初始硬化速率显著高于其它二种晶体．二种双滑移取向晶体在快速硬化之后、均有明显的软化现象．［０３４］晶体的循环应力－应变曲线（ＣＳＳＣ）有一平台区，饱和应力与单滑移晶体的相近，但平台区较短（上限为γｐｌ～４．３×１０~（－３））．［１１７］晶体的ＣＳＳＣ几乎不存在平台区，饱和应力是γｐｌ的单调升函数，与多晶体的ＣＳＳＣ相似．上述循环形变行为与不同滑移系之间的位错反应特点一致．     

单晶Ni3Al裂纹扩展的TEM原位观察

利用透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）原位拉伸在室温下对（１１０）〖１１０〗取向Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金单晶中裂纹的萌生与扩展进行了研究。结果表明：裂纹沿之字形路径扩展且裂纹的总体扩展路径与拉伸轴平行。迹线分析表明,首先激活的是（１１１）和（１１１）两个主滑移面上的滑移系;其后在Ｓｃｈｍｉｄ因子为零的两个滑移面上的滑移系激活。为了解释所观察到的现象而建立了一个位错塞积模型。位错应力场的计算表明,塞积位错列所产生的应力场导致     

一种镍基单晶高温合金压缩蠕变强度的各向异性

研究了镍基单晶高温合金压缩蠕变强度的各向异性．结果表明,压缩蠕变强度的取向依赖性与温度有关,其由大到小的排序分别为：１０２３Ｋ－［１１０］,［１１１］,［００１］;１１２３Ｋ－［１１０］,［００１］,［１１１］,当蠕变速率小于８×１０－５ｓ－１时,［００１］与［１１０］间的各向异性减弱;１２２３Ｋ－［１１０］,［００１］,［１１１］,但［００１］与［１１０］间的各向异性变得非常弱,通过蠕变门槛应力分析,确定了上述取向在不同区域中的蠕变控制机制,拼据此解释了压缩蠕变强度的各向异性．     

镍基单晶合金的厚度效应

考察了镍基单晶合金ＤＤ３板试样在厚度为０．５，１．０，２．０ｍｍ、晶体取向为［００１］，［０１１］，［１１１］和［１１２］以及试验温度为１０００，９５０，８５０和７６０℃下的变形和破坏规律。宏观结果表明，厚度效应表现出与温度的相关性：１０００℃时，试样越薄，屈服强度越高；９５０℃以下，试样越厚，屈服强度越高。ＳＥＭ细观断口形貌分析表明，除１０００℃［００１］取向试样断口表现出韧窝断裂模式外，其余试     

单向拉伸与压缩时粗晶纯锌的形变及损伤行为

对具有密排六方（hcp）结构的粗晶纯锌（纯度为99.995%）试样进行单向拉伸与压缩实验,研究其形变及损伤行为。用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对试样的表面变形形貌以及断口形貌进行观察。结果表明：单向拉伸试样塑性很差,只有当应变速率很小时才表现出一定的塑性,在形变过程中几乎没有滑移系开动,只有少量孪晶产生,断口主要以解理断裂为主;单向压缩试样的塑性远优于相同应变速率下的拉伸试样,不同压缩量试样的形变与损伤方式略有不同,主要有孪生（包括二次孪晶）、滑移和裂纹的形成等;晶界在不同载荷下也有不同的表现。     

Operative slip systems and anomalous strengthening in Ni3Nb single crystals with the D0a structure

The plastic deformation behavior of Ni₃Nb single crystals was examined in tension and compression to determine the operative slip and twinning systems, and to explore the anomalous strengthening behavior. A strong temperature dependence of the CRSS for both the slip and twinning systems was observed, which was dependent on the sample orientation. Anomalous flow behavior was also observed in Ni₃Nb crystals deformed by (010)[100] and (001)[100] slip. The anomalous strengthening mechanism is discussed on the basis of both the anisotropy of APB energy and the formation of dragging atmosphere around moving dislocations.     

循环压缩载荷下Ni3Al基合金单晶体的疲劳开裂

采用两种晶体取向的单边缺口试样，在循环压缩载荷下对Ｎｉ３Ａｌ基合金单晶体的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展行为进行了研究。在循环压缩载荷下，第一阶段的晶体学开裂在缺口根部同时沿着两个或更多的（１１１）面发生。     

Mechanisms of plastic deformation in microcrystalline and nanocrystalline TiNi-based alloys

Mechanisms of plastic deformation of a high-temperature B2 phase that act upon tension, compression, and high-pressure torsion in TiNi-based single crystals have been studied depending on the crystal orientation. For the crystals with orientations located near the [$ \bar 1 $ \bar 1 11] and [$ \bar 1 $ \bar 1 12] poles in the standard stereographic triangle, multiple dislocation slip prevails upon both compression and tension. In “hard” crystals with the deformation axis close to the [001] direction, in which the Schmid factors for dislocation slip are close to zero, the main deformation mechanisms are the mechanical twinning in the B2 phase and the stress-assisted B2 → B19′ martensitic transformation. All the above listed mechanisms take part in the formation of the {111}〈hkl〉 texture. The mechanism of the change in the orientation of “hard” polycrystalline grains upon the formation of a nanocrystalline and amorphous-crystalline state has been demonstrated on the example of the evolution of the structure of [001] crystals upon severe plastic deformation in a Bridgman cell.     

Deformation Mechanisms of Alpha-Uranium Single Crystals

The operative deformation elements in α-uranium single crystals under compression at room temperature have been determined as a function of the compression directions. The deformation mechanisms noted may be arranged with respect to their frequency of occurrence and ease of operation in the following order: 1—(010)-[100] slip, 2—{130} twinning, 3—{~172} twinning, and 4—under special conditions of stress application, kinking, cross-slip, {~176} twinning, and {011} slip. The composition planes of the {172} and {176} systems were found to be irrational. Cross-slip was shown to be associated with the major (010) slip system, coupled with localized interaction of slip on the (001) planes. The mechanism of kinking was found to be similar to that observed in other metals in that it occurred chiefly when the compression direction was nearly parallel to the principal slip direction [100] and was associated with a lattice rotation about an axis contained in the slip plane and normal to the slip direction: the [001] in the uranium lattice. The resolved critical shear stress for slip on the (010)-[100] system was found to be 0.34 kg per mm². In a single test it was shown that under compression in suitable directions twinning on the {130} also occurs at 600°C     

EFFECT OF SLIP ORIENTATION ON STRESS RESPONSE,INTERNAL FRICTION AND ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION DURING CYCLIC DEFORMATION IN Al SINGLE CRYSTALS

The variation of cyclic stress,internal friction and ultrasonic attenuation during cyclicdeformation and relations among them have been investigated with different slip orientationAl single crystals.The results indicate that the value of cyclic stress σ,internal frictionQ~(-1)and ultrasonic attenuation △α depend obviously on the slip orientation.There are largedifferences in above three parameters for different slip orientation Al crystals.In early stageof fatigue life,σ and △α increase and Q~(-1)decreases with cycles N,and △α reached maxi-mum before σ,while Q~(-1)and σ get the valley and the peak,respectively,at same cycles.     

铜双晶体中晶界及组元晶体的疲劳寿命

本文对具有单,双滑移取向组元晶体的近生趣晶界铜双晶体进行拉－拉循环变形,得出铜双晶体中晶界及组元晶体的Ｓ－Ｎ曲线,比较了铜双晶体晶界及组元晶体疲劳寿命的差别,发现在相同的应力幅下晶界的疲劳寿命明显低于组元晶体的疲劳寿命。     

晶体取向对铝单晶在循环形变过程中的应力响应、摩擦应力和反馈应力的影响

采用晶体取向不同的99.999％Al单晶试样,进行拉压对称的应变控制疲劳试验。应变幅为2×10~(-3)。记录了各循环周次的应力、应力-应变滞后回线,根据回线的面积和形状计算了循环形变中的能量损耗、摩擦应力、反馈应力及形状参量。观察了滑移形貌,发现晶体取向对上述各量均有很大影响。多滑移取向晶体比单滑移取向晶体具有大得多的初始硬化率、饱和应力值和能量损耗。而滞后回线的形状则后者较接近矩形,其形状参量V_H比前者大,探讨了各参量间的关系及它们与材料内部位错结构的联系。     

Tension–compression asymmetry of the stress–strain response in aged single crystal and polycrystalline NiTi

The purpose of this work is to thoroughly understand tension–compression asymmetry in precipitated NiTi using unique experimental results and micro-mechanical modeling. For the first time, tensile and compressive stress–strain behaviors were established on aged single crystals ([100], [110], and [111] orientations) and polycrystalline NiTi. The single crystal and polycrystalline Ti–50.8 at.% Ni materials were given both peak aged and over aged heat treatments. The drawn polycrystalline NiTi has a strong texture of the 〈111〉{110} type, thus it deformed in a manner consistent with the [111] single crystals. In contrast to the phenomenological theory of martensitic transformations (analogous to Schmid's law), the critical resolved shear stress required to trigger the transformation, τ_crss, in the peak-aged single crystals was dependent on both the stress direction and crystallographic orientation. Using micro-mechanical modeling, the deviation from Schmid's law was attributed to the unique orientation relationship that exists between the Ti₃Ni₄ precipitates (their coherent stress fields) and the 24 martensite correspondence variant pairs. The over-aged single crystals generally obeyed Schmid's law within experimental error, consistent with the proposed micro-mechanical model. Qualitatively, the tension–compression asymmetry and orientation dependence of the recoverable strain level, ε₀, was consistent with the phenomenological theory for martensitic transformations. However, the peak- and over-aged single crystals generally both demonstrated smaller ε₀ magnitudes than predicted. The differences for both crystals were attributed to the inhibition of martensite detwinning coupled with several unique microstructural effects.     

钛单晶纳米柱拉压不对称性的分子动力学模拟

本文基于分子动力学模拟,通过研究钛单晶纳米柱在拉伸和压缩下的力学响应特征及晶体结构演化行为,揭示其塑性变形机制。结果表明沿[0001]晶向拉伸条件下主要塑性变形机制为伴生的{101 ?2}孪晶和基面层错;而沿[0001]晶向压缩条件下,基面位错作为优先形核的缺陷参与到塑性变形过程,随后锥面位错出现并协调了轴向和横向变形,压缩条件下无孪晶产生。拉伸模拟过程中观察到一种有别于传统孪生的晶体再取向现象,其孪晶与基体间呈现基面/柱面对应关系。