考虑间隙配合的复合材料钉载分配均匀化方法

针对多钉连接中因复合材料脆性等因素导致结构中的钉载分配不均匀,以及接头在承载较大的钉位置易发生过早破坏的问题,提出了调整钉孔配合间隙改善钉载分配的不均匀性的优化方法。首先,基于弹簧质量模型,以钉孔间隙为设计变量,建立了多钉连接钉载分配的二次规划优化模型。然后,采用内点法对优化模型进行了求解,得到了优化模型的全局最优解。最后,以复合材料5钉双剪接头为例,对钉孔间隙进行了优化,将计算结果与有限元预测结果进行对比。结果表明:模型优化结果与有限元结果吻合较好,优化后最大钉载比例由41.1%降低到了20%。采用该模型可以高效、准确地实现复合材料多钉连接钉载分配比例的均匀化设计。      

Multidisciplinary design and optimization of an air launched satellite launch vehicle using a hybrid heuristic search algorithm

A multidisciplinary design and optimization strategy for a multistage air launched satellite launch vehicle comprising of a solid propulsion system to low earth orbit with the implementation of a hybrid heuristic search algorithm is proposed in this article. The proposed approach integrated the search properties of a genetic algorithm and simulated annealing, thus achieving an optimal solution while satisfying the design objectives and performance constraints. The genetic algorithm identified the feasible region of solutions and simulated annealing exploited the identified feasible region in search of optimality. The proposed methodology coupled with design space reduction allows the designer to explore promising regions of optimality. Modules for mass properties, propulsion characteristics, aerodynamics, and flight dynamics are integrated to produce a high-fidelity model of the vehicle. The objective of this article is to develop a design strategy that more efficiently and effectively facilitates multidisciplinary design analysis and optimization for an air launched satellite launch vehicle.     

结合改进单胞模型的单钉双剪层合板螺栓连接结构挤压性能的多尺度表征分析

为提高螺栓连接层合板结构的可靠性和承载能力,基于ABAQUS软件及用户子程序(USDFLD),结合改进的单胞模型,建立了考虑组分材料失效的多尺度数值模型。利用该模型表征分析了单钉双剪层合板螺栓连接结构的力学性能,研究了铺层形式及几何尺寸对连接结构性能的影响。该模型的预报结果与试验结果吻合较好。结果表明:准各向同性层合板螺栓连接结构的挤压强度高于正交各向异性层合板连接结构的挤压强度,前者的失效模式为挤压失效,后者为剪出失效,该模式导致结构承载能力降低,设计中应避免。层合板边径比大于3时,不同宽径比连接结构的挤压强度趋近稳定值;但相同边径比的连接结构,其挤压强度随宽径比的增大而增大,连接结构设计时应给予考虑。      

Design, optimization and manufacturing of wood–plastic composite pallet

This paper presents the application of an innovative method of optimization to the design of an I-shape profile used in a wood–plastic composite (WPC) pallet. The pallet was made via assembling three WPC extruded profiles manufactured in the extrusion process. The middle profile was considered to be I-shaped, a design which known to have a high load bearing capability. However, due to the characteristics of WPC products, a delicate design and thus optimization is highly required. A multi-objective-optimization program of micro-genetic algorithm was developed in Visual Basic environment to accomplish the optimization task. By specifying the dimensional variables of the profile section and applying finite elements analysis on the profile and then using the optimization program, an optimal profile section was obtained. The objective was to withstand the maximum load while yielding the minimum deflection and mass. The optimized design was used to manufacture a die and then the product was produced to validate the design. The comparison of simulations and experimental results indicted that the given design method is reasonably reliable. The final mass of the produced pallet was less than 20 kg whereas its strength against bending and distributed smooth restraint loading were greater than 500 kg and 2000 kg, respectively.     

碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料与铝板胶螺混合连接接头失效仿真

基于商用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立了碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料（CFRP）层合板和铝板双搭接胶螺混合连接接头强度预测模型,并进行了仿真分析,同时与试验结果进行对比,探究了此类混合接头在拉伸载荷工况下的失效形式和承载能力。结果表明,拉伸加载过程中,螺栓通过分担部分载荷加强了胶接连接。混合接头的失效形式先表现为胶层的断裂失效,最终表现为层合板孔边挤压失效。利用模型预测的接头承载能力与试验结果的误差为9.7%,具有较好的吻合性。该分析方法能够为复合材料-金属胶螺混合连接的分析和设计提供一定的参考。      

基于连续损伤力学的复合材料单剪螺栓连接强度估算策略

针对中国缺少T800级复合材料螺栓连接设计参数的问题,发展一种综合连续损伤力学（CDM）和工程算法的单剪连接强度估算策略,以替代试验,降低研究周期和成本。在该强度估算策略中,首先建立试件的CDM有限元模型,通过数值模拟得到单剪螺栓连接的设计参数,包括单剪挤压强度修正系数、无缺口层合板拉伸强度和应力集中减缓因子等。随后根据上述参数,建立工程算法,估算复合材料单剪螺栓连接的最终挤压强度。结果表明:通过该策略得到的T800级复合材料螺栓连接设计参数和强度估算结果与试验结果有较好的一致性,说明该强度估算策略的可行性。      

基于变频率区间约束的结构材料优化设计

针对频率约束的结构材料优化问题,基于结构拓扑优化思想,提出变频率区间约束的结构材料优化方法。借鉴均匀化及ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法,以微观单元拓扑变量倒数为设计变量,导出宏观单元等效质量矩阵及导数,进而获得频率一阶近似展开式。结合变频率区间约束思想,获得以结构质量为目标函数、频率为约束条件的连续体微结构拓扑优化近似模型;采用对偶方法求解。通过算例验证该方法的有效性及可行性,表明考虑质量矩阵变化影响所得优化结果更合理。     

Geometrically nonlinear composite beam structures: design sensitivity analysis

The purpose of this paper is to develop a finite element model for optimal design of composite laminated thin-walled beam structures, with geometrically nonlinear behavior, including post-critical behavior. A continuation paper will be presented with design optimization applications of this model. The structural deformation is described by an updated Lagrangean formulation. The structural response is determined by a displacement controlled continuation method. A two-node Hermitean beam element is used. The beams are made from an assembly of flat-layered laminated composite panels. Beam cross-section mass and stiffness property matrices are presented.

Design sensitivities are imbedded into the finite element modeling and assembled in order to perform the structural design sensitivity analysis. The adjoint structure method is used. The lamina orientation and the laminate thickness are selected as the design variables. Displacement, failure index, critical load and natural frequency are considered as performance measures. The critical load constraint calculated as the limit point of the nonlinear response is also considered, but a new method is proposed, replacing it by a displacement constraint.     

基于Matlab的动力总成悬置系统解耦优化

以某车型怠速运转时方向盘剧烈抖动为背景,测量动力总成和悬置参数,建立了动力总成悬置系统的6自由度数学模型,通过解耦计算,发现各个方向耦合比较严重,需要进行系统优化设计;应用撞击中心理论,对前后悬置位置进行调整,然后以悬置系统的刚度、悬置倾斜角度为约束变量,使用Matlab的多目标优化函数fgoalattain,以6个方向的耦合最小为目标函数进行优化设计,结果表明此方法能够在一定的约束范围内较好的实现各个方向的解耦,具有较高的实用价值。     

约束阻尼结构的改进准则法拓扑减振动力学优化

旨在为减振设计提供理论基础,研究约束阻尼结构拓扑动力学优化。以阻尼材料用量、振动特征方程、模态频率为约束,以多模态损耗因子倒数的加权和最小为目标,建立了约束阻尼结构拓扑优化模型,引入MAC因子控制结构的振型跃阶。在引入质量阵惩罚因子基础上推导出优化目标灵敏度。考虑到优化目标函数的非凸性,采用常规准则法(OC)寻优可能会使拓扑变量出现负值或陷入局部优化,故引入数学规划移动渐近技术对OC法进行改进,从而将全体拓扑变量纳入改进算法的优化迭代全过程。编程实现了约束阻尼板改进OC法拓扑动力学优化并对改进法性能进行了仿真。结果显示,改进算法可得到更合理的约束阻尼层构形,可使结构取得更佳减振效果。研究表明,改进算法迭代稳定性更好、寻优效率更高、更具全域最优性。     

Numerical and experimental analysis of stresses and failure in T-bolt joints

T-bolt joints are widely used in the wind turbine industry. This paper describes the constitution and function of the different components of the joint, showing the different parameters that affect its performance, and presents a parametric analysis, useful for joint design and optimization, relating laminate thickness, bolt and cylinder diameters to pitch distance, and pretension of the bolt with external load. In order to provide information on the influence of the T-bolt geometry on the strength of the laminate in the net tension and bearing zones, tests for two different glass fiber – epoxy laminates, under different pitch/diameter ratios have been performed, forcing either bearing or tension failure modes. Stress and strain concentrations in the laminate have been estimated trough a three-dimensional finite element model that takes into account pretension effects and contact nonlinearities. How experimental results correlate with simple and finite element model analysis is discussed. Stress Point Criteria may be applied for joint tension failure with a characteristic distance of d₀ = 0.9 mm.     

基于分级优化的复合材料带加强筋板屈曲优化

对工程中常用复合材料带加强筋板结构的优化方法进行研究。由于优化变量较多且变量类型涉及离散型和连续型两种类型,因此优化中引入了分级优化方法。在结构质量一定的前提下,确定各加强筋最优的位置、截面尺寸、铺层数及铺层顺序,以提高整体结构的抗屈曲性能。代理层的引入使优化问题可以在先不考虑铺层顺序的情况下对其余变量进行优化,通过析因实验设计方法确定剩余变量中影响结构屈曲载荷的主要变量和次要变量,并分别在第1、2级优化中独立对两类变量进行优化,在优化过程中根据变量的类型及取值范围,对部分变量建立径向基代理模型以提高优化效率。第3级优化采用遗传算法对铺层顺序进行优化。优化结果表明:优化后方案比原方案的抗屈曲能力提高了3.21倍。     

基于动力学模型与参数优化的ISD悬架结构设计及性能分析

为寻找结构简单、性能优越的悬架结构(Inerter-Spring-Damper,ISD),对储能元件、支撑元件及耗能元件按不同位置构建21种工程上可行的拓扑结构,建立通用动力学模型。以簧上质量加速度及轮胎动载为目标进行优化,获得每种结构的元件参数。与传统悬架对比发现有12种新型结构性能优于传统悬架。对典型结构分析表明,动力学建模与参数优化方法在ISD悬架设计中具有一般性、通用性。     

A sequential approximation method using neural networks for engineering design optimization problems

There are three characteristics in engineering design optimization problems: (1) the design variables are often discrete physical quantities; (2) the constraint functions often cannot be expressed analytically in terms of design variables; (3) in many engineering design applications, critical constraints are often ‘pass–fail’, ‘0–1’ type binary constraints. This paper presents a sequential approximation method specifically for engineering optimization problems with the three characteristics. In this method a back-propagation neural network is trained to simulate a rough map of the feasible domain formed by the constraints using a few representative training data. A training data point consists of a discrete design point and whether this design point is feasible or infeasible. Function values of the constraints are not required. A search algorithm then searches for the optimal point in the feasible domain simulated by the neural network. This new design point is checked against the true constraints to see whether it is feasible, and is then added to the training set. The neural network is trained again with this added information, in the hope that the network will better simulate the boundary of the feasible domain of the true optimization problem. Then a further search is made for the optimal point in this new approximated feasible domain. This process continues in an iterative manner until the approximate model locates the same optimal point in consecutive iterations. A restart strategy is also employed so that the method may have a better chance to reach a global optimum. Design examples with large discrete design spaces and implicit constraints are solved to demonstrate the practicality of this method.     

圆柜内机缓冲衬垫多目标优化设计

目的 基于有限元软件研究圆柜内机包装件静态载荷下的力学特性，并进行多目标优化设计。方法 利用CREO建立三维模型、ANSYS Workbench建立有限元模型，对圆柜内机包装件进行静力学分析。以上缓冲衬垫的5条筋条厚度和2侧壁厚作为设计变量，以上缓冲衬垫的质量、包装件的最大变形量和最大等效应力作为目标函数建立优化模型。基于OSF试验设计方法和Kriging模型，采用多目标遗传算法进行多目标优化设计。结果 优化前的包装件最大变形量为1.511 3 mm，最大等效应力为0.327 6 MPa。优化后包装件的筋条和侧壁厚度显著降低，上缓冲衬垫质量减少了27%，整体强度无显著降低。结论 建立的多目标优化设计方法合理且Kriging模型精度较高，在保证缓冲防护效果的基础上，实现了轻量化设计，降低了包装成本。     

液压挖掘机动力总成悬置系统隔振性能分析与优化

以某型国产液压挖掘机为研究对象,建立动力总成悬置系统数学模型与Adams动力学模型,仿真分析结果表明系统存在严重的耦合现象,隔振性能不理想。利用Isight软件集成Matlab,以悬置刚度参数作为设计变量,悬置系统能量解耦率为目标函数,以固有频率合理分配为约束条件,建立优化模型并开展灵敏度分析与优化分析,优化后系统解耦程度得到明显改善,优化方案对液压挖掘机动力总成悬置系统实车优化具有一定参考价值。     

海上风电大尺度顶承式筒型基础承载力特性有限元分析

与现有的海上风电传统筒型基础相比,新型筒型基础——大尺度筒顶承载式筒型基础凭借其特有的宽浅式筒顶承载模式和更大的承载能力已经越来越受到关注。所以,合理地建立此类新型筒基基础的极限承载力和地基的破坏包络面,分析其承载特性,对于该基础结构设计和实际应用过程中的安全性和稳定性研究起着重要的作用。通过大型有限元软件ABAQUS,利用位移加载控制方法﹑Swipe试验加载方式和荷载-位移联合控制搜索方式,对5MW海上风机大尺度筒型基础的两种典型形式进行承载力特性弹塑性分析和对比,得出在单方向荷载单独作用下,弧线型筒型基础的极限承载力比直线型高出6%~8%,在荷载组合作用下,弧线型筒基比直线型有更广泛的三维破坏包络面,即弧线型筒基在各个方向上的极限破坏值,都要比直线型的要大,表现出更好的承载性能;同时对两种大尺度筒型基础的破坏模式进行分析。研究结果为进一步的基础结构选型和优化设计提供参考依据。     

考虑惯性参数测量误差的动力总成悬置系统优化方法

汽车动力总成的惯性参数（转动惯量和惯性积）通常采用实验方法进行测量,测量误差一般不超过3 %。动力总成悬置系统的固有特性与动力总成惯性参数、悬置刚度、位置、角度密切相关,从而悬置系统的固有频率和解耦率的理论设计值与其真实值之间必然存在一定程度偏差。采用均匀分布随机变量描述惯性参数,以悬置刚度为优化设计变量,提出稳健优化模型对某轿车悬置系统固有特性进行稳健优化。优化结果表明,与确定性优化方法相比,稳健优化方法可以较大幅度地提高频率、解耦率、频率间隔的稳健性。     

基于几何因子的复合材料气动弹性剪裁设计

实现了基于几何因子的复合材料层合板建模,解决了几何因子与Natran的参数输入问题,并根据工艺约束中的最小铺层比例对几何因子可行空间进行了推导补充。在此基础上,提出了一种基于几何因子和Nastran的复合材料气动弹性剪裁优化设计方法。首先以总厚度和几何因子作为设计变量以及以Nastran作为求解器,以强度、刚度、颤振和发散速度以及几何因子相关性约束作为约束条件进行结构寻优,得到最优的铺层总厚度和几何因子。其次,以最优几何因子作为目标,进行铺层结构逆问题求解,约束条件为复合材料铺层工艺约束。因几何因子为铺层厚度和铺层顺序的表达式,与传统的多级优化相比,以几何因子作为设计变量可以避免铺层厚度和铺层顺序的解耦,进而获得更大的设计空间,且得到的铺层结构可以满足工艺约束。最后,对一矩形悬臂复合材料层合板进行剪裁设计,使得铺层结构满足气动弹性约束且质量最小。结果显示,运用该优化方法可以得到质量更小且满足工艺约束的铺层结构。     

An uncertain multidisciplinary design optimization method using interval convex models

This article proposes an uncertain multi-objective multidisciplinary design optimization methodology, which employs the interval model to represent the uncertainties of uncertain-but-bounded parameters. The interval number programming method is applied to transform each uncertain objective function into two deterministic objective functions, and a satisfaction degree of intervals is used to convert both the uncertain inequality and equality constraints to deterministic inequality constraints. In doing so, an unconstrained deterministic optimization problem will be constructed in association with the penalty function method. The design will be finally formulated as a nested three-loop optimization, a class of highly challenging problems in the area of engineering design optimization. An advanced hierarchical optimization scheme is developed to solve the proposed optimization problem based on the multidisciplinary feasible strategy, which is a well-studied method able to reduce the dimensions of multidisciplinary design optimization problems by using the design variables as independent optimization variables. In the hierarchical optimization system, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, sequential quadratic programming method and Gauss–Seidel iterative approach are applied to the outer, middle and inner loops of the optimization problem, respectively. Typical numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.