冲击液压载荷作用下双金属薄壁管内压力与型腔体积变化的关系

双金属薄壁管冲击液压胀形技术是在液压胀形与冲压成形基础上发展起来的一种复合成形技术。冲击液压载荷作用下的双金属薄壁管成形所需内压力源自于管坯型腔体积的压缩,其大小随液体体积压缩量变化而变化,为此提出了基于冲击液压载荷作用下双金属薄壁管的内压力形成机理的研究。首先介绍了双金属薄壁管冲击液压胀形的成形原理;然后,通过对内外管轴向冲击液压预成形与径向冲击液压成形过程中内压力形成的理论分析,构建了管坯型腔内压力与体积变化之间的数学模型;同时,利用Ansys Workbench有限元模拟技术获得了内外管轴向冲击液压预成形与径向冲击液压成形过程的内压力,通过有限元模拟与理论分析结果的对比发现,两者具有较好的一致性,并通过模型误差优化了内压力数学模型,为双金属薄壁管冲击液压胀形技术的进一步研究奠定了良好的理论与应用基础。     

有限长薄壁管破裂极限分析

针对非均匀分布内压下的有限长管坯成形极限进行研究。在非均匀内压的增加为比例加载假设条件下,运用Swift分散性失稳理论,建立了有限长薄壁管在非均匀内压变形模式下的破裂失稳极限判据,证明了无限长薄壁管变形模式仅为有限长薄壁管变形模式在长径比为无穷大时的一种特例,由此得出的结论对薄壁管胀形工艺具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。     

小型桥壳液压胀形初始变形条件分析及成形试验

介绍了小型汽车桥壳的液压胀形工艺,提出了初始胀形内压的表达式,预测了初始胀形内压与轴向推力的匹配关系（即经向应力比的大小）对预胀形时各部分变形顺序的影响。在普通液压机上进行了两种加载路径下的液压胀形试验,在初始经向应力比小于零并保持恒内压的条件下,预胀形管坯先变形成两侧高、中部低的双鼓形,经增压后将中部胀起;在初始经向应力比大于零且内压恒定的条件下,预胀形管坯中部沿轴向胀裂;两种加载路径下,管坯扁锥体凸起与胀形区之间均产生了明显内凹缺陷。理论分析与试验结果均表明,初始变形条件对小型桥壳的预胀形有重要影响。     

U形无加强波纹管平面失稳判据研究

本文采用了理论分析及非线性有限元分析的方法探讨了单纯内压载荷以及内压—轴向压缩位移载荷下U形无加强波纹管平面失稳的应力判据。与实验结果的对比表明在这两种载荷下 ,U形无加强波纹管平面失稳与否主要取决于波纹管波峰、波谷以及环板中塑性区的产生与扩展。     

凸环管件颗粒介质内高压成形工艺理论解析

离散体颗粒介质使颗粒介质内高压成形工艺中的传压具有非均匀性、颗粒介质与管件之间摩擦作用显著等特征,基于此,建立了颗粒介质非均匀载荷传压模型,对凸环管件胀形工艺过程进行了理论推导和数值解析,探讨了内压状况和摩擦条件对管件成形性能的影响,并通过工艺试验对理论分析结果进行了验证。分析结果表明,颗粒介质内高压成形工艺所具有的内压非均匀性、介质与管坯摩擦作用显著两大特征可有效减小胀形过程中的壁厚减薄和成形压力。对比试验与理论分析结果表明,壁厚分布和成形压力的理论计算结果与试验结果一致,颗粒介质非均匀载荷传压模型的构建策略可用于管件成形的预测和分析。     

高温超塑胀形实验装置

超塑变形具有很强的结构敏感性，其变形规律与应力状态和变形路径有关，因此在处理二维胀形问题时，不能直接引用一维拉伸的实验数据，胀形实验装置便成为理论研究和制定工艺方案的重要手段。设计了高温超塑胀形实验装置，并针对实验装置进行了程序设计。该实验装置具有氩气净化、炉外加热、温度和压力闭环控制，能同时施加正压、背压并按设定的恒压、恒极点胀形速度和应变速率进行实验，同时可以无接触地记录胀形件极点高度与时间的关系，并观察其形貌变化过程。     

薄壁管胀形成形极限分析及其数值模拟

采用成形极限理论及塑性失稳理论对薄壁管胀形成形极限进行了分析,提出了管材胀形破裂极限应变及极限胀形系数的计算理论。采用MARC软件对胀形过程进行模拟,并提出通过模拟获得胀形成形极限应变及极限胀形系数的方法。理论计算结果与模拟结果的比较表明理论值趋于安全。     

矩形金属波纹管机械胀形工艺仿真分析

针对矩形金属波纹管不易成形的问题,采用数值模拟的方法,研究了不同成形工艺下波纹管的变形特点.建立了纯机械胀形、外加固定模具机械胀形、内加固定模具机械胀形三种矩形金属波纹管成形工艺有限元模型,对比了不同工艺下波纹管的应力应变、壁厚、轮廓等变形特征,分析了成形过程中的变形机理.研究发现,采用纯机械胀形工艺的波纹管波纹形状呈...     

固体颗粒介质成形新工艺试验研究与应力分析

自行设计制造了固体颗粒介质传压性能试验与测试装置,通过试验测得到了固体颗粒的传压规律.建立了板料在拉深力作用下的两种力学模型:线性分布载荷和二次函数分布载荷的力学模型.自行设计制造了板料成形试验模具与装置,通过对成形试验件的测量与分析,建立了自由变形抛物线函数变形模型.对固体颗粒介质板料拉胀成形未贴模时塑性变形阶段进行了塑性变形分析,推导出了自由变形区的应力分布计算公式,为固体颗粒介质板料拉胀成形塑性理论研究奠定了基础.     

减震器储油管内高压胀形加工方法的研究

一种基于内高压胀形理论加工减震器储油管的新方法。主要分析了管材在胀形过程中轴向应力和环向应力的变化过程,讨论了在胀形过程中产生褶皱、管壁破裂以及壁厚变化不均匀等失效形式与各向应力变化之间的关系。最后通过DYNAFORM软件的仿真分析验证了该方法的成形效果优于机械胎具刚性冲压式胀形方法,对不同压力和推制速度的多次仿真分析,得到了最佳的成形压力、推制速度和推制时间等参数,同时也验证了储油管胀形压力的计算准确性。     

Analysis and finite element simulation of the tube bulge hydroforming process

To investigate the effect of the loading path on the forming result and get the reasonable range of the loading path in tube bulge hydroforming process, a mathematical model considering the forming tube as an ellipsoidal surface is proposed to examine the plastic deformation behavior of a thin-walled tube during the tube bulge hydroforming process in an open die, and thus different loading paths are gained based on this model. The finite element code Ls-Dyna is also used for simulating the tube bulge hydroforming process. The effect of the loading paths on the bulged shape and the wall thickness distribution of the tube are discussed, and then the reasonable range of the loading path for the tube bulge hydroforming process is determined.     

Analysis and finite element simulation of the tube bulge hydroforming process

To investigate the effect of the loading path on the forming result and get the reasonable range of the loading path in tube bulge hydroforming process, a mathematical model considering the forming tube as an ellipsoidal surface is proposed to examine the plastic deformation behavior of a thin-walled tube during the tube bulge hydroforming process in an open die, and thus different loading paths are gained based on this model. The finite element code Ls-Dyna is also used for simulating the tube bulge hydroforming process. The effect of the loading paths on the bulged shape and the wall thickness distribution of the tube are discussed, and then the reasonable range of the loading path for the tube bulge hydroforming process is determined.     

复合管胀形成形极限研究

采用成形极限理论及塑性失稳理论，将单层管胀成形极限理论推广到复合管，对复合管胀形成极限进行了分析，提出了复合管胀形过程中发生分散性失稳及集中性失稳时极限应变的计算理论，计算并讨论了复合管组成材料的机械性能及厚比对胀形成形性的影响。     

Multi-objective optimization of forming parameters for tube hydroforming process based on the Taguchi method

Tube hydroforming is an attractive manufacturing technology which is now widely used in many industries, especially the automobile industry. The purpose of this study is to develop a method to analyze the effects of the forming parameters on the quality of part formability and determine the optimal combination of the forming parameters for the process. The effects of the forming parameters on the tube hydroforming process are studied by finite element analysis and the Taguchi method. The Taguchi method is applied to design an orthogonal experimental array, and the virtual experiments are analyzed by the use of the finite element method (FEM). The predicted results are then analyzed by the use of the Taguchi method from which the effect of each parameter on the hydroformed tube is given. In this work, a free bulging tube hydroforming process is employed to find the optimal forming parameters combination for the highest bulge ratio and the lowest thinning ratio. A multi-objective optimization approach is proposed by simultaneously maximizing the bulge ratio and minimizing the thinning ratio. The optimization problem is solved by using a goal attainment method. An example is given to illustrate the practicality of this approach and ease of use by the designers and process engineers.     

Bursting failure prediction in tube hydroforming using FLSD

In tube hydroforming, circular components are hydrobulged or hydroformed from tubular blanks with internal pressure and simultaneous axial loading. Thus the tube can be fed into the deformation zone during the bulge operation allowing more expansion and less thinning without any defects such as wrinkling, buckling, and bursting. By contrast with the buckling and the wrinkling, the bursting is generally classified as an irrecoverable failure mode. Hence in order to obtain the sound hydroformed products, it is necessary to predict the bursting behavior and to analyze the effects of process parameters on this failure condition in hydroforming processes. In this study, a forming limit stress diagram (FLSD) is constructed by plotting the calculated principal stresses based on the local necking criterion. Using the theoretical FLSD, we carry out the numerical prediction of bursting failure in a hydroforming process, which usually has non-linear strain path. Finite element analyses are carried out to find out the state of stresses during simple hydroforming operation, in which the FLSD is utilized as the forming limit criterion for assessment of the initiation of necking, and influences of the material parameters on the formability are investigated. In addition, the numerical results obtained from the FEM combined with the FLSD are confirmed with a series of bulge tests in view of bursting pressure and show a good agreement. Consequently, it is shown that the theoretical and numerical approach to bursting failure prediction proposed in this paper will provide a feasible method to satisfy the increasing practical demands for assessment of the forming severity in hydroforming processes.     

小变薄率波纹管的液压胀形工艺研究

采用塑性增量理论,建立了波纹管液压胀形的应力、应变数值计算方法,解决了波纹管液压胀形工艺的理论计算问题。在该理论分析基础上,制定并实现了小变薄率胀形波纹管的特殊液压胀形工艺的新构思,成功地研制出了小变薄率波纹管。理论计算与试验结果相吻合。     

Study on experimental approaches of forming limit curve for tube hydroforming

This paper proposes a set of experimental approaches to establish the forming limit curve (FLC) in different forming modes for tube hydroforming. In tension–compression strain state, analytical models are constructed to determine the linear strain paths at the pole of the hydroformed tube, and a self-designed free hydroforming apparatus with axial feeding and internal pressure are used to carry out the bulge tests. In plane strain state, the difference is that both ends of the tube are fixed with different punches. In tension–tension strain state, a novel hydroforming apparatus are designed. The novel device requires the simultaneous application of lateral compression force and internal pressure to control the material flow under tension–tension strain states. The linear strain paths for the right hand side of FLC by finite element method simulation are calculated. The linear strain paths in different strain states are verified and the FLC of roll-formed QSTE340 seamed tube is constructed through the proposed experimental approaches. Comparison between simulation and experimental results for hydroforming process of front crossmember shows that the experimental FLC is accurate and valid for tube hydroforming.     

The effect of anisotropy on wrinkling of tube under rotary draw bending

Rotary draw tube bending is one of the most complex tube forming processes subject to different process parameters such as material properties and geometry. This process is being practiced in more and more applications in industry due to its high efficiency, high forming precision and quality. However, improper process parameters can lead to wrinkling which restrict the thin walled tube bending. Therefore, the prediction and prevention of wrinkling is very important. Despite its importance, the effect of anisotropy on the occurrence of wrinkling was not considered in the literature up to now. In this investigation, a quantitative study on the wrinkling of thin walled tube bending is carried out through a finite element model of the process using velocity integral parameter, which is used for the detection of wrinkles. The other methods usually warn the wrinkling initiation with no precise location prediction. In addition, the effects of some process parameters, specially normal and planar anisotropy on the tube wrinkling are investigated. It is shown that increasing normal and planar anisotropy (increasing r0 and r90 values) result in a decrease in tube wrinkling.     

Analytical and numerical approach to prediction of forming limit in tube hydroforming

Analytical and numerical analyses of forming limit in tube hydroforming under combined internal pressure and independent axial feeding are discussed in this paper. To predict the initiation of necking, Swift's criterion for diffuse plastic instability is adopted based on Hill's general theory for the uniqueness to the boundary value problem. In addition, in order to predict fracture initiation, Oyane's ductile fracture criterion is introduced and evaluated from the histories of stress and strain calculated by means of finite element analysis. From the comparison with a series of tube bulge tests, the prediction of the bursting failure based on the plastic instability and the ductile fracture criterion demonstrates to be reasonable so that these approaches can be extended to a wide range of practical tube hydroforming processes.