我国西南部喀斯特森林特有濒危树种掌叶木新的微卫星分子标记的开发

采用基因组DNA富集文库法FIASCO(Fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats)从掌叶木(Handeliodendron bodinieri)基因组中分离和筛选了10个新的微卫星位点,进而对掌叶木茂兰自然分布居群的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明, 每个位点在30株掌叶木个体上的平均等位基因数(A)为3.5(3~5个),平均观察杂合度(H_O)为0.650(0.267~0.900),平均预期杂合度(H_E)为0.494(0.224~0.652)。每个位点的第一排除概率值P_r(Ex₁)为0.029~0.240,位点综合值为0.7496。单个位点的第二排除概率P_r(Ex₂)为0.123~0.419,位点综合值为0.9517。这些信息预示着这些微卫星标记可以为研究喀斯特特有濒危树种掌叶木的基因流及居群遗传结构提供有效的遗传工具。     

中国板栗自然居群微卫星（SSR）遗传多样性

采用8对微卫星分子标记对中国板栗(Castanea mollissima)的28个自然居群进行了遗传多样性与遗传结构分析。在849个个体上扩增得到128个等位基因, 每位点平均等位基因数(A)为16。中国板栗居群的平均预期杂合度(H_E)为0.678, 平均观察杂合度(H_O)为0.590。华中地区的中国板栗居群遗传多样性最高(A = 8.112, H_E = 0.705, H_O = 0.618), 其次为西北地区和华东地区, 而西南地区遗传多样性最低(A = 6.611, H_E = 0.640, H_O = 0.559)。基于无限等位基因模型(IAM)和基于逐步突变模型(SMM)的遗传分化系数分别为F_ST = 0.120和R_ST = 0.208。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明中国板栗野生居群的遗传变异主要存在于居群内(87.16%)。Mantel检测揭示遗传距离与地理距离之间无显著相关性, 表明基因流不是主导中国板栗居群遗传结构的关键因素。华中地区(尤其是神农架及其周边地区)是中国板栗遗传多样性的现代分布中心, 因而应该得到优先保护, 同时该区域的野生板栗居群可优先作为栽培板栗遗传育种的材料和基因库。     

中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃自然居群遗传结构及其种间杂交渐渗

 利用9对SSR引物对中华猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis）和美味猕猴桃（A. deliciosa）两近缘种的5个同域分布复合体和各自1个非同域分布居群进行了遗传多样性、居群遗传结构的分析以及种间杂交渐渗的探讨。结果表明：1）两物种共有等位基因比例高达81.13%,物种特有等位基因较少（中华猕猴桃：13.27%,美味猕猴桃：5.61%）,但共享等位基因表型频率在两近缘种间存在差异,而且与各同域复合体中两物种样本的交错程度或间距存在关联;2）两种猕猴桃均具有极高遗传多样性,美味猕猴桃的遗传多样性（H_o＝0 .749, PIC＝0.818）都略高于中华猕猴桃（H_o＝0.686,PIC＝0.799）;3）两猕 猴桃物种均具有较低的Nei’s居群遗传分化度,但AMOVA分析结果揭示种内异域居群间（F_ST=0.091 5）和同域复合体种间（F_ST=0.111 5）均存在一定程度的遗传分化;中华猕猴桃居群遗传分化（G_ST=0.086; F_ST=0.212 1）高于美味猕猴桃（G_ST= 0.080;F_ST=0.142 0）;4）同域分布复合体两物种间的遗传分化（G_ST=0.020）低于物种内异域居群间的遗传分化（中华猕猴桃：G_ST=0.086; 美味猕猴桃：G_ST=0.080）,同域复合体物种间的基因流（N_m＝7.89 -29.75）远远高于 同种异域居群间（中华猕猴桃：N_m =2.663; 美味猕猴桃：N_m=2.880）; 5）居群UPGMA聚类揭示在同一地域的居群优先聚类,个体聚类结果显示多数个体聚在各自居群组内,但各地理居群并不按地理距离的远近聚类,这与Mantel相关性检测所揭示的居群间遗传距离与地理距离没有显著性相关的结果一致。进一步分析表明两种猕猴桃的遗传多样性和居群遗传结构不仅受其广域分布、远交、晚期分化等生活史特性的影响,同时还与猕猴桃的染色体基数高 (x=29)、倍性复杂和种间杂交等因素密切相关,其中两种猕猴桃的共享祖先多态性和同域分布种间杂交基因渗透对两猕猴桃的居群遗传结构产生了重要影响。     

菲律宾蛤仔大连群体不同世代的遗传多样性

采用12对有效微卫星引物对大连群体菲律宾蛤仔连续4个选育世代(F₁、F₂、F₃、F₄)的144个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:共获121个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数在2-6个不等,其大小在101-273 bp之间;各个世代平均等位基因数在3.75-4.58,平均观测杂合度在0.3391-0.3860之间。从F-检验结果上看,所有世代内有2个位点遗传分化较弱,8个位点遗传分化中等,2个位点遗传分化较大;配对比较F_st值(0.05-0.15)表明4个世代群体间遗传分化程度中等。F_is值表明有2个世代位点杂合度处于过剩状态;但对连续4个世代而言,每个世代均表现出一定程度的杂合子缺失。随着世代连续选育的进行,Nei氏遗传相似性逐渐减小(0.8203-0.8107-0.8031);遗传距离逐渐增大(0.1918-0.2099-0.2129);不同世代群体间遗传相似性系数为0.7873-0.8685,遗传距离为0.141-0.2391。4个世代平均PIC值为0.5055,表明选育后代遗传多样性较好,还有较大的选育潜力,可以继续进行上选。     

西南地区野生刺梨的遗传多样性和遗传结构研究

为了探究西南地区野生刺梨(Rosa roxburghii)的遗传多样性和起源演化,该研究基于2段单拷贝核基因(GAPDH和ncpGS)和3段叶绿体基因(atpF-trnH、trnL-trnF和trnG-trnS)的拼接序列,对刺梨27个野生居群共320个个体进行PCR扩增和测序,并用相关软件对测序结果进行分析。结果表明:(1)在单拷贝核基因和叶绿体基因水平上刺梨均表现出较低的遗传多样性(scnDNA: Hd=0.469 2, π=0.000 49; cpDNA: Hd=0.653 4, π=0.000 65),并且不同居群间存在较大差异。(2)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果均显示,遗传变异主要发生在居群内,表明居群内的变异是野生刺梨遗传变异的主要来源,居群间存在明显的遗传分化( cpDNA:F_ST=0.336 47,G_ST=0.273,N_ST= 0.308; scnDNA:F_ST=0.094 87,N_ST=0.076,G_ST=0.056),刺梨的分布不具有明显的谱系地理结构(P>0.05)。(3)中性检验 Tajima''s D值均为不显著负值,符合中性进化模型。Fu''s Fs值均为显著负值,结合失配分析曲线,推测刺梨种群在小范围内经历过扩张,但总体上维持稳定状态。(4)根据单倍型多样性得出,毕节地区的居群遗传多样性水平较高并且拥有丰富的单倍型,推测可能为冰期避难所,因此应对其实施就地保护。对于拥有特殊性状和特有单倍型的居群也应采取优先保护措施。该文为野生刺梨资源保护和遗传育种提供了一定的参考价值。     

我国特有植物青檀遗传结构的ISSR分析

青檀是我国特有的第三纪残遗植物,是宣纸纤维来源的重要原材料,现已被列入国家Ⅲ级保护植物。采用简单序列重复区间扩增多态性(ISSR)标记技术,对采自27个地理种群的628个青檀个体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了检测。8对引物共得到66个清晰的扩增位点,其中多态性位点63个,多态性位点百分率为95.45%。分析结果表明,青檀在物种水平上具有很高的遗传多样性(PPB=95.45%、Ao=1.9545、Ae=1.5729、He=0.3335、I=0.4980、Hb=0.3437)。在种群水平上的遗传多样性(PPB=69.98%、Ao=1.6998、Ae=1.4449、He=0.2561、I=0.3793、Hb=0.2656)和种群间遗传分化水平(Gst=0.23,Ф_ST=0.25)均处于中等水平。华北地区(30°-42°N)和华南地区(22°-30° N)青檀的遗传多样性和遗传结构的差异并不显著。古老的起源历史、较广的分布范围、异交的繁育系统、风媒种子、长命的生活史以及华南和华北地形和植被的差异可能是导致青檀目前遗传格局的主要原因。结合叶绿体序列(cpDNA)序列的遗传结构特征对青檀的保护策略进行了探讨。     

基于SSR分子标记的草果栽培起源分析

为探索草果（Amomum tsaoko）的遗传多样性和栽培起源,对草果和拟草果（A. paratsaoko）在8个SSR位点上的遗传变异进行了分析。结果表明,8个SSR位点在20个草果居群和5个拟草果居群分别检测到149和101个等位基因,特有等位基因分别为44和59个。方差分析（AMOVA）表明,仅10.43%的遗传变异存在于2物种间,8.66%于种内居群间,80.91%于居群内（P<0.01）。拟草果居群总的遗传分化程度较大（0.15≤F_st≤0.25）,草果的为中度（0.05≤F_st≤0.15）。SMM模式下2物种的遗传分化均加大（F_st<P_st）。因此,草果和拟草果共享祖先的遗传多样性,可能通过随机遗传漂变完成谱系分选后基因突变的积累形成了现有遗传分化模式;围绕大围山的马关、屏边地区可能是草果栽培起源地理中心。     

栗属杂交F1代生长与枝条性状遗传变异及杂种优势分析

为探索栗属杂交F₁代幼林期生长、枝条性状遗传变异规律及杂种优势,并为栗属育种亲本选配及早期选择指标筛选奠定理论基础,该研究以锥栗、板栗种内和种间9个杂交组合子代及其亲本为材料,在分析F₁代幼林期生长、枝条性状遗传变异规律及杂种优势的基础上,利用SSR分子标记检测7个亲本的遗传距离,进而分析栗属杂交子代生长、枝条性状杂种优势与亲本遗传距离间的关系。结果显示：(1)栗属杂交F₁代生长、枝条性状均存在较高的遗传变异,各性状组合间F值的变动范围为5.08~22.03,组合内的变异系数范围为6.60%~27.69%;各性状广义遗传力均在0.5以上,性状受遗传影响较大;除地径外,其他性状遗传传递力均大于100%,性状遗传稳定性较高;各性状中亲优势率为-6.01%~44.40%,且F₁代生长、枝条性状存在普遍的超亲分离现象。(2)28对引物在7个亲本中共检测出115个多态性等位位点,每对引物的等位基因数3~5个不等,平均每对引物等位基因数为4.1个,多态性程度较高;Shannons 指数(I)、多态性信息含量(PIC)的平均值分别为1.25、0.674,亲本遗传多样性较为丰富。(3)相关分析表明,杂交子代一年生枝长、一年生枝粗及节间距的杂种优势与亲本遗传距离均存在显著的线性关系,并随遗传距离增大杂种优势增强。     

云南疣粒野生稻的居群遗传结构及其在原位保护中的意义

用 1 2种酶系统 1 7个等位酶位点对采自云南思茅地区疣粒野生稻Oryzameyeriana(Zoll.etMerr.exSteud .)Baill.7个居群的 1 6 4个个体进行了遗传多样性的研究 .相对于以前报道过的具有相同生活史特性和繁育系统的种子植物和稻属中的其他种类 ,疣粒野生稻的遗传多样性水平极低 (A =1 .1 ,P =8.0 % ,H_o=0 .0 0 4和H_e=0 .0 1 5 ) ,但居群间的遗传分化较大 .F_ST高达 0 .6 4 9,表明在遗传变异总量中的6 4 .9%存在于居群间 .对这样在较小的地理区域内居群间就呈现出剧烈遗传分化的物种来说 ,大多居群均有保护的价值 .因此 ,进行原位保护时原则上应建立较大的自然保护区 ,涉及较多数目的居群 .同时 ,提出了在云南进行原位保护时应优先考虑的地点 .     

中国假百合属亲缘关系及假百合遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用7条ISSR引物对中国假百合属植物24个居群255个个体的遗传多样性进行了初步探讨。结果表明:(1)UPGMA聚类结果显示,假百合(Notholirion bulbuliferum)、钟花假百合(N.campanulatum)与大叶假百合(N.macrophyllum)分别聚为三支,在分子水平上出现了明显的分化,揭示三者是独立物种。(2)N.bulbuliferum×N.campanulatum与钟花假百合聚为一支,这可能与其母系遗传和极强的无性繁殖体系有关,但两者间基因流(N_m=0.216 0)很低,假百合与N.bulbuliferum×N.campanulatum的基因流(N_m=0.144 9)也极低,说明N.bulbuliferum×N.campanulatum正在分化。(3)假百合种下各居群间按照地理结构可明显分为4支,经Mantel检测表明存在显著的谱系地理结构(r=0.410,P=0.01)。(4)AMOVA分析显示,假百合居群间遗传变异为77.12%(P<0.01),而居群内为22.88%(P<0.01),同样表明居群间遗传分化大于居群内。研究结果揭示了横断山区假百合属植物的亲缘关系,从分子水平上为其鉴定提供了依据;并从遗传结构上为药用植物假百合的可持续利用和开发奠定了理论基础。     

Spatial Scales of Pollen and Seed-Mediated Gene Flow in Tropical Rain Forest Trees

Gene flow via seed and pollen is a primary determinant of genetic and species diversity in plant communities at different spatial scales. This paper reviews studies of gene flow and population genetic structure in tropical rain forest trees and places them in ecological and biogeographic context. Although much pollination is among nearest neighbors, an increasing number of genetic studies report pollination ranging from 0.5–14 km for canopy tree species, resulting in extensive breeding areas in disturbed and undisturbed rain forest. Direct genetic measures of seed dispersal are still rare; however, studies of fine scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) indicate that the bulk of effective seed dispersal occurs at local scales, and we found no difference in SGS (Sp statistic) between temperate (N?=?24 species) and tropical forest trees (N?=?15). Our analysis did find significantly higher genetic differentiation in tropical trees (F _ST?=?0.177; N?=?42) than in temperate forest trees (F _ST?=?0.116; N?=?82). This may be due to the fact that tropical trees experience low but significant rates of self-fertilization and bi-parental inbreeding, whereas half of the temperate tree species in our survey are wind pollinated and are more strictly allogamous. Genetic drift may also be more pronounced in tropical trees due to the low population densities of most species.     

Hybridizations and genetic relationships among Lindernia species (Scrophulariaceae): L. procumbens and two subspecies of L. dubia

Lindernia procumbens and L. dubia are common annual weeds in flooded rice fields of Japan. Two subspecies of L. dubia, subsp. major and subsp. dubia, are usually recognized in Japan but they are both regarded as synonyms of L. dubia elsewhere. In a cluster analysis based on AFLP, most L. dubia subsp. major formed a separate cluster from L. dubia subsp. dubia although 11% of haplotypes classified using AFLP were not coincident with classification using the shape of leaf bases, which is the commonly used identification trait. Artificial F₁ plants between L. procumbens and L. dubia subsp. major, and between L. procumbens and L. dubia subsp. dubia did not produce seed. Forty percent of capsules produced by F₁ plants from these two subspecies were slimmer and 80% pollen were sterile in slimmer capsules. However, seed number of most F₁ capsules was not different from that of self-fertilized plants, suggesting that there was no complete reproductive isolation between the subspecies. Natural hybridization of these subspecies may have occurred but we are not aware of it because F₁ plants are rare and F₂ plants are indistinguishable from these subspecies.     

Comparison of the extent of genetic variation of Vallisneria natans and its sympatric congener V. spinulosa in lakes of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Vallisneria natans and Vallisneria spinulosa are two morphologically very similar and sympatrically dominant submerged macrophytes in lakes of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Genetic variation was compared based on a total of 196 individuals from six V. natans populations and 201 individuals from seven V. spinulosa populations. Using eight ISSR primers, a total of 139 and 129 DNA fragments were generated with 121 being polymorphic in V. natans and 99 in V. spinulosa. The two species maintained higher genetic variation both at the species and population levels in comparison with other aquatic macrophytes. A higher level of genetic diversity among populations was found in V. natans than in V. spinulosa: the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) in V. natans was 52-62% vs. 38-47% in V. spinulosa; gene diversity (H) was 0.21 in V. natans vs. 0.17 in V. spinulosa.Both an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and F-estimation (F_ST) showed that most of the total genetic variation resided within populations of both species (AMOVA: 85% and 80%; F_ST: 0.132 and 0.202), indicating low genetic differentiation between populations. Principal coordinates analysis (PCA) indicated evident gene flow between populations of both species. The outcrossing reproductive mode and pervasive gene flow might have played important roles in maintaining high genetic diversity and in shaping low population differentiation of the two Vallisneria species, while the extent of clonal growth might account for the different levels of population divergence between them.     

Genetic diversity and inter-specific relations of western Mediterranean relic Abies taxa as compared to the Iberian A. alba

Several Abies species are currently present in the Mediterranean region and most of them are endemic taxa and tertiary relicts. Using six nuclear microsatellites, we studied the genetic structure and inter-specific relationships among West Mediterranean firs, A. pinsapo (Spain), A. maroccana and A. tazaotana (Morocco). Based on the hypothesis that A. pinsapo could historically exchange genes with A. alba growing in the Pyrenees via secondary contact, we investigated the level of genetic admixture between these species using a Bayesian approach. The studied populations showed moderate genetic diversity (mean H_E = 0.598) and a high level of genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0.225) that was especially pronounced between A. alba and the African firs. All populations experienced a strong bottleneck effect that was likely induced by climatic changes occurring in the West Mediterranean during the last glacial cycle and the Holocene. According to Bayesian clustering, both African taxa grouped together in a single cluster, the two A. pinsapo populations formed a second cluster, and two additional clusters were detected within A. alba. Our results indicate that A. tazaotana is genetically very close to A. maroccana, and hence these two taxa should probably not be considered as separate species. We found no genetic admixture between A. pinsapo and A. alba and only minor between A. pinsapo and the African fir populations suggesting an isolation effect of the Gibraltar Strait. Current limited distributions of firs in the Mediterranean region together with changing climate may lead to further deterioration of the genetic diversity levels. Hence, future efforts should focus on monitoring the demography and genetic threats to existing populations.     

浙江天台山甜槠种群遗传结构的空间自相关分析

采用空间自相关分析方法对浙江天台山亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种甜槠种群全部个体及不同年龄级个体的小尺度空间遗传结构进行了分析,以探讨甜槠种群内遗传变异的分布特征及其形成机制。根据11个ISSR引物所提供的多态位点,经GenAlEx 6软件计算地理坐标和遗传距离矩阵在10个距离等级下的空间自相关系数。在样地内,甜槠种群内个体在空间距离小于10 m时存在显著的正空间遗传结构,其X-轴截矩为9.945。甜槠种群的空间遗传结构与其种子短距离传播和广泛的花粉传播有关。Ⅰ年龄级、Ⅱ年龄级和III年龄级个体在空间距离小于10 m时存在显著的正空间遗传结构,其X-轴截矩分别为11.820、9.746和9.792。当距离等级为5 m时,其空间自相关系数r分别为0.068、0.054和0.070。Ⅳ年龄级个体在所有空间距离等级中均不存在显著的空间遗传结构。甜槠是多年生、长寿命植物,自疏作用是导致IV年龄级个体空间遗传结构消失的主要原因。     

Genetic structure of Pyrenophora teres net and spot populations as revealed by microsatellite analysis

The population structure of the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora teres, collected mainly from different regions of the Czech and Slovak Republics, was examined using a microsatellite analyses (SSR). Among 305 P. teres f. teres (PTT) and 82 P. teres f. maculata (PTM) isolates that were collected, the overall gene diversity was similar (? = 0.12 and ? = 0.13, respectively). A high level of genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0.46; P < 0.001) indicated the existence of population structure. Nine clusters that were found using a Bayesian approach represent the genetic structure of the studied P. teres populations. Two clusters consisted of PTM populations; PTT populations formed another seven clusters. An exact test of population differentiation confirmed the results that were generated by Structure. There was no difference between naturally infected populations over time, and genetic distance did not correlate with geographical distance. The facts that all individuals had unique multilocus genotypes and that the hypothesis of random mating could not be rejected in several populations or subpopulations serve as evidence that a mixed mating system plays a role in the P. teres life cycle. Despite the fact that the genetic differentiation value between PTT and PTM (F_ST = 0.30; P < 0.001) is lower than it is between the populations within each form (F_ST = 0.40 (PTT); F_ST = 0.35 (PTM); P < 0.001) and that individuals with mixed PTT and PTM genomes were found, the two forms of P. teres form genetically separate populations. Therefore, it can be assumed that these populations have most likely undergone speciation.     

Population genetic structure of Penaeus merguiensis in Thailand based on nuclear DNA variation

Polymorphisms of nuclear DNA markers were used to study the genetic variation and differentiation among populations of Penaeus merguiensis in Thailand. The data consisted of three nuclear loci analysed for 163 individuals from five populations collected from the Gulf of Thailand (Trad, Surat Thani and Songkhla) and the Andaman Sea (Satun and Trang). The multilocus F_ST estimated at three nuclear loci revealed great and highly significant differentiation between the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea (F_ST=0.203, P<0.001), mostly due to the polymorphism of locus PvAmy. In addition, significant population differentiation was also found within the Gulf of Thailand. These results were compared to that of a previous mitochondrial DNA survey spanning the same geographical range where two divergent mitochondrial clades were reported. The present study brings support to the fact that the existence of these two clades is not due to a mixture of cryptic species but reflects their phylogeographic origin. The strong genetic structure of P. merguiensis on each side of the Thailand peninsula for both mitochondrial and nuclear genes could thus be linked to the phylogeographic divide between Indian Ocean and Pacific forms on the west and east sides respectively.     

基于28S, COI和Cytb基因序列的薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂分子遗传关系研究

薜荔和爱玉子均属于桑科榕属植物,二者为同一物种的原变种与变种的关系,早期研究认为这两种榕树与同一种传粉榕小蜂(Wiebesia pumilae (Hill))建立了稳定的互利共生关系,但近期在形态学、生态学、传粉生物学等方面对二者的研究结果表明,薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂之间可能发生了遗传分化。实验用核糖体28SrDNAD1-D3区、线粒体Cytb及COI基因部分序列,对采自福建3个不同样地的薜荔传粉小蜂和3个不同品系的栽培爱玉子的传粉小蜂进行分析,结果表明:(1)薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂的核糖体28S序列的碱基组成中A,T,G,C 4种含量较平均,C+G的平均含量(56%)稍高于A+T的含量(44%)。线粒体Cytb序列中A+T的含量(76.1%)明显高于C+G的含量(23.9%),COI序列中A+T的含量(71.9%)也明显高于G+C的含量(28.1%),这是膜翅目昆虫线粒体基因的普遍特征。在薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂的线粒体Cytb及COI基因中,密码子第三位点A+T的含量最高。(2)比较薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂的3种分子标记的变异范围显示,28S进化速度较Cytb及COI序列慢,比较保守,更适合科、亚科等较高分类单元的研究。薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间的亲缘关系较近,采用Cytb与COI序列进行分析更为精确。(3)用Cytb及COI序列对薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间的遗传距离进行分析显示,薜荔传粉榕小蜂个体间Cytb序列平均遗传距离为0.0054,爱玉子传粉小蜂个体间的Cytb遗传距离为0.0164;薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂群体之间的Cytb序列平均遗传距离为0.1385;COI序列的薜荔传粉榕小蜂个体间遗传距离为0.0048,爱玉子传粉小蜂各样本间平均遗传距离为0.0102;薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂群体间COI序列平均遗传距离为0.1896,两群体间的遗传距离(差异大于10%以上)明显大于群体内各样本之间的遗传距离,表明薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间已经发生了很大的遗传分化,其变异水平达到了种间分化水平,即薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂为两个不同的种。     

Buddleja davidii and Buddleja yunnanensis: Exploring features associated with commonness and rarity in Buddleja

Buddleja davidii is a widespread shrub in Asia while B. yunnanensis is a narrowly endemic species limited to Yunnan Province, China. To explore whether floral volatiles, morphological characters of flower and seed and breeding system are correlated with their distributions, we measured length and width of corolla, trichome density at corolla throat, level of stigma/anthers relationship, seed size and weight. The results indicated that these characteristics were significantly different between the two species (P < 0.01). Bagging experiments revealed that B. davidii is a self-incompatible plant while B. yunnanensis is self-compatible. Thick trichome density at the corolla throat may reduce out-crossing in B. yunnanensis. Autogamy plays an important role in fruit production of this species while B. davidii requires pollinators for fruiting. Scents were collected using dynamic headspace adsorption method and identified with coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In total, 27 floral scent compounds were identified. The volatile composition in the two species was very different. We attempted to determine if these features, associated with commonness and with rarity found in these two taxa, could also help to explain the distribution pattern of other species of the genus Buddleja.     

Inhibitory effects of leachate from Eupatorium adenophorum on germination and growth of Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium glaucum

Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium glaucum L. are two widely distributed destructive weeds. Their strong adaptability and massive seed production make them the hardest weeds to deal with. This present study intended to investigate the effect of leachate from Eupatorium adenophorum on the growth of these weeds and explore the potential to develop an environmental friendly strategy to use the leachate to control the weeds. Seeds of A. retroflexus L. and C. glaucum L. were soaked in solutions containing 0%, 0.6%, 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% leachate from E. adenophorum leaves. A. retroflexus and C. glaucum seedlings grown in pots were sprayed with leachate solutions in the same concentration range. The effects of these leachate solutions on membrane permeability and germination of seeds, and growth and physiological characteristics of the seedlings were investigated. The highest concentration of leachate (5%) caused significant damage to the cell membrane of seeds of both weed species, whereas lower concentrations (0.6%) promoted repair of the membrane system, as reflected by higher and lower than control in relative conductivity (RC), respectively. Different concentrations of leachate showed distinct allelopathic inhibitory effects on the two weed species; lower concentrations showed weak inhibitory or even positive effects, whereas higher concentrations showed stronger inhibitory effects. Higher concentrations of leachate (2.5% and 5%) delayed germination and significantly decreased the emergence rate of the seeds, survival rate, and dry matter accumulation of the seedlings. When treated by 5% leachate, the emergence date of A. retroflexus was delayed by 3.6 d, emergence rate of the seeds and survival rate was 69.1% and 70.6% of the control, respectively, seedling dry matter was 48.6% less than the control; In the case of C. glaucum, the emergence date was delayed by 2.7 d, emergence rate of the seeds and survival rate was 45.1% and 58.6% of the control, respectively, seedling dry matter was 44.7% less than the control. There were significant interactions among the different concentrations of leachate and the length of treatment period with respect to activities of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and chlorophyll contents. Seedlings treated with 0.6%, 1.25%, or 2.5% leachate solution for 24–72 h showed increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities. When seedlings were treated with leachate solutions for 96 h, antioxidant enzyme activities and chlorophyll content decreased in A. retroflexus, but only CAT activity decreased in C. glaucum. When seedlings of the two weed species were treated with 5% leachate solution, CAT activity and chlorophyll content decreased and MDA content gradually increased with longer treatment times (from 24 to 96 h). The two weed species showed different allelopathic responses to E. adenophorum; A. retroflexus was more sensitive than C. glaucum. Based on the investigation, it could be speculated that the delayed germination and low germination rate of the weeds after treatment by leachate could be due to the fact that leachate damaged the membrane system of the seeds. By delaying germination, lowering the germination rate of the weeds and inhibiting seedling growth, leachate from E. adenophorum could provide an effective way of controlling the weeds.