糖尿病高危足患者健康教育临床护理实践指南的整合研究

目的对现有的糖尿病高危足健康教育的相关指南进行整合,形成本土化的证据资源。方法以ADAPTE指南整合方法为指导,基于我国糖尿病高危足健康教育临床实践现状,形成糖尿病高危足患者健康教育临床护理实践指南草案,采用专家现场论证及糖尿病高危足患者论证对推荐意见进行整合及评审,修订形成正式版指南。结果本研究共纳入指南8篇,系统评价3篇,整合形成的指南内容包括政策建议、足部评估、健康教育计划、实施、效果评价5个主题,17条推荐意见。结论本研究指南整合形成了糖尿病高危足患者足部护理健康教育领域高质量的循证资源,为临床护理人员进行循证实践提供参考和依据。     

快速动态循证指南制订方法

快速动态循证指南的制订旨在使指南的推荐意见处于最新状态,相较于标准指南,快速动态循证指南可更好地利用现有证据,并及时、快速地将证据应用及转化。因此,本文从快速动态循证指南的优势、适用情况、制订流程和现存挑战等方面进行阐述,并提出思考,以期为国内指南制订机构和学者提供借鉴与参考。     

指南的系统评价:是什么,为什么,怎么做

近年来,临床实践指南的数量快速增长,越来越多相同或相似的指南被制订和发表,这些指南在方法学质量和推荐意见等方面存在一定差异和冲突,临床工作人员在使用指南的过程中面临诸多困惑。通过对指南进行系统评价,能够全面、客观地呈现某一领域或具体临床问题所有相关指南的现状和差异,更好地指导临床实践,提升医疗服务质量。本文针对指南系统评价的定义、方法及存在的挑战展开讨论,并就如何开展指南系统评价研究提出思考与建议,供指南的制订者、使用者和研究者参考。     

临床实践指南推荐意见中针灸方案的制订及撰写建议

目前国内外针灸相关临床实践指南的推荐意见中,针灸方案来源不透明,缺乏针灸方案合理性的综合评价,且对于针灸方案选择的标准不透明、不规范,撰写及报告细节不足,导致指南的临床适用性受到影响,一定程度上降低了指南推荐意见的使用率。本文从针灸方案的来源、合理性综合评价、优先性选择以及撰写与报告几个方面进行探讨,并提出详细的方法学建议,以期为指南制订者提供临床指南推荐意见的针灸方案评价、选择和撰写的方法学优化思路及建议。     

中国癌症症状管理实践指南——皮肤反应

本指南的构建严格遵循了美国医学研究所关于临床实践指南的最新定义,并以WHO标准指南制订方法学为依据,包括成立指南工作组、指南注册及计划书撰写、临床问题遴选和确定、证据检索及评价、推荐意见形成等流程。证据分级及推荐意见制订采用GRADE方法学,通过3轮面对面专家共识会,最终形成皮肤反应管理实践指南,共15条推荐意见。该指南涵盖了化疗和靶向治疗所致皮肤反应的常规皮肤护理、局部冷疗、防晒剂、芦荟胶和药物治疗等方面,旨在为我国医务工作者和患者提供最佳决策工具。     

脑卒中康复临床实践指南推荐意见研究

目的 分析国内外脑卒中康复临床实践指南的推荐意见内容,为脑卒中康复临床实践指南的制订和使用人员提供参考和建议。方法 系统检索PubMed、EMBASE、中国知网(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、万方数据库及指南相关网站,时间为从建库之日起至2020年1月,搜集国内外脑卒中康复临床实践指南,参照世界卫生组织指南制订手册(第二版)的流程,对国内外脑卒中康复临床实践指南主要关注的康复内容、推荐意见是否基于证据、基于证据的类型及证据分级范围进行分析。结果 共纳入12篇脑卒中康复临床实践指南,其中中文1篇,英文11篇。制订国家包括美国(3篇)、英国(3篇)、加拿大(3篇)、澳大利亚(2篇)和中国(1篇),发表时间为2005年9月至2019年2月。脑卒中康复临床实践指南中质量评价采用指南研究与评价(AGREE)的有3篇(25.0%),分级系统采用GRADE的有2篇(16.7%)。指南推荐意见内容涉及领域有:认知功能障碍4个维度,推荐最多为认知功能的评估(7篇,66.7%);言语及吞咽功能障碍5个维度,推荐最多为吞咽相关并发症(10篇,83.3%);运动功能障碍6个维度,推荐最多为对痉挛的治疗(10篇,83.3%);心理及行为功能障碍4个维度,推荐最多为评估(6篇,50.0%)。4个领域推荐意见中基于的证据类型不一,多为观察性研究和/或随机对照试验。结论 推荐意见基于的证据类型和推荐强度分级不尽相同。建议脑卒中康复临床实践指南制订应该参照世界卫生组织指南制订手册的方法和流程规范推荐意见的撰写,提高康复指南的整体质量和可实施性,并进一步提高康复的质量和安全性。     

神经源性膀胱功能障碍评估与管理相关指南的整合研究

目的 对现有的神经源性膀胱功能障碍评估与管理相关指南进行整合,从而形成本土化证据资源。方法 以ADAPTE方法为依据,形成神经源性膀胱功能障碍评估与管理的临床护理实践草案,通过神经源性膀胱功能障碍患者与相关专家的相继论证,对推荐意见进行评价并整合,最终修订形成正式版指南。结果 最终纳入5篇循证指南,整合形成的指南内容包括神经源性膀胱功能障碍的分类、病史采集、相关检查、导尿建议及辅助膀胱管理措施共5个主题,共20条推荐意见。结论 本研究整合形成了神经源性膀胱功能障碍评估与管理领域高质量的循证资源,为临床中的循证护理实践提供了参考和依据。     

精神分裂症社会心理干预临床实践指南的系统评价

目的 对精神分裂症社会心理干预相关指南进行系统评价,比较社会心理干预推荐意见的差异。方法 计算机检索国内外指南网、相关学会网站及数据库中关于精神分裂症社会心理干预的相关指南,检索时限为建库至2022年6月30日。采用指南方法学质量评价工具AGREEⅡ对指南进行质量评价,比较精神分裂症社会心理干预推荐意见的证据质量和推荐强度,分析推荐意见间的差异。结果 共纳入指南7篇,3篇为A级推荐,4篇为B级推荐。共提取12项社会心理干预措施,7篇指南中均建议精神分裂症患者应接受认知行为治疗和家庭治疗,其他社会心理干预措施推荐意见间存在明显差异。结论 指南的总体质量尚可,需详细阐述各推荐意见的实施策略,提供资源,探索长期应用效果,促进精神分裂症患者全面康复,为临床护理实践提供证据支持。     

低质量证据强推荐意见在中国护理实践指南中的现状分析

目的 分析中国护理实践指南中对低质量证据给予强推荐的现状。方法 计算机检索中国生物医学文献数据库（CMB）、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、万方数据库（Wan Fang）、维普中文科技期刊数据库（VIP）以及复旦大学护理中心循证实践资源中的护理实践指南,并对纳入文献的参考文献进行手动补充检索。检索时限为2010年7月28日—2020年7月28日。由2位评价员按照研究纳排标准独立筛选指南及资料提取。结果 本研究共纳入指南15篇,总形成推荐意见778条,其中低/极低证据质量强推荐的条目达256（32.9%）条,40.0%（6/15）的指南低/极低质量强推荐条目超过总推荐意见条目的50%。结论 虽然目前国内临床护理实践指南的制订质量已有长足进步,但指南制订过程中推荐意见质量及推荐强度的确定仍需进一步规范。     

Ph阴性骨髓增殖性肿瘤临床护理实践指南的整合

目的整合现有骨髓增殖性肿瘤(MPN)临床护理实践相关指南, 形成高质量本土化证据资源, 为临床知识转化提供依据, 以期使临床实践者护理患者时有规可行、有据可依。方法在国际实践指南注册与透明化平台进行指南整合注册, 以ADAPTE指南整合方法为指导, 根据"6S证据金字塔"模型对证据进行自上而下的检索及筛选, 对纳入的指南进行质量评价和内容分析, 提取、梳理、整合MPN临床护理实践的推荐意见。检索时限为2011年9月—2022年9月。结果最终纳入6篇循证类指南、6篇专家共识类指南和4篇临床决策, 共提取出40条推荐意见, 整合为入院评估、症状管理、危险因素管理、用药管理、治疗目标管理和随访管理6个Ⅰ级主题和19个Ⅱ级主题。结论纳入的指南整体质量较高, 推荐意见丰富、具体且高度一致, 可为后期证据转化提供资源准备。但部分内容仍需补充拓展, 建议该领域学者结合临床需求, 制订更加全面、具体的临床护理实践指南。     

中国临床实践指南更新情况调查

目的调查中国临床实践指南的更新周期、方法和步骤。方法在WanFang Data、VIP、CNKI中,以"指南、指引"为检索词在题名中进行检索,在CBM数据库中以"指南"为主题词进行检索,纳入符合标准的文献,统计分析其更新情况。结果共纳入指南380个,报道已更新的指南仅有38个(10%),平均更新周期为5.1年,更新周期最长为10年,最短为1年;38个已更新指南中有8个(2%)进行过多次更新,其平均更新次数为3次,平均更新周期为4.9年。在342个未更新过的指南中,提及未来会更新的指南有42个(12%)。将已更新指南按临床用途分:预防类指南1个(0.3%),更新周期为4年;治疗类指南8个(2%),平均更新周期为4.3年;防治指南5个(1%),平均更新周期6.8年;诊疗类指南18个(5%),平均更新周期5.3年;技术类指南4个(1%),平均更新周期为5.5年;综合指南2个(0.5%),平均更新周期为2.5年。所有指南中,有40个(10%)在文中描述了更新方法。结论分析国际与国内指南更新情况发现,中国临床实践指南更新比例低,更新周期长,且参差不齐;更新方法和步骤报道不规范,描述不充分;不同类别的指南和不同机构制定的指南更新情况差异大。     

Publishing web-based guidelines using interactive decision models

Commonly used methods for guideline development and dissemination do not enable developers to tailor guidelines systematically to specific patient populations and update guidelines easily. We developed a web-based system, ALCHEMIST, that uses decision models and automatically creates evidence-based guidelines that can be disseminated, tailored and updated over the web. Our objective was to demonstrate the use of this system with clinical scenarios that provide challenges for guideline development. We used the ALCHEMIST system to develop guidelines for three clinical scenarios: (1) Chlamydia screening for adolescent women, (2) antiarrhythmic therapy for the prevention of sudden cardiac death; and (3) genetic testing for the BRCA breast-cancer mutation. ALCHEMIST uses information extracted directly from the decision model, combined with the additional information from the author of the decision model, to generate global guidelines. ALCHEMIST generated electronic web-based guidelines for each of the three scenarios. Using ALCHEMIST, we demonstrate that tailoring a guideline for a population at high-risk for Chlamydia changes the recommended policy for control of Chlamydia from contact tracing of reported cases to a population-based screening programme. We used ALCHEMIST to incorporate new evidence about the effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) and demonstrate that the cost-effectiveness of use of ICDs improves from $74 400 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained to $34 500 per QALY gained. Finally, we demonstrate how a clinician could use ALCHEMIST to incorporate a woman's utilities for relevant health states and thereby develop patient-specific recommendations for BRCA testing; the patient-specific recommendation improved quality-adjusted life expectancy by 37 days. The ALCHEMIST system enables guideline developers to publish both a guideline and an interactive decision model on the web. This web-based tool enables guideline developers to tailor guidelines systematically, to update guidelines easily, and to make the underlying evidence and analysis transparent for users.     

The 2012 AHS/AAN guidelines for prevention of episodic migraine: a summary and comparison with other recent clinical practice guidelines

Background.— Updated guidelines for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine have been issued by the American Headache Society (AHS) and the American Academy of Neurology (AAN). We summarize key 2012 guideline recommendations and changes from previous guidelines. We review the characteristics, methods, consistency, and quality of the AHS/AAN guidelines in comparison with recently issued guidelines from other specialty societies. Methods.— To accomplish this, we reviewed the AHS/AAN guidelines and identified comparable recent guidelines through a systematic MEDLINE search. We extracted key data, and summarized and compared the key recommendations and assessed quality using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation‐II (AGREE‐II) tool. We identified 2 additional recent guidelines for migraine prevention from the Canadian Headache Society and the European Federation of Neurological Societies. All of the guidelines used structured methods to locate evidence and linked recommendations with assessment of the evidence, but they varied in the methods used to derive recommendations from that evidence. Results.— Overall, the 3 guidelines were consistent in their recommendations of treatments for first‐line use. All rated topiramate, divalproex/sodium valproate, propranolol, and metoprolol as having the highest level of evidence. In contrast, recommendations diverged substantially for gabapentin and feverfew. The overall quality of the guidelines ranged from 2 to 6 out of 7 on the AGREE‐II tool. Conclusion.— The AHS/AAN and Canadian guidelines are recommended for use on the basis of the AGREE‐II quality assessment. Recommendations for the future development of clinical practice guidelines in migraine are provided. In particular, efforts should be made to ensure that guidelines are regularly updated and that guideline developers strive to locate and incorporate unpublished clinical trial evidence.     

中国临床指南循证制定的方法学现状分析

目的 了解我国当前临床实践指南循证制定的方法学现状.方法 收集中华医学会2010 ～ 2012年公开发表的临床指南,以关键词“临床指南、实践指南”检索CNKI、VIP、WanFang Data及中国临床指南文库网站(www.cgc-chinaebm.org/index.aspx),同时补充检索临床常见大病指南,而后按照纳入与排除标准选择文献,并选取AGREE Ⅱ量表中指南开发严谨性领域相关8个条目对纳入指南进行评分,符合评价指标者计1分,否则计0分.结果 ①共纳入22个国内循证制定的指南,其中13个是首版,9个是更新版,指南平均更新时间为3～5年.②纳入指南涵盖领域包括中风、糖尿病、慢性乙型肝炎、高血压和儿科营养等.③指南参考文献数在10 ～ 218篇不等,有9个指南共引用了24篇Cochrane系统评价,占总参考文献数的2.62％ (24/916),引用Cochrane系统评价最多是急性缺血性脑卒中指南共7篇.④每个指南参与制定的专家人数在2 ～ 95人不等.⑤每个指南总页数在4～150页不等.⑥纳入指南评分在4～7分不等,推荐意见强度与证据质量相对应.但不少指南在检索方法、外部专家审阅和更新程序未清楚描述.结论 循证制定临床实践指南是当前国内临床实践指南发展趋势,但指南开发方法的严谨性和报告规范等有待提高.Cochrane系统评价引用率较低.我们提倡指南推荐意见强度与证据质量水平相对应,同时应考虑国情、配套政策对实际操作性的影响.未来应注重对指南开发方法、报告规范、指南可及性及相关人员的规范化培训.     

2019年期刊公开发表的中国临床实践指南现状评价

调查2019年国内外期刊公开发表的中国临床实践指南现状,分别从制订人员、利益冲突、引文、证据质量和推荐强度分级、方法学质量与报告质量、研究空白、传播与实施7个方面进行分析,旨在为我国指南制订者、使用者和评价者提供参考。     

如何应对指南制订中的利益冲突

利益冲突是影响指南制订客观性、独立性和可靠性的重要因素, 如何声明和管理利益冲突是指南制订者、使用者和研究者关注的焦点。本文分析比较了国内外指南制订的主要组织和机构对利益冲突的定义、分类及管理办法, 在此基础上, 就我国如何更好应对指南制订中的利益冲突提出思考与建议。     

Guidelines and Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Liver–Update 2020 WFUMB in Cooperation with EFSUMB,AFSUMB, AIUM,and FLAUS

The present, updated document describes the fourth iteration of recommendations for the hepatic use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, first initiated in 2004 by the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. The previous updated editions of the guidelines reflected changes in the available contrast agents and updated the guidelines not only for hepatic but also for non-hepatic applications. The 2012 guideline requires updating as, previously, the differences in the contrast agents were not precisely described and the differences in contrast phases as well as handling were not clearly indicated. In addition, more evidence has been published for all contrast agents. The update also reflects the most recent developments in contrast agents, including U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval and the extensive Asian experience, to produce a truly international perspective. These guidelines and recommendations provide general advice on the use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) and are intended to create standard protocols for the use and administration of UCAs in liver applications on an international basis to improve the management of patients.     

New aspects of guidelines for treatment of chronic heart failure (JCS 2010)

The Japanese Circulation Society (JCS) first published guidelines for the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) in 2000 and published revised guidelines in 2005. A great deal of progress has been made in the development of both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment for CHF in the world. In addition, various data from Japanese clinical trials have been accumulated since first publication. Accordingly, JCS determined to reassess and update guidelines in 2010. Experts in the subject are selected from 13 Japanese organizations including JCS. The guideline recommendations are based on the data from clinical trials and are intended to assist healthcare providers in clinical decision making by describing a range of generally acceptable approaches for the diagnosis and management of CHF. The guideline recommendations regarding as cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), cardiac rehabilitation, and waon therapy are newly added. Moreover, the effect of gender differences is taken into account in the pharmacologic treatment. Guidelines will be updated with advances in future.     

循证针灸临床实践指南方法学研究初探

目的探讨循证针灸临床实践指南制定方法,为撰写循证针灸临床实践指南提供方法学经验。方法根据中医针灸学学科及文献特点,遵循循证医学原理与方法,介绍循证针灸临床实践指南具体撰写流程和方法,并在文中突出分析了针灸临床实践指南与其他临床指南方法学研究异同点,以撰写抑郁症循证针灸临床实践指南为例,重点分析文献检索、证据等级、文献质量评估标准和推荐强度形成方法等内容。结果初步形成循证针灸临床实践指南方法学研究建议。结论应用合理、优化的指南制定方法学研究成果,可以制定高质量的循证针灸临床实践指南。     

Recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in the 2012 focused update of the ESC guidelines on atrial fibrillation: a commentary

The objective of this article is to provide a commentary on the recommendations for stroke prevention from the 2012 focused update of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines on the management of atrial fibrillation and the evidence (or lack of it) supporting these recommendations. These guidelines strongly advocate a major clinical practice shift towards initially focusing on the identification of ‘truly low risk’ patients who do not need any antithrombotic therapy. After this initial decision‐making step, effective stroke prevention – that is, oral anticoagulation therapy (whether as well‐controlled adjusted dose warfarin or with one of the novel oral anticoagulants) – could be offered to patients with atrial fibrillation with ≥ 1 stroke risk factors. The 2012 focused update guideline also provides additional guidance on advances in stroke and bleeding risk assessment that are evident since publication of the 2010 guideline, as well as recommendations on the use of the novel oral anticoagulants and the left atrial appendage occlusion devices that have been increasingly used in European clinical practice over the last 2 years.