转C_4基因水稻籽粒产量及品质分析

为了分析C_4基因导入C_3水稻后对其籽粒产量及品质的影响,以日本水稻品种‘Kitaake’(Oryza sativa L.subsp.japonica)及其转玉米PEPC、PPDK、ME基因水稻为材料,测定C_4光合酶活性、光合速率、产量以及主要营养成分。结果表明,转C_4基因水稻的4种光合酶活性显著增加,PEPC基因的导入使光合效率显著提高,与对照相比各转基因株系籽粒中水分、灰分和淀粉质量分数无显著差异,而含有PEPC基因株系的蛋白质和脂肪质量分数显著增加,可溶性糖质量分数降低。可见,PEPC基因的导入加强了籽粒中蛋白质和脂肪的积累,从而使转基因水稻千粒质量和单株穗数显著提高,这可能是转基因水稻光合生产力提高的生理生化基础。     

水稻HGO基因启动子的克隆及转化鉴定

HGO是编码酪氨酸降解途径中尿黑酸1,2双加氧酶的基因。探讨了水稻HGO基因的表达特征,构建了水稻HGO基因启动子与GUS表达载体,采用农杆菌介导的浸花法将该表达载体转入拟南芥中,获得转基因植株。通过GUS组织化学染色法检测,发现水稻HGO基因启动子在拟南芥根、下胚轴、叶柄和子叶中高度表达,在真叶中只有叶脉和叶尖上有微弱的表达。     

水稻HGO基因启动子的克隆及转化鉴定

HGO是编码酪氨酸降解途径中尿黑酸1,2双加氧酶的基因。探讨了水稻HGO基因的表达特征,构建了水稻HGO基因启动子与GUS表达载体,采用农杆菌介导的浸花法将该表达载体转入拟南芥中,获得转基因植株。通过GUS组织化学染色法检测,发现水稻HGO基因启动子在拟南芥根、下胚轴、叶柄和子叶中高度表达,在真叶中只有叶脉和叶尖上有微弱的表达。     

转玉米pepc基因的杂交水稻亲本的选育

 对转玉米 pepc基因水稻进行观察研究 ,发现玉米 pepc基因不仅在水稻中高水平表达而且能稳定遗传。转基因水稻的PEPC活性比非转基因对照提高 10倍以上 ,其单株有效穗、穗总粒数、千粒重和单株产量等主要经济性状指标分别比原始亲本Kitaake提高 14 .9%、5 .7%、1.3%和 13.9%。 1998年以来 ,利用转 pepc基因水稻与杂交稻亲本杂交 ,经 5年 7代选育得出以下结果 :(1)玉米 pepc基因在新遗传背景下仍能高水平表达并能稳定遗传 ;(2 )F1的PEPC活性介于双亲之间 ,其饱和光合速率提高 5 0 % ,与双亲的差异达显著水平 ,利用高光效基因提高水稻杂种优势具有可行性 ;(3)PEPC活性与饱和光合速率呈极显著正相关 (r =0 .6 4 70 ) ,可将水稻叶片中的PEPC活性作为鉴定高光效水稻的主要生理指标 ;(4)转育成 3个较稳定的高光效水稻株系 ;(5 )建立了潮霉素催芽初选、分子标记抽检、田间表型决选和生理生化指标定量鉴定的高光效水稻筛选技术体系     

转玉米PEPC基因水稻的农艺性状及生理特性

以稳定的转PEPC基因水稻和未转基因野生型水稻为供试材料,测定稻株开花期间地上部干物质的累积量及籽粒中可溶性糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量.结果表明:与未转基因野生型水稻相比,转PEPC基因水稻叶片、茎鞘和穗干重都有部分增加,但以穗增重为主;开花后14 d,与未转基因野生型水稻相比,转PEPC基因水稻籽粒中可溶性糖含量和蛋白质含量显著增加,但其淀粉含量没有增加,推测转PEPC基因水稻籽粒中较多的可溶性糖可能会更多地转化为蛋白质.     

水稻2个F-box基因及其启动子的表达特性分析

根据基因序列分析确定Os5h和Os7h是F-box家族的两个基因,荧光定量PCR检测Os5h和Os7h在水稻不同组织器官中的表达模式,结果表明其在茎、叶、根、花等组织器官中均有表达,其中Os5h在花中表达量较高,Os7h在茎中表达量较高.对这2个基因的启动子进行了生物信息学预测分析,并构建启动子融合GFP表达载体,由农杆菌介导转入水稻中花11.对转基因水稻植株中GFP观察表明,2个基因的启动子均在水稻根尖有表达.     

花粉管介导的转抗冻蛋白基因(AFP)水稻

低温和冷害在世界范围内广泛发生,对水稻的产量和品质造成严重影响。创造和培育具有强耐低温特性的水稻品种,对提高水稻产量具有重要的意义。本研究将从胡萝卜中克隆的抗冻蛋白基因(AFP)构建到植物表达载体pB I121(pB I121∶AFP)后,利用花粉管通道法将其转入籼稻品种NR158,获得了转基因后代。对T3代和T4代转基因植株的苗期耐冷性鉴定和PCR鉴定结果表明,部分转基因植株后代已经整合并且AFP基因得到了表达,获得了不同程度的耐低温性。     

转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻的光合特性

【目的】系统研究ATP处理后转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻的光合特性,证明ATP是增强转C4基因水稻光合能力的关键因子。【方法】以原种和转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻为材料,进行了PCR检测,C4光合酶活性的测定。通过ATP处理后,分析了光、温—光合曲线和活性氧代谢有关指标,统计分析了相关的产量构成因素。【结果】原种中虽有全套的C4光合酶,但活性很低。PCR检测出玉米的PEPC和PPDK基因转入普通水稻后,转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻高表达了C4光合酶活性。在高光和高温条件下,同未施ATP的相比, ATP处理后转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻光合速率分别提高17%和12%。在光氧化条件下,耐光氧化能力进一步增强,产量提高15%。【结论】ATP处理后,转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻增强了光合生产力,表明ATP是设计类似C4水稻的关键因子。     

水稻基因启动子Ospz1的克隆与表达特性研究

在水稻基因组芯片分析的基础上,克隆到一个在水稻中高水平表达基因OsSG15'末端启动子区域1.6-kb的DNA片断,即Ospz1启动子,构建了由Ospz1启动子引导的GUS重组基因,并经农杆菌介导将重组基因导入到水稻中.对转基因水稻植株中GUS活性的定性测定结果表明,Ospz1启动子可驱动GUS报告基因在转基因水稻植株叶片、芽和根中高效表达,而在其它器官中不表达或表达活性极弱,表现出组织特异性.Ospz1启动子可用于农作物生物技术的遗传改良.     

水稻糖基水解酶基因GH27启动子克隆及初步分析

通过生物信息学方法找到水稻中与拟南芥β-葡糖苷酶类基因同源的糖基水解酶基因GH27.Northern检测结果显示该基因在衰老晚期的叶片中高量表达.利用PCR技术克隆GH27基因的启动子(PGH27)序列,构建启动子PGH27与报告基因GUS融合基因的表达载体PGH27:GUS,并通过农杆菌介导法转化水稻品种中花11,GUS染色结果表明该启动子PGH27可以有效地驱动GUS基因在转基因愈伤组织和水稻植株老叶中表达.     

Mars and Earth: origin and abundance of volatiles

Mars, like Earth, may have received its volatiles in the final stages of accretion, as a veneer of volatile-rich material similar to C3V carbonaceous chondrites. The high (40)Ar/(36)Ar ratio and low (36)Ar abundance on Mars, compared to data for other differentiated planets, suggest that Mars is depleted in volatiles relative to Earth-by a factor of 1.7 for K and 14 other moderately volatile elements and by a factor of 35 for (36)Ar and 15 other highly volatile elements. Using these two scaling factors, we have predicted martian abundances of 31 elements from terrestrial abundances. Comparison with the observed (36)Ar abundance suggests that outgassing on Mars has been about four times less complete than on Earth. Various predictions of the model can be checked against observation. The initial abundance of N, prior to escape, was about ten times the present value of 0.62 ppb, in good agreement with an independent estimate based on the observed enhancement in the martian (15)N/(14)N ratio (78,79). The initial water content corresponds to a 9-m layer, close to the value of >/=13 m inferred from the lack of an (18)O/(16)O fractionation (75). The predicted crustal Cl/S ratio of 0.23 agrees exactly with the value measured for martian dust (67); we estimate the thickness of this dust layer to be about 70 m. The predicted surface abundance of carbon, 290 g/cm(2), is 70 times greater than the atmospheric CO(2) value, but the CaCO(3) content inferred for martian dust (67) could account for at least one-quarter of the predicted value. The past atmospheric pressure, prior to formation of carbonates, could have been as high as 140 mbar, and possibly even 500 mbar. Finally, the predicted (129)Xe/(132)Xe ratio of 2.96 agrees fairly well with the observed value of 2.5(+2)(-1) (85). From the limited data available thus far, a curious dichotomy seems to be emerging among differentiated planets in the inner solar system. Two large planets (Earth and Venus) are fairly rich in volatiles, whereas three small planets (Mars, the moon, and the eucrite parent body-presumably the asteroid 4 Vesta) are poorer in volatiles by at least an order of magnitude. None of the obvious mechanisms seems capable of explaining this trend, and so we can only speculate that the same mechanism that stunted the growth of the smaller bodies prevented them from collecting their share of volatiles. But why then did the parent bodies of the chondrites and shergottites fare so much better? One of the driving forces behind the exploration of the solar system has always been the realization that these studies can provide essential clues to the intricate network of puzzles associated with the origin of life and its prevalence in the universe. In our own immediate neighborhood, Mars has always seemed to be the planet most likely to harbor extraterrestrial life, so the environment we have found in the vicinity of the two Viking landers is rather disappointing in this context. But the perspective we have gained through the present investigation suggests that this is not a necessary condition for planets at the distance of Mars from a solar-type central star. In other words, if it turns out that Mars is completely devoid of life, this does not mean that the zones around stars in which habitable planets can exist are much narrower than has been thought (114). Suppose Mars had been a larger planet-the size of Earth or Venus-and therefore had accumulated a thicker veneer and had also developed global tectonic activity on the scale exhibited by Earth. A much larger volatile reservoir would now be available, there would be repeated opportunities for tapping that reservoir, and the increased gravitational field would limit escape from the upper atmosphere. Such a planet could have produced and maintained a much thicker atmosphere, which should have permitted at least an intermittently clement climate to exist. How different would such a planet be from the present Mars? Could a stable, warm climate be maintained? It seems conceivable that an increase in the size of Mars might have compensated for its greater distance from the sun and that the life zone around our star would have been enlarged accordingly.     

人的现代化：培养与管理

“人的现代化”问题，是迎接２１世纪知识经济时代挑战的重要问题。没有人的现代化，就不可能有事业的现代化，教育对人的现代倾起着直接的作用。加强对人的现代化的管理至关重要。     

Radioactivity of people and milk: 1957

The routine determination of cesium-137 and potassium-40 content of over 2200 samples was accomplished through utilization of one-fifth of the potential capacity of the Los Alamos human counter. Little change in the cesium-137 concentration in people was observed from 1956 to 1957, in spite of the increase in both the rate and the integrated levels of fallout. The correlation of levels in human beings with cesium levels in milk indicates a discrimination factor of 1.8 in this step of the ecological transfer. Precipitation is shown to be an important factor determining the cesium content of milk, but the lack of complete correlation indicates that a more detailed analysis is necessary. Contamination of the troposphere during periods of weapon testing complicates the interpretation, as do seasonal variations.