Response of 210Pbex inventory to changes in soil erosion rates on uncultivated land

This analysis studies changes in the variation 210Pbex inventory in soil in response to soil erosion on uncultivated land.A model was created to fit the response of 210 Pb ex inventory to variations in soil erosion rates on uncultivated land using the principle of mass balance.By numerical simulation of the variation in the soil erosion rate in soil of uncultivated land,we prove:(1) past use of what has long been considered the best method of determining 210 Pb ex levels over the past 100 to 200 years is not scientifically accurate;(2) the model shows that variation in 210 Pb ex inventory as a function of time varies according to the index law after variation of soil erosion rates in uncultivated land is considered;and(3) the time needed for the variation in 210 Pb ex inventory to reach a steady-state is affected by changes in the rate of soil erosion and the quality and depth of relaxation in soil of uncultivated land.The results of this research can guide efforts to measure soil erosion rates.     

Distribution characteristics of ^137Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus

~~Distribution characteristics of ~(137)Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus1.Tamura, T, Jacobs, D. G, Structural implications in cesium sorp-tion, Health Physics, 1960, 6(2): 391-398. 2.Rogowshi, A. S., Tamura, T, Movement of 137Cs by runoff, erosion and infiltration on the alluvial captina silt loam, Health Physics, 1965, 11(12): 1333-3340. 3.Owens, P. N., Walling, D. E., He, Q. P., The behaviour of bomb-derived caesium-137 fallout in …     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using 137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the 137Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two 137Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq·m-2 were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of 137Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using 137Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t·ha-1·a-1 respectively, averaging 47.59 t·ha-1·a-1 for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from 137Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

河北坝上地区不同土地利用类型的土壤风蚀研究

通过Cs示踪和土壤粒度分析, 着重探讨了河北坝上地区土地利用与土壤风蚀的关系, 揭示了不同土地利用类型的侵蚀强度为沙质丘陵草原 > 耕地 > 退耕还草地 > 人工林 > 石质丘陵草原, 提出了对研究区保持石质丘陵草原现状、保护原有人工林等植被恢复的建议。     

137 Cs在土壤中淋溶迁移的模拟试验

~(137)Cs作为示踪元素广泛应用于土壤侵蚀及泥沙沉积研究中,其在土壤中的稳定性是决定其能否用于示踪土壤沉积与侵蚀的前提条件.但也有学者对应用~(137)Cs示踪技术的重要假设提出质疑,认为被土壤颗粒吸附的~(137)Cs易解吸成Cs+离子,随水流失或被植物吸收.本文利用双层土柱模拟淋溶装置研究了~(137)Cs和土壤粒径组成在不同雨量条件下的淋失和垂直迁移特征.结果表明,在600~3 000mm降雨量内,土壤中~(137)Cs平均质量活度为10.9Bq·kg-1,略小于试验前的11.5Bq·kg~(-1),与雨量并无显著相关性,土壤中的~(137)Cs有向下垂直迁移现象,但并不显著;土壤中~(137)Cs质量活度与土壤中的黏粒含量有很好的正相关性,决定系数R2达到0.73;有待于增加模拟雨量,作进一步研究.     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the¹³⁷Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two¹³⁷Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq · m⁻² were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of¹³⁷Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using¹³⁷Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t · ha¹ · a⁻¹ respectively, averaging 47.59 t · ha⁻¹ · a⁻¹ for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

广西北部湾河口及海湾沉积物中137Cs含量分析

【目的】了解广西北部湾河口及海湾沉积物中~(137)Cs的含量,为定量研究北部湾沿岸区域土壤侵蚀和堆积状况,以及评价防城港红沙核电站运行对周围环境的影响提供科学依据。【方法】在广西北部湾河口及海湾中采集32个沉积物样品,利用高纯锗γ谱仪测定样品中~(137)Cs的含量,并与周边的背景值进行比较。【结果】在河口、海湾的表层样中,~(137)Cs比活度较低,范围为0.10~5.94Bq/kg,平均值约为1.23Bq/kg。【结论】表层沉积物中,~(137)Cs含量相对陆地含量要低,主要原因可能是沉积物样品中含沙量大,~(137)Cs吸附量相对较少导致。同时,自然因素和人为活动对~(137)Cs在河口及海湾沉积物中的再分配起重要作用。     

基于137Cs示踪技术的土壤侵蚀研究进展

由于应用137Cs示踪技术能够提供土壤侵蚀与沉积信息，近年来137Cs示踪技术逐渐成为土壤侵蚀研究的重要方法．本文介绍了137Cs示踪法原理，回顾了其在土壤侵蚀中的研究应用，并对其优缺点进行评价．然后，总结了。137Cs示踪剂法土壤侵蚀模型，最后展望了其在土壤侵蚀研究中的前景．     

137Cs应用于我国土壤侵蚀研究评述

^137Cs示踪法技术目前已被广泛应用于长期的土壤侵蚀估算中，但主要局限于水蚀研究领域，在风蚀方面进行的研究则较少。土壤风蚀是导致干旱半干旱地区土地退化和区域环境恶化的最重要原因之一。探讨、研究格进一步完善^137Cs技术在土壤侵蚀方面的研究，尤其是在我国西部风蚀地区土壤侵蚀中的应用，可以提供独立的土壤侵蚀和堆积的数据以及空间分布，对初步测算区域风蚀速率、风蚀时间序列和反映环境变化，为我国西部地区土地资源合理利用、环境整治以及生态建设提供定量的科学依据具有十分重要的意义。初步论述了^137Cs技术在我国土壤侵蚀研究中的进展，探讨了其在西部风蚀地区土壤风蚀研究现状、应用前景和需要注意的问题，并提出了一些建议。     

土壤侵蚀137Cs法研究进展

同位素1 37Cs示踪技术具有简单、快速、准确的优点 ,它已广泛应用于土壤侵蚀的研究中 .本文先简单概述了现代土壤侵蚀速率的研究方法 ,然后着重综述了1 37Cs法在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用及其研究进展 (主要集中在1 37Cs的空间分布、土壤侵蚀速率计算模型、土壤侵蚀量估算模型等方面 ) ,最后提出未来1 37Cs法在土壤侵蚀研究中的发展趋势     

攀枝花地区水土流失动态变化研究

选择攀枝花市部分地区的Landsat-5 TM(1988年)和Landsat-7 ETM (1999年)遥感数据,通过遥感图像信息挖掘,提取植被覆盖度、沟谷分布、土地利用现状及土壤成土母质等信息,结合地形数据等水土流失因子;利用地理信息系统强大的空间分析功能,获取水土流失信息进行统计分析,对研究区水土流失的强度等级以及动态变化进行分析评价.研究表明,水土流失变化主要发生于植被覆盖不良的荒地和坡耕地上,其中坡耕地水土流失变得最严重,大部分为强度及强度以上级别水土流失区.从地貌上看,水土流失变化主要发生在低山、丘陵地区,这些地区人类活动频繁,植被破坏严重,大量开垦耕地,有利于水土流失发生.从岩类上看,半胶结砂岩、粘土岩岩组和紫红色泥岩、砂岩、页岩岩组分布区,由于多开垦为耕地,抗蚀能力弱,且多未实施保水保土措施,因此是水土流失严重的地区.     

Sediment source identification by using ^137Cs and ^210pb radionuclides in a small catchment of the Hilly Sichuan Basin, China

The Hilly Sichuan Basin is one of the most populous agricultural regions in the Upper Yangtze River Basin and has an area of about 105000 km2. Cropland ratios and population densities vary between 0.3 and 0.7 and be-tween 400 and 800 people/km2, respectively, in the Si-chuan basin. The basin is considered as one of the most severely eroded regions in the Upper Yangtze River Basin as well in China. Soil erosion rates were reported mostly to be greater than 5000 t·km-2·a-1 by the first st…     

地理信息系统(GIS)在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

地理信息系统强大的空间数据处理能力 ,使其在众多领域和部门中得到了广泛应用 .本文在概述地理信息系统的建立与应用的基础上 ,对其在国内外土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进行了简要的回顾 .在概述1 37Cs示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀的同时 ,展望其与地理信息系统结合在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用方法及前景     

苏干湖沉积物纹层计年和~(210)Pb，~(137)Cs测年对比

通过对西北干旱区苏干湖表层沉积物的年纹层计数定年和~(210)Pb,~(137)Cs测年结果对比发现:~(137)Cs测年结果在8.5 cm出现最高蓄积峰,对应1963年世界核爆高峰期,但在同一层位~(210)Pb测年结果则是1972年,存在较大的偏差.年纹层沉积速率达0.31 cm/a,而根据CRS模式建立的~(210)Pb沉积速率为0.30 cm/a.年纹层反映的沉积速率和~(210)Pb测年结果基本一致,互相验证了两者测年的可靠性.~(137)Cs测年则存在蓄积峰向上迁移的现象,在西北干旱区湖泊使用~(137)Cs测年过程中需引起注意.     

喀斯特峡谷区土壤侵蚀的经济损失初步估值与分析--以花江示范区为例

以典型的喀斯特峡谷区———贵州省花江示范区为例,针对示范区土壤侵蚀的现状,利用环境经济学理论和方法,选择了土壤侵蚀造成土壤肥力损失(N、P、K)、土地废弃损失、水分流失损失、泥沙淤积滞留损失4方面作为衡量土壤侵蚀经济损失的指标,提出喀斯特峡谷区土壤侵蚀的经济损失估算方法,同时对示范区2004年度土壤侵蚀所带来的经济损失进行初步估值及分析,反映出示范区不同石漠化等级地区土壤侵蚀经济损失的程度和特征:土壤侵蚀的经济损失非常严重且主要集中在中轻度石漠化地区。     

基于GIS和RUSLE的星云湖流域土壤侵蚀空间分布特征

研究星云湖流域水土流失,揭示水土流失的空间分异规律,能够为该流域水土流失治理提供理论基础。根据典型的土壤侵蚀RUSLE模型,选用能体现流域特点的估算模型分别计算出了降雨侵蚀力因子、土壤可蚀性因子等五个因子,运用ArcGIS空间分析工具计算出星云湖流域土壤侵蚀模数,并统计分析流域的侵蚀状况。结果表明:星云湖流域土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主;剧烈侵蚀主要分布在流域的北部和东部区域,其中,子流域中主要集中在螺浉河小流域和北部坝区小流域,乡镇中主要在路居镇,用地类型主要为其他用地和耕地;其次流域内平均侵蚀量最大的地形主要集中于25°~35°之间,以半阴坡坡向为主。应加强螺浉河小流域和北部坝区小流域的水土流失治理,坡度大于25°和坡向为半阴坡的区域水土流失较为严重,不适宜耕种,应加强退耕还林工作,优化未利用地的管理,有针对性地对流域内水土流失进行治理与防治。     

Characteristics of 137Cs deposition in steppe area

Soil wind erosion in the semiarid steppe area was studied using the 137Cs tracing technique. Comparisons of 137Cs deposition characteristics between different soil profiles indicated that slight aeolian activities occurred on sandy grasslands and semi-fixed dunes with erosion/deposition rates of less than 0.108 cm/a, whereas they were intense on semi-shifting dunes with erosion/deposition rates of higher than 1.35 cm/a.     

小流域水土流失的数学模型及数值模拟

为了描述小流域水土流失的水量、含沙量过程线,实现水土流失动态模拟,通过对小流域整个水土流失过程数学模型的建立及计算程序的编制,实现了对小流域整个水土流失过程的数值模拟.并通过有限的野外实验研究来校正模型中的参数:通过改变模型中的参数和输入值,可以模拟、预测不同条件(包括地形坡度)下的水土流失情况,有助于揭示水土流失因子之间的相互作用机制,探讨不同耕作方式和水保措施下水土流失的规律,为水土流失防治、减轻地质灾害、合理使用耕地和保护生态环境提供科学依据.     

黄土山地典型覆被类型对土壤水分运动的影响

黄土高原山区土地覆被发生了巨大变化,为研究退耕还林后,覆被类型对黄土高原土壤水分的影响,对典型覆被类型的山区土地开展了不同季节土壤含水率变化监测研究.结果表明,不同深度土壤水分随季节发生了较大的变化,而相同季节不同的覆被类型对降水入渗及土壤水运动也有极大影响,且对土壤水分有效性有显著影响.植树造林有利于林地0～3m土壤水的补给,但仍会出现土壤干层,且下部土壤水的补给明显受到该干层的影响.覆被类型不同,土壤水分的变化趋势不同,当土壤水分改变后,又反作用于植被.土壤水与植被之间存在一个平衡状态,当平衡状态被打破时,直接影响植被的生长,而影响土壤水分的运动.     

基于淤地坝淤积信息的小流域泥沙来源及产沙强度研究

根据黄土丘陵区王茂沟流域关地沟3号淤地坝29年泥沙沉积旋回变化,以及各旋回层泥沙中、坝控流域沟间地和沟谷地表层土壤中137Cs的测量,结合淤地坝修建、运行历史资料及次降雨资料,估算了坝控流域沟间地和沟谷地的相对产沙量和坝控流域不同时期的侵蚀产沙强度。研究表明,沟间地是该小流域泥沙主要来源,该流域泥沙的70%源自沟间地;坝控流域1959~1987年期间,年侵蚀产沙强度由强变弱,呈显著降低趋势。