血清和诱导痰中白介素-6在高原地区慢性肺心病发病中的作用和临床意义

目的：探讨白介素-6（IL-6）在高原慢性肺心病发病机制中的作用和意义。方法：高原慢性肺心病急性加重期患者50例（A组）、缓解期患者47例（B组）,健康对照组40例（C组）,分别测血清和诱导痰中IL-6、肺功能和血气。结果：A、B组血清和诱导痰中IL-6、PaCO2水平显著高于C组（P均〈0．01）,FEV,％、FEV1／FVC、PaO2水平显著低于C组（P均〈0．01）;A、B组之间比较差异有显著性（P均〈0．01）;A、B组诱导痰中IL-6水平均显著高于血清（P均〈0．01）。A、B组血清和诱导痰中IL-6与FEVl％、FEVl／FVC、PaO2呈显著负相关（P均〈0．01）,与PaCO2呈显著正相关（P均〈0．01）。结论：IL-6参与了高原慢性肺心病的气道炎症反应。     

慢性肺心病低渗血症58例临床分析

慢性肺心病急性加重期可出现电解质紊乱所致的低渗血症 ,常使肺心病病情恶化 ,是导致肺心病患者死亡的主要原因之一。慢性肺心病低渗血症的临床表现多无特异性 ,常被忽视。 1994- 0 3～ 2 0 0 0 - 0 3我院共收治慢性肺心病急性加重期患者 187例 ,其中并发低渗血症者 5 8例 ,占 31%。现将5 8例患者的临床诊治情况报告如下。1　临床资料1.1　一般情况 :本组男性 41例 ,女性 17例 ,年龄 38～ 87岁 ,平均 6 2 .6岁 ,6 0岁以上者占 88.4% ,病程 3～ 2 4年 ,平均 15 .8年。1.2　诊断依据 :慢性肺心病 (符合 1980年全国第三次肺心病专业会议修订的…     

高原地区哮喘急性发作吸高浓度氧对气体交换的影响

目的 :探讨吸高浓度氧对高原哮喘急性发作患者气体交换的影响。方法 :对高原地区 36例哮喘急性发作患者测定呼吸空气条件下肺功能和动脉血气后 ,用非重复呼吸面罩吸 10 0 %氧 30min ,在第 30分钟重复上述测定。对其中 10例重度气流阻塞哮喘吸氧 (3～ 5 )L·min-1,在第 30分钟测定动脉血气。结果 :吸 10 0 %氧 30min时 ,PaCO2 和PaO2 显著高于呼吸空气 (P <0 .0 1) ,PaCO2 保持不变或轻度下降 11例 (A组 ) ,升高 2 5例 (B组 )。吸 10 0 %氧时 ,A组FEV1占预计值 %和PaO2 差异有显著性(P <0 .0 1)。B组PaCO2 、PaO2 差异非常显著 (P均 <0 .0 1)。呼吸空气和吸氧时 ,A组FEV1占预计值 %、PaO2 显著高于 ,PaCO2显著低于B组 (P均 <0 .0 1)。PaCO2 升高≤ 0 .2 7kPa和 >0 .2 7kPa组 ,PaCO2 和PaO2 有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。吸氧时FEV1占预计值 %与PaCO2 呈显著负相关 (r=- 0 .72 6 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论 :高原哮喘急性发作重度气流阻塞患者吸高浓度氧影响CO2 的排出 ,吸 3～ 5L·min-1较为适宜     

白介素-4和白介素-8在高原地区慢性肺心病发病机制中的作用和临床意义

目的：探讨白介素-4（IL-4）和白介素-8（IL-8）在高原慢性肺心病发病机制中的作用和意义。方法：高原肺心病急性加重期患者66例、缓解期患者61例,健康对照组35例,分别测血清IL-4、IL-8、肺功能和血气。结果：肺心病急性加重期血清IL-4、IL-8、PaCO2高于缓解期,缓解期高于对照组（P均〈0.01）,急性加重期FEV1%、FEV1/FVC、PaO2低于缓解期,缓解期低于对照组（P均〈0.01）。急性加重期和缓解期血清IL-4、IL-8与FEV1%、FEV1/FVC、PaO2呈负相关,与PaCO2呈正相关（P均〈0.01）。结论：IL-4、IL-8参与了高原肺心病的气道炎症反应。检测血清IL-4、IL-8浓度变化可作为高原肺心病患者病情和疗效判断的有效指标。     

高原地区慢性肺心病痰中P物质浓度与病情及肺通气功能的关系

目的 :探讨P物质在高原地区慢性肺心病发病中的作用及其与病情及肺功能的关系。方法 :用放射免疫分析法检测高原地区 (海拔 2 2 6 0～ 330 0m) 30例健康受试者 ,30例慢性肺心病患者急性加重期和缓解期痰中P物质浓度 ,同时检测肺功能 ,分析痰中P物质含量与一秒钟用力呼气容积 (FEV1)占预计值百分比 (FEV1% )、FEV1/用力肺活量 (FVC)比值的相关关系。结果 :肺心病组急性加重期痰中P物质浓度 ( 73.8± 12 .5 )pmol·L-1显著高于缓解期 ( 5 7.3± 10 .1)pmol·L-1(P <0 .0 1) ,并显著高于健康对照组 ( 8.2± 2 .2 )pmol·L-1(P <0 .0 1)。肺心病组急性加重期和缓解期痰中P物质浓度与FEV1%、FEV1/FVC比值均呈显著负相关 (r值分别为 - 0 .6 5 4、- 0 .5 98、- 0 .6 6 7、- 0 .5 76 ,P均 <0 .0 1)。结论 :神经源性炎症可能参与了高原慢性肺心病气道炎症过程及随后的气道狭窄     

慢性肾功能衰竭病人高同型半胱氨酸血症及其影响因素

目的 :研究慢性肾衰 (CRF)病人血浆同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy)水平及其影响因素。方法 :采用荧光偏振免疫分析法测定 16 0例CRF病人血浆总同型半胱氨酸 (tHcy)水平 ,同时用离子夺获分析法和微离子酶免疫分析法分别检测血浆叶酸(FA)和维生素B12 (VB12 )浓度。结果 :CRF病人血浆tHcy水平 (2 2 6 9± 12 16 ) μmol/ )明显高于正常对照组 (7 97±2 6 5 ) μmol/L ,CRF病人高同型半胱氨酸血症的发生率为 82 5 0 % ,其中血液透析组血浆tHcy水平 (2 4 13± 12 6 8μmol/L ,n =73)明显高于持续性非卧床腹膜透析 (CAPD)组 (16 4 3± 5 5 8μmol/L ,n =19)和非透析治疗组 (19 79± 10 5 7)μmol/L ,(n =6 8) ,但血浆FA和VB12 与正常对照组均无明显差别 (P >0 0 5 )。CRF病人血浆tHcy水平与血浆FA浓度均呈负相关关系 ,未经透析的CRF病人血浆tHcy水平与内生肌酐清除率和血浆FA水平呈负相关 ;透析治疗组血浆tHcy水平与血浆FA浓度呈负相关。血透 4h使血浆tHcy下降约 4 0 0 % ,透析后 2 0h回复到透析前水平的 76 0 %～86 0 % ,但在采用血仿膜和聚砜膜透析的病人之间 ,血浆tHcy水平无明显差异。结论 :CRF病人普遍存在高同型半胱氨酸血症 ,但没有明显的FA和VB12 缺乏 ,CRF时肾脏损害削弱了对Hcy的代谢或清除能力 ,     

吸入布地奈德治疗高海拔地区慢性肺心病急性加重期患者的临床疗效及作用机制

目的：观察吸入布地奈德治疗高海拔地区慢性肺心病急性加重期的临床疗效。方法：高海拔地区慢性肺心病急性加重期患者86例,随机分为3组。3组常规治疗相同,对照组雾化吸入沙丁胺醇2 mg,治疗1组和2组分别联用雾化吸入布地奈德2 mg和3 mg,均为1次/8 h。治疗前、后进行临床评分、测痰中IL-8、TNF-α、PaO2、PaCO2。结果：治疗后第3、7、10天,治疗1、2组痰中IL-8、TNF-α、PaCO2、临床评分显著低于对照组（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,PaO2显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,治疗2组优于1组（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。结论：布地奈德联合沙丁胺醇雾化吸人治疗高海拔地区慢性肺心病急性加重期可取得更好效果。     

高原慢性肺心病患者吸气肌功能失调与高碳酸血症的关系

目的:探讨高原肺心病患者吸气肌功能失调与高碳酸血症的关系.方法:对48例高原慢性肺心病缓解期患者测定了肺功能、血气、PImax、Pdimax的TTdi,与42例当地同龄健康人对比.结果:①肺心病组PImax、Pdimax明显低于健康组(均P<0.01),TTdi较健康组明显延长(P<0.01);②将肺心病分为正常碳酸血症(A组)、轻度高碳酸血症(B组)和重度高碳酸血症(C组).3组均有低氧血症,以C组最低,3组比较均P<0.01.FEV_1、PImax、Pdimax均明显降低,以C组最低,3组比较P<0.01或<0.05.TTdi均延长,以C组最明显,3组比较P<0.01;③PaCO_2与VD/VT比率和TTdi明显正相关,γ值分别为0.57、0.52,均P<0.01;与FEV_1、PImax、Pdimax明显负相关,γ值分别为-0.61、-0.51、-0.58,均P<0.001.结论:高原肺心病患者吸气肌疲劳和膈肌储备力下降在形成高碳酸血症中起重要作用.     

西宁地区老年肺心病急性加重期52例肾功能检测分析

目的 :对西宁地区老年肺心病急性加重期肾功能进行分析。方法 :分别对 5 2例老年肺心病患者及 35例健康老年人行尿素氮、肌肝、血、尿 β2 -微球蛋白测定 ,并进行对比观察。结果 :老年肺心病Ⅰ型呼衰组血BUN、Cr值略高于健康对照组 ,但差别无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,所有患者血、尿 β2 -MG显著高于健康对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。老年肺心病Ⅱ型呼衰组血BUN、Cr、血、尿β2 -MG均明显增高 ,且显著高于Ⅰ型呼衰组 (P <0 0 1)     

高原慢性肺心病患者吸气肌功能失调与高碳酸血症的关系

探讨高原肺心病患者吸气肌功能失调与高碳酸血症的关系。对48例高原（海拔2260～3200m）慢性肺心病缓解期患者测定了肺功能、血气、口腔最大吸气压（PImax）、最大跨膈压（Pdimax）和漏肌张力—时间指数（TTdi），并与42例当地同龄健康人对比。结果：①肺心病组PLmax、Pdimax明显低于健康组（P均＜0.01），TTdi较健康组明显延长（P＜0.01）；②将肺心病分为正常碳酸血症（A组）、轻度高碳酸血症（B组）和重度高碳酸血症（C组）。三组均有低氧血症，以C组最低，三组比较P均＜0.01。一秒种用力呼气容积（PEV1）、PImax、Pdimax均明显降低，以C组最低．三组比较P＜0．01或＜0．05。TTdi均延长，以C组最明显，三组比较P，0.01；③PaCO2与VD／VT比率和TTdi明显正相关，r值分别为0.57、0．52，P均＜0．01；与FEV1、PIamx、Pdimax明显负相关，r值分别为-0．61、－0．51、－0．58，P均＜0．01。结论：高原肺心病患者吸气肌疲劳和膈肌储备力下降在其高碳酸血症形成中起重要作用。     

Effects of sodium bicarbonate on the end-tidal CO2,PaCO2, HCO3-, PH and cerebral blood flow]

To estimate the quantitative reactivity of cerebral blood flow (CBF), the effects of sodium bicarbonate on the end-tidal CO2, arterial PaCO2, HCO3-, PH and CBF were examined. The CBF was measured by 133Xe inhalation method with ring type SPECT (HEADTOME). Activation study with sodium bicarbonate administration was performed after 30 minute of resting study, and the reactivity of each parameters was investigated. The arterial HCO3- and PH increased with similar reactivity, but PaCO2, end-tidal CO2 and CBF in the non-injured hemisphere changed with irregular reactivity. The excellent correlation between PaCO2 and end-tidal CO2 was vanished by the administration of sodium bicarbonate. The reactivity of CBF did not correlate with reactivity of PaCO2 and end-tidal CO2, but correlated with arterial HCO3- and PH. Thus the measurement of arterial HCO3- and PH may be indispensable to estimate the CBF reactivity with the administration of sodium bicarbonate.     

The influence of oxygen therapy on the hypercapnia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND/AIM: Oxygen therapy is a necessary therapeutic method in treatment of severe chronic respiratory failure (CRF), especially in phases of acute worsening. Risks which are to be taken into consideration during this therapy are: unpredictable increase of carbon dioxide in blood, carbonarcosis, respiratory acidosis and coma. The aim of this study was to show the influence of oxygen therapy on changes of arterial blood carbon dioxide partial pressure. METHODS: The study included 93 patients in 104 admittances to the hospital due to acute exacerbation of CFR. The majority of the patients (89.4%) had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), while other causes of respiratory failure were less common. The effect of oxygenation was controlled through measurement of PaO2 and PaCO2 in arterial blood samples. To analyse the influence of oxygen therapy on levels of carbon dioxide, greatest values of change of PaO2 and PaCO2 values from these measurements, including corresponding PaO2 values from the same blood analysis were taken. RESULTS: The obtained results show that oxygen therapy led to the increase of PaO2 but also to the increase of PaCO2. The average increase of PaO2 for the whole group of patients was 2.42 kPa, and the average increase of PaCO2 was 1.69 kPa. There was no correlation between the initial values of PaO2 and PaCO2 and changes of PaCO2 during the oxygen therapy. Also, no correlation between the produced increase in PaO2 and change in PaCO2 during this therapy was found. CONCLUSION: Controlled oxygen therapy in patients with severe respiratory failure greately reduces the risk of unwanted increase of PaCO2, but does not exclude it completely. The initial values of PaO2 and PaCO2 are not reliable parameters which could predict the response to oxygen therapy.     

不同氧疗方式对急性一氧化碳中毒大鼠血气的影响

目的 观察不同氧疗方式对急性一氧化碳中毒(acute carbon monoxide poisoning,ACOP)大鼠血气的影响.方法 将70只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分成健康对照组10只;染毒即刻组12只;余48只CO染毒后再分为4组,分别为空气组、鼻导管组、面罩组、HBO组各12只.制备ACOP动物模型,给予3种不同方式的氧疗,自腹主动脉取血行血气分析.结果 pH值:染毒即刻即出现明显下降(P<0.01),鼻导管及面罩吸氧后均低于正常(P<0.05),HBO治疗后接近正常(P>0.05).PaO2及PaCO2:染毒后各组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).乳酸及COHb%:染毒即刻即出现明显升高(P<0.01),经鼻导管吸氧后高于正常(P<0.05);面罩及高压氧治疗后接近正常(P>0.05).HCO3-:染毒后各组均明显低于正常(P<0.01).结论 ACOP后不同氧疗方式均可改善ACOP缺氧和大鼠的代谢性酸中毒,在3种方式的氧疗中,HBO组清除大鼠体内COHb最显著.     

Effect of breathing fluctuations on cerebral blood flow in demented patients and its correction method using end-tidal CO2 concentration

During mouthpiece respiration of Xe-133 for a measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), the breathing pattern of patients fluctuated and it caused a change of end-tidal CO2 concentration that had an excellent correlation with PaCO2 in patient without respiratory disease. The end-tidal CO2 concentration of demented patients varied within lower ranges than senile control group. The range of fluctuation on the end-tidal CO2 concentration was dependent on the type and the degree of dementia, and it fluctuated most widely at the middle stage of Alzheimer disease. Mean cerebral blood flow increased by 13.9% for each 1% increase in end-tidal CO2 concentration (3.6%/mmHg PaCO2) in the case of demented patients without cerebrovascular disease. To improve the reliability of rCBF in demented patients, especially in Alzheimer disease, the correction of rCBF data for end-tidal CO2 concentration should be performed.     

CT肺动脉阻塞指数与血气分析值评价急性肺栓塞严重性的研究

目的研究CT阻塞指数与血气分析评价急性肺栓塞(APE)严重性的价值。方法接受CTPA和动脉血气分析检查并且无基础心肺疾病的APE患者共59例。利用肺动脉CT阻塞指数评价肺动脉栓子阻塞程度与范围。动脉血气分析包括PaCO2、PaO2、SaO2及P(A-a)O2。严重APE组和非严重APE组患者之间的CT阻塞指数、动脉血气分析指标之间的统计学差异用t检验评价。阻塞指数与动脉血气分析指标之间的相关性使用Spearman相关系数评价。结果严重APE组患者的PaCO2、PaO2及SaO2明显低于非严重APE组患者(P<0.01),而P(A-a)O2明显高于非严重APE患者(P<0.01)。阻塞指数分别与PaCO2、PaO2、SaO2及P(A-a)O2的相关性有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论综合分析APE患者的肺动脉阻塞指数、血气分析指标有利于评价APE患者的严重性。     

参芪扶正注射液治疗慢性肺源性心脏病急性发作的临床疗效观察

目的　研究参芪扶正射液对慢性肺源性心脏病急性发作期的治疗作用。方法　采用随机原则将 6 0例慢性肺源性心脏病急性发作期患者分为 2组 (各 30例 ) ,其中治疗组加用参芪扶正注射液 ,每天静滴 2 5 0ml,14天为 1疗程 ,对照组和治疗组均行一般慢性肺源性心脏病急性发作期的内科治疗 ,全部病例均在入院时及治疗 14天后查血气、胸片、血常规。结果　治疗组及对照组治疗前血氧分压和血二氧化碳分压比较无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,治疗组及对照组治疗后与治疗前血氧分压和血二氧化碳分压比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,治疗组与对照组治疗后血氧分压和血二氧化碳分压比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,治疗组与对照组治疗后症状改善情况比较也有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　加用参芪扶正注射液可明显提高慢性肺源性心脏病急性发作期患者的血氧分压 ,降低二氧化碳分压 ,明显改善症状     

Arterial blood gases, acid-base balance, and lactate and gas exchange variables during hypoxic exercise

To determine the effect of hypoxia on lactate threshold (LT), onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), and gas exchange threshold (GET), the lactate level together with VO2, VCO2, VE, and acid-base status in arterial blood from 12 female distance runners performing a progressive incremental treadmill test under the condition of hypoxic gas inhalation (HC: FIO2 is 16.0% in N2) compared with normoxic conditions (NC: FIO2 is 20.9%; i.e., air) were examined. During exercise, HC shifted LT, GET, and OBLA to a lower VO2 by 12.5%, 12.9%, and 9.3%, respectively. The GET during hypoxic exercise was well correlated with LT (GET = 0.973LT + 0.04; expressed in VO2 l.min-1). The close reciprocal changes in arterial blood lactate and bicarbonate (HCO3-) were observed during hypoxic as well as normoxic exercise. These findings provide evidence for the cause and effect relationship between LT and GET, even in hypoxic exercise. During submaximal exercise below the LT, PaCO2 and HCO3- slightly increased both in NC and HC with pH remaining unchanged. However, during exercise above the LT, the PaCO2, HCO3-, and pH all decreased with pH decreasing more markedly during hypoxia. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a clear increase in arterial lactate during hypoxic exercise above the LT. Both the LT and GET are shifted to a lower work rate by hypoxia in the same manner with the correlation between them remaining high, supporting the cause and effect relationship of these two parameters.     

Contribution of labeled carbon dioxide to PET imaging of carbon-11-labeled compounds.

11CO2 is one of the major metabolites of many [11C]-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, including glucose, thymidine, acetate, amino acids, and fatty acids. Our data contradict the notion that the contribution of labeled CO2 to PET images can be disregarded because of its rapid elimination through the lungs. We have measured the retention and excretion of 11CO2 in dogs after the intravenous injection of labeled CO2/HCO3-, which had been equilibrated ex vivo with blood. Only 58% of the label was exhaled as CO2 over the first 60 min after injection, with the rest retained in the body. The injection of [11C]thymidine labeled in the ring-2 position or [11C]acetate labeled in the carboxylate position resulted in the production of large amounts of labeled CO2 with the exhalation of about 47% and 23%, respectively, of the injected label over 60 min. At 10 min after injection of either [11C]thymidine and [11C] acetate, approximately 60% to 70% of total blood activity was in labeled CO2 or bicarbonate. On the other hand, the use of [1-11C]glucose only resulted in exhalation of 5% of the injected dose and CO2/HCO3- made up less than 10% of blood activity at 10 min. Our results indicate that retention and distribution of labeled CO2 needs to be considered when interpreting PET data obtained from 11C-labeled compounds.     

Diffusion-weighted MRI of the pancreas: correlation with secretin endoscopic pancreatic function test (ePFT)

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the correlation between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the pancreas on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and pancreatic exocrine function determined by HCO(3) concentration in the secretin endoscopic pancreatic function test (ePFT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mean ADC values derived from 10 different points of the pancreatic gland on DWI were reviewed in 14 patients with normal (peak HCO(3) >/=80 mEq/L) and 14 patients with abnormal (peak HCO(3) <80 mEq/L) ePFT results. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) images of the same patients were evaluated for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Correlation between ADC values and HCO(3) concentration as well as Cambridge scores in MRCP was performed using Spearman's correlation test. RESULTS: Mean ADC value of the pancreas was 1.52 +/- 0.13 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s in patients with abnormal ePFT results and 1.78 +/- 0.07 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s in the normal group. There was a significant statistical difference between the ADC values of the pancreas in the two groups (P < .0001). There was also a statistically significant correlation between HCO(3) level and ADC value of the pancreas in the study patients (r = 0.771, P < .0001). Morphologic changes of the pancreas according to the Cambridge classification were also well correlated with the mean ADC values (r = -0.763, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Strong correlation between ADC value and pancreatic exocrine function as well as Cambridge score for chronic pancreatitis exists. Further studies are needed to determine the cut off ADC value for chronic pancreatitis.