我国成年人选择反应时状况分析

采用实验及数理统计法，对2000年国家国民体质监测的成年组（20～69岁）约173600人的选择反应时进行统计分析。结果表明：我国成年人的选择反应时先是随年龄的增长而减少，男子在22岁、女子在21岁之后随年龄的增长而延长。男子的选择反应时要短于女子，差异具有高度显著性（P〈0．01）；体质水平与选择反应时呈中度负相关归（r=-0．546），体质好的人群选择反应时要短；参与锻炼人群的选择反应时要短于不锻炼的人群，差异具有非常显著性（P〈0．001）。     

根据青少年身体素质发展规律,安排高中女生体育课教材

中学体育教学的对象是青少年学生,学生在生长发育过程中,除了身体形态、机能发展有明显特征外,身体素质也随着年龄的增长而变化着。我国79年对青少儿体质调查的结果表明,五项素质指标(速度腰腹肌力量、静力性力量耐力、弹跳和耐久力)男于19岁前,女子12—13岁前随年龄的增长而增长;男子各项指标高峰出现在19—22岁,女子各项指标则出现两次高峰,11—14岁出现第一次高峰后下降停滞,18岁后又回升,     

上海市城区成年人身体成分现状的分析

以上海市城区13646名20-59岁成年人为研究对象，对各项体成分指标及超重和肥胖检出率进行分析研究。结果显示。上海市城区成年人体成分大部分指标随年龄增长而增长，女性随年龄增长的幅度大于男性：超重和肥胖检出率分别为30．8％、7．1％，其中男性分别为37．8％、9．0％，女性分别为24．1％、5．2％，男性明显高于女性；随年龄增长．超重和肥胖率也同步增长；同时研究发现男性有44．5％、女性有27．5％属于“隐形肥胖”。与2000年相比，城区成年人大部分体成分指标及超重和肥胖检出率均呈增长趋势，男性较女性变化明显。     

云南省成年人身体形态现状与规律的研究

通过对我省四个监测片的13个监测站5626名成年人身高、体重、(体重／身高)&;#215;1000(克托莱指数)测试结果的研究表明：我省成年人身高较稳定。男子18～25岁、女子26～30岁身高达峰值。男女身高均值为166．4cm与155．1cm，与’94中国职工男女身高均值我省成年人身高相比偏矮。男女身高均值在36～40岁即出现显著性降低，与’94中国职工比较提前了近9年。男女身高从峰值到成年末期分别减少2．66cm与2．76cm。成年人体重18～25岁最小，体重随年龄增长而增大。男子到41～45岁、女子46～50岁体重达峰值，男女分别增长4．07kg与7．57kg，其增幅与持续时间女子均较男子为大。体重达峰值后有随年龄增长逐渐减少的趋势。     

快跑速度、步频、步幅对田径速度性项目选材的意义及评价

一、研究对象上海市十所业余少体校田经班的学员。女子203人,年龄(本文的年龄均指骨龄)为10—17岁;男子187人,年龄11—18岁。男、女均分八个年龄组(详见表一)。     

中老年退休职工体质研究

本文通过标准化测量方法对受试者身体形态、机能和素质共13项指标进行测试,以探讨我国退休纺织工人体质水平现状,比较与国外同龄者体质发展水平是否存在差异,结果表明:身高随年龄增长而下降。其它形态指标无显著变化、体脂率男子较为适中,女子超出标准偏肥胖。血压男女均随年龄增长有升高趋势,呼吸机能男60岁和女55岁后明显下降,身体素质下降明显,与日本同龄组体力年龄相差10～20岁,受试者患病率高,有2/3的人无运动习惯。造成我国中老年退休职工体质差的原因尚待进一步研究。     

对优秀自行车运动员右心功能的研究

本文通过应用肺血流图对国内６６名男、女优秀自行车运动员与６０名男、女大学生静态检测并对比分析，表明运动员经系统训练后，右心适应代偿能力增强，在全部１１项指标中，男子１０项，女子９项具有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５—０．０１），男、女运动员组均优于男、女学生组。     

国民体质监测中我国成年人群高血压检出率影响因素研究

为掌握现阶段我国高血压发病的相关因素，采用因子分析方法，利用2000年国民体质监测的资料，对我国31个省、自台区、直辖市的17．7万成年人(20～59岁)和老年人(60～69岁)的高血压检出率及其影响因素进行分析。结果发现，无论在体质指标中，还是综合因素的分析中，体型变化是影响高血压检出率的首要因素，其中，男子以腰围的影响更为重要，女子以BMI的影响更为重要；年龄和机能指标与高血压检出率关系也较密切；生存环境和工作种类对高血压检出率也有重要影响。     

北京市成年人身体机能状况的调查研究

本文通过对北京市成年人体质测试,进行人体机能分析研究。测试对象为北京市市民,男子18至59岁,女子18至54岁,男子共3806人,女子共3568人。对测试中的机能指标——脉搏、血压、肺活量、台阶指数进行了分析,脉搏、肺活量和肺活量/体重的变化是随年龄的增长而下降,下降过程有起伏;收缩压、舒张压和台阶指数的变化是随年龄的增长而上升,上升过程中有起伏。这些指标的变化规律有阶段性,以下降的幅度、速度和T检验的结果划分为31～35岁,41～45岁,51～55岁3个阶段,不同指标各阶段下降情况与锻炼身体有很大关系。成年人18～20岁组与1985年中学生(18岁组)进行比较,发现成年人18～20岁的指标结果与中学生差异很大,成年人18～20岁组的机能状况不如18岁组的中学生。     

中国成年人体质测验方法组成与国际常用标准的比较

1．中国成年人体质测定标准的由来及方法组成：1995年6月20日国务院颁布了《全民健身计划纲要》。《纲要》规定在我国实施体质监测制度，制定了体质测定标准，定期公布《全国成人体质测定标准》，以便建立科学的监测系统，对我国公民健身实施宏观的调控。中国成年人体质测定按年龄分为甲、乙两组，甲组为40岁以下，乙组为41岁以上；按性别分男、女两大组，共包含15小组。测定指标规定有两套：第1套甲组有6项，为身高标准体重、肺活量、握力、坐位体前屈、纵跳、俯卧撑（男）或仰卧起坐（女）；第1套乙组有6项，为身高标准体重、肺活景、握力、坐位体前屈，手反应时、闭眼单足站立。     

人体静态不同体位对颈总动脉血流最大流速影响

目的：研究青年人群、中年人群和老年人群在静态下不同体位颈总动脉血流最大流速的特征。方法：选取安庆师范大学165名志愿者,采用Philps Color Doppler CV850彩色超声,对18~25岁(不含25)、25~59岁(含59)以及59岁以上3个年龄段不同性别的人群在4种体位状态下颈总动脉血流最大流速进行测量。结果：右侧颈总动脉：性别相同时,青年男性组和中年男性组、青年女性组和老年女性组在直立位上具有非常显著性差异;中年男性组和老年男性组在仰卧位上具有非常显著性差异;青年女性组和中年女性组在头低位-30°上具有非常显著性差异。左侧颈总动脉：年龄相同时,中年男性组和中年女性组在仰卧位上具有非常显著性差异,中年男性组和中年女性组在头低位-90°上具有非常显著性差异;性别相同时,中年女性组和老年女性组在直立位上具有非常显著性差异;中年男性组和老年男性组在头低位-30°上具有非常显著性差异。结论：无论男女,随年龄的增大颈总动脉血流最大流速减慢;体位由仰卧位、直立位、头低位-30°、头低位-90°的顺序变化,颈总动脉血流最大流速减慢;同年龄段,颈总动脉血流最大流速男性均高于女性。     

Acute effects of static stretching on characteristics of the isokinetic angle - torque relationship, surface electromyography, and mechanomyography

The aims of this study were to examine the acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, work, the joint angle at peak torque, acceleration time, isokinetic range of motion, mechanomyographic amplitude, and electromyographic amplitude of the rectus femoris during maximal concentric isokinetic leg extensions at 1.04 and 5.23 rad x s(-1) in men and women. Ten women (mean +/- s: age 23.0 +/- 2.9 years, stature 1.61 +/- 0.12 m, mass 63.3 +/- 9.9 kg) and eight men (age 21.4 +/- 3.0 years, stature 1.83 +/- 0.11 m, mass 83.1 +/- 15.2 kg) performed maximal voluntary concentric isokinetic leg extensions at 1.04 and 5.23 rad x s(-1). Following the initial isokinetic tests, the dominant leg extensors were stretched using four static stretching exercises. After the stretching, the isokinetic tests were repeated. Peak torque, acceleration time, and electromyographic amplitude decreased (P< or = 0.05) from pre- to post-stretching at 1.04 and 5.23 rad . s(-1); there were no changes (P > 0.05) in work, joint angle at peak torque, isokinetic range of motion, or mechanomyographic amplitude. These findings indicate no stretching-related changes in the area under the angle - torque curve (work), but a significant decrease in peak torque, which suggests that static stretching may cause a "flattening" of the angle - torque curve that reduces peak strength but allows for greater force production at other joint angles. These findings, in conjunction with the increased limb acceleration rates (decreased acceleration time) observed in the present study, provide tentative support for the hypothesis that static stretching alters the angle - torque relationship and/or sarcomere shortening velocity.     

An accurate VO2max nonexercise regression model for 18-65-year-old adults

The purpose of this study was to develop a regression equation to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) based on nonexercise (N-EX) data. All participants (N = 100), ages 18-65 years, successfully completed a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) to assess VO2max (M = 39.96 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1), SD = 9.54). The N-EX data collected just before the maximal GXT included the participant's age; gender; body mass index (BMI); perceived functional ability (PFA) to walk, jog, or run given distances; and current physical activity (PA-R) level. Multiple linear regression generated the following N-EX prediction equation (R = .93, SEE = 3.45 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1), % SEE = 8.62): VO2max (mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) = 48.0730 + (6.1779 x gender; women = 0, men = 1) - (0. 2463 x age) - (0.6186 x BMI) + (0.7115 x PFA) + (0.6709 x PA-R). Cross validation using PRESS (predicted residual sum of squares) statistics revealed minimal shrinkage (R(p) = .91 and SEE(p) = 3.63 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)); thus, this model should yield acceptable accuracy when applied to an independent sample of adults (ages 18-65 years) with a similar cardiorespiratory fitness level. Based on standardized beta-weights, the PFA variable (0.41) was the most effective at predicting VO2max followed by age (-0.34), gender (0.33), BMI (-0.27), and PA-R (0.16). This study provides a N-EX regression model that yields relatively accurate results and is a convenient way to predict VO2max in adult men and women.     

Field testing of physiological responses associated with Nordic Walking

This study compared the physiological responses (oxygen consumption and energy expenditure) of Nordic Walking to regular walking under field-testing conditions. Eleven women (M age = 27.1 years, SD = 6.4) and 11 men (M age = 33.8 years, SD = 9.0) walked 1,600 m with and without walking poles on a level, 200-m track. For women, Nordic Walking resulted in increased oxygen consumption (M = 14.9 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), SD = 3.2 vs. M = 1 7.9 ml x kg(-1) min(-1), SD = 3.5; p < .001), caloric expenditure (M = 4.6 kcal x min(-1), SD = 1.2 vs. M = 5.4 kcal x min(-1), SD = 1.2; p < .001), and heart rate (M = 113.7 bpm, SD = 12.0 vs. M = 118.7 bpm, SD = 14.8; p < .05) compared to regular walking. For men, Nordic Walking resulted in increased oxygen consumption (M = 12.8 ml x kg(-1) min(-1), SD = 1.8 vs. M = 15.5, SD =3.4 ml x kg(-1) min(-1); p < .01), caloric expenditure (M = 5.7 kcal x min(-1), SD = 1.3 vs. M = 6.9 kcal x min(-1), SD = 1.8; p < .001), and heart rate (M = 101.6 bpm, SD = 12.0 bpm vs. M = 109.8 bpm, SD = 14.7; p < .01) compared to regular walking. Nordic Walking, examined in the field, results in a significant increase in oxygen use and caloric expenditure compared to regular walking, without significantly increasing perceived exertion.     

Tracking and explanation of physical activity in young adults over a 7-year period

Tracking and explaining physical activity in young adults was investigated in a 7-year longitudinal design. From a representative sample of 980 respondents at baseline (M age = 21 years), 172 respondents, comprising 18% of the original sample, completed psychosocial questionnaires and were interviewed at home to assess their level of physical activity at follow-up. Psychosocial variables were grouped into four groups: social variables, self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Drop-out analyses showed no major differences between the baseline and follow-up samples. The aims of the present study were: (a) to investigate tracking in physical activity and psychosocial determinants over a 7-year period, and (b) to examine baseline determinants and change in determinants in predicting physical activity change in men and women. No significant tracking of physical activity level was found for men. For women, moderate tracking scores were found for total energy expenditure and moderate-intensity energy expenditure (r = .34 and .41, respectively). There was higher tracking in psychosocial determinants than in physical activity. Relatively high tracking scores for perceived benefits and barriers suggest that cognitions related to physical activity are more stable than the behavior itself. Although baseline psychosocial variables were poor predictors of physical activity change, determinants'change scores accounted for 16-19% of the variance in physical activity in men and 7-24% in women. Significant predictors were different for men and women. Present results can inform the design of physical activity interventions for these populations.     

Relationship of optical density and skinfold measurements: effects of age and level of body fatness.

We examined relationships between skinfold (SKF) and optical density (delta OD) measurements across age and levels of body fatness (%BF) for 151 women, 20 to 72 years. There were significant (p < .05) relationships between delta ODs and SKFs at all sites, except the thigh. The interaction (SKF x Age) was significant (p < .05) for pectoral and biceps delta ODs. Slope comparisons indicated the relationships for younger (29 years) and older (59 years) women differed significantly from zero and each other (p < .05). Analysis of SKF x %BF interactions revealed that relationships between SKFs and delta ODs at the pectoral and biceps sites for leaner (22% BF) women differed significantly from zero (p < .05) and were larger than those for obese (39% BF) women (p < or = .05). Thus, the relationship between SKFs and delta ODs is stronger for younger and leaner women compared to older and fatter women. These findings may reflect differences in fat layering due to age or body fatness and provide insight as to why the manufacturer's near-infrared (NIR) equation significantly underestimates the %BF of obese women.     

A single session of treadmill running has no effect on plasma total ghrelin concentrations

Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates hunger. Intense exercise has been shown to temporarily suppress hunger after exercise. In the present study, we investigated whether post-exercise hunger suppression is mediated by reduced plasma total ghrelin concentrations. Nine men and nine women participated in the study. Their mean physical characteristics were as follows: age 24.8 (s(x) = 0.9) years, body mass index 22.9 (s(x) = 0.6) kg x m(-2), maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) 57.7 (s(x) = 2.2) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). The participants completed two 3-h trials (exercise and control) on separate days in a randomized balanced design after overnight fasts. The exercise trial involved a 1-h treadmill run at 73.5% of VO(2max) followed by 2 h of rest. The control trial consisted of 3 h of rest. Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 h. Total ghrelin concentrations were determined from plasma. Hunger was assessed following blood sampling using a 15-point scale. The data were analysed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Hunger scores were lower in the exercise trial than in the control trial (trial, P = 0.009; time, P < 0.001; trial x time, P < 0.001). Plasma total ghrelin concentrations did not differ between trials. These findings indicate that treadmill running suppresses hunger but this effect is not mediated by changes in plasma total ghrelin concentration.     

Perceived submaximal force production in young adults

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the force production patterns using perceived stimulus cues from 10% to 90% of maximal force. In Experiment 1, 54 men (age: 19-34 years) and 53 women (age: 18-37years) performed leg extensions on a dynamometer at a speed of 60 degrees/s. Participants produced actual forces perceived to be 10-90% of maximal force in 10% increments followed by a maximal force. A 2-min rest interval was maintained between each increment. Participants rested 5 min and repeated the protocol. Desired forces were calculated as the required percentage of the produced maximalforce. In Experiment 2, 40 men (age: 18-30years)followed the protocol ofExperiment 1, but the submaximal stimuli were randomly presented. In Experiment 1, test-retest results indicated consistency between the trials for actual and maximal force (r = .90). The correlations between actual and desired forces were moderately high (r > .76). Actual forces trended above desired forces at 10% of maximal, with median errors ranging 33-40% for men and 60-73% for women. From 30% to 90% of maximal forces, actual trended below desired forces, with median errors ranging from a low of 1.5% to a high of 37%. A power function analysis relating the change in actual force with desired force stimuli produced exponents of 0.68 (.95 CI = 0.62-0.74) for men and 0.5 7 (.95 CI = 0.52-0.62)for women. Findings were similar in Experiment 2, indicating that individuals tended to overshoot and then undershoot desired force production through perceptual force ranges of 10-90% of maximal forces and that force production grew more slowly than perceptual stimulus cues. The results of the present study, along with findings from past research, indicate that production of submaximal force using perceptual cues or stimuli display a great deal of specificity. This specificity is related to type of contraction, amount of muscle mass involved, and number and types of stimuli.     

湖北地区正常成年人群桡骨远端定量超声测量的临床应用研究

采用以色列Sunlight Omnissense8000s超声骨密度仪,对湖北省1186名年龄在20-80岁之间的正常成年人,进行超声骨密度测定。按不同性别、年龄组进行统计学分析。结果显示男、女桡骨远端SOS峰值（Peak bone mass,PBM）出现的年龄段均为40-49岁,此后都随年龄的增长而下降。各年龄段男女...     

不同工作状态的男性职工体质状况的比较研究

通过对682名20-59岁男性市民身体机能、身体形态、身体素质等体质方面的影响进行分析,为提出相应的改善男性职工体质对策提供研究基础。结果显示:682名20-59岁男性身体机能、身体形态、身体素质指标的年龄变化发生的年龄段等方面存在差异。成年男性超重和肥胖增幅较大,腰臀比没有明显改善,但其他指标水平有明显提高。结论:体质总体良好,但要警惕静坐不动、工作压力大、睡眠不规律、饮食不科学等因素导致男性超重和肥胖,对此提出了对策和建议。