新型奥氏体C-HRA-5耐热钢时效过程中的沉淀相演化

对新型奥氏体C-HRA-5耐热钢(22Cr25Ni3Cu4W2Co)进行700℃/0～15 627 h时效试验,采用OM观察时效样品晶粒尺寸和孪晶的变化,采用SEM+EDS、TEM+EDS+SAED分析了时效样中沉淀相析出顺序及粗化特性。结果表明,试验钢在700℃/15627h时效过程中先后析出M23C6、Z相、富Cu相和Laves相等第二相,其中M23C6相主要在晶界析出,其它第二相主要分布在晶内,未发现σ相的析出。在时效过程中,富Cu相和Z相尺寸比较细小稳定,尤其是富Cu相,时效至15 627 h时直径约10 nm,它们是提高C-HRA-5钢热强性的主要强化相。晶界M23C6碳化物粗化速率较快,时效817 h时已在晶界形成断续状分布,时效至15 627 h时,其在晶界宽度增长至550 nm;而晶内M23C6碳化物粗化相对缓慢。由于添加W元素,在时效后期有大量针状Laves相在晶内析出,主要沿长度方向长大;另有少量颗粒状Laves相在晶界M23C6内部或其附近析出,尺寸较稳定。在长期时效过程中,未发现σ相的析出,这与C-HRA-5钢增加Ni和添加Co元素可以抑制或延迟其析出有关。     

高温长期时效对改型低膨胀Thermo-Span合金热稳定性和性能的影响

研究了高温时效对标准和改型Thermo-Span合金组织和持久性能的影响,在650℃时效1000 h,标准合金的晶内与晶界Laves析出相均发生了粗化,而改型合金的析出相形貌没有改变,当时效温度增高到680℃时,标准合金在时效500 h时,合金的析出相已经发生了严重的粗化,Laves相的形态由圆粒状变成条状,而改型合金的析出相没有变化,当时效到1000 h后,标准合金析出相已经完全粗化,析出相几乎布满了整个晶内,而改型合金晶界只有少量析出相开始发生粗化,经650℃时效1000 h后,改型合金具有较好的组织热稳定性,合金650℃/600 MPa的持久性能比标准合金高109 h。     

2507超级双相不锈钢中第二相的析出行为

利用OM、SEM和EBSD等研究了经1100 ℃保温30 min固溶的热轧超级双相不锈钢(SDSS)2507在不同时效温度(750~1000 ℃)及时间(1~240 min)下的第二相析出行为。结果表明,固溶态SDSS 2507的微观组织主要是铁素体和奥氏体。在750～1000 ℃时效处理后有σ相和χ相析出。时效温度较低时,χ相从铁素体相析出且稳定存在。随着时效温度的升高,σ相主要通过α→σ+γ₂共析反应生成,随着时效时间的延长,组织中亚稳态χ相溶解并促进σ相析出。另外,时效温度也会影响第二相形貌:高温时效时(＞950 ℃),析出相形貌主要为片状σ相和γ₂相,低温时效时析出物主要呈颗粒状。由第二相析出行为及第二相的TTT曲线可知,热轧变形使SDSS 2507第二相形核的孕育期缩短,析出速度提高,析出敏感温度约为950 ℃。     

254SMo超级奥氏体不锈钢的时效析出相

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析仪研究了254SMo超级奥氏体不锈钢在不同时效温度和时效时间下析出相的形态及分布。结果表明,254SMo钢在850~1000℃时效时,随着温度的升高,晶界析出相逐渐增多,晶内析出相逐渐减少;850℃时效析出相为χ相,950℃析出相为σ相。     

时效工艺对2507不锈钢σ相析出及力学性能的影响

通过拉伸、硬度、冲击试验研究了时效温度、时间对2507超级双相不锈钢力学性能的影响,并应用EBSD技术观察了σ相的析出。结果表明:在900~1000℃区域,随时效温度降低,σ相析出量增加,材料塑性变差,温度低于940℃时效10 min其伸长率低于10%;在600~700℃区域,随时效温度升高,σ相析出量增加,但析出时间较高温区域长,力学性能恶化不太严重,600~650℃时效40 h内伸长率20%,冲击吸收能量10 J。     

MICROSTRUCTURAL STABILITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON EMBRITTLEMENT OF FERRITIC-AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL 00Cr18NiSMo3Si2

本文就铁素体—奥氏体型双相不锈钢00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2组织稳定性及其对脆性的影响进行了探讨。980℃固溶处理及在450—900℃温度区间时效后产生α→γ′+X(σ)及α→α′+脱溶产物两种类型的组织转变。在450—750℃时效沿晶界发现有一种片状的Fe_3Cr_3Mo_2Si_2金属间相,在铁素体晶内有一种Fe_(2.4)Cr_(1.3)=MoSi拓扑密排相(R相),而在750—900℃时效发现x相只是一个能转变为σ相的亚稳相。本文就α-铁素体等温转变动力学曲线进行了研究。前人研究结果认为本钢脆性是由σ相造成的,本文研究结果发现在550—650℃及800—900℃不同温度区间脆性断裂特征不同,在550—650℃区间沿晶脆性断裂主要是由于沿晶规则排列的片状Fe_3Cr_3Mo_2Si_2金属间相的析出造成的,而在800—900℃区间的准解理断裂则与α相分解为块状的σ相、x相有关。     

00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2双相不锈钢组织稳定性及其对脆性影响的研究

本文就铁素体—奥氏体型双相不锈钢00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2组织稳定性及其对脆性的影响进行了探讨。980℃固溶处理及在450—900℃温度区间时效后产生α→γ′ X(σ)及α→α′ 脱溶产物两种类型的组织转变。在450—750℃时效沿晶界发现有一种片状的Fe_3Cr_3Mo_2Si_2金属间相,在铁素体晶内有一种Fe_(2.4)Cr_(1.3)=MoSi拓扑密排相(R相),而在750—900℃时效发现x相只是一个能转变为σ相的亚稳相。本文就α-铁素体等温转变动力学曲线进行了研究。前人研究结果认为本钢脆性是由σ相造成的,本文研究结果发现在550—650℃及800—900℃不同温度区间脆性断裂特征不同,在550—650℃区间沿晶脆性断裂主要是由于沿晶规则排列的片状Fe_3Cr_3Mo_2Si_2金属间相的析出造成的,而在800—900℃区间的准解理断裂则与α相分解为块状的σ相、x相有关。     

热处理对G3合金微观组织的影响

借助光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜研究了热处理温度对G3合金微观组织的影响。结果表明,在1120～1180℃温度区间,随着固溶处理温度升高G3合金的晶粒尺寸由5.41级增大为4.18级;经不同温度时效处理后,合金中析出相的种类和分布形态有显著差别。经700℃×50 h时效,合金中晶界上的主要析出相为M23C6相,呈网状,晶内为弥散、细小的TiN和σ相,两者有复合析出现象。经800℃×50 h时效,合金中晶界处的析出相仍然是M23C6相,晶内析出的M6C相呈叶片状,成片分布在晶内。经900℃×50 h时效,合金中晶界处析出的主要是M6C相而不是M23C6相,晶内有大量纳米级的第二相颗粒与位错相互作用。     

粉末床激光熔融304L不锈钢的热处理工艺

采用激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)技术制备了 304L不锈钢,并对其分别进行了 600、800、1000 和1300℃保温2 h 的热处理,研究了热处理温度对其显微组织的影响.结果表明:样品的晶粒尺寸随温度升高呈长大趋势.当热处理温度为1300℃时,样品的晶粒明显粗化.由于LPBF 的快速凝固使304L 不锈钢中生成了 6 铁素体和σ相.6 铁素体相随温度升高发生固溶,含量下降,但当温度升高至1300℃时,δ铁素体含量突然升高,这是是因为发生了奥氏体向高温铁素体的二次转变.热处理对沿晶分布的σ相固溶效果甚微,热处理温度为800℃时,σ相含量突然增加,这是因为800℃是处在σ相的析出温度范围.本研究结果表明,对LPBF 304L不锈钢进行热处理,应尽量避开晶粒粗化、铁素体析出的高温区和σ相析出的中温区.     

超级奥氏体不锈钢654SMO在900℃下的时效析出行为

对超级奥氏体不锈钢654SMO在900℃进行不同时间的时效处理,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)观察了析出相的显微形貌,使用能谱分析和选区电子衍射分析了析出相的成分和结构,并结合JMA方程对析出相的析出动力学进行了研究。结果表明,超级奥氏体不锈钢654SMO中的析出相主要是σ相和Cr₂N相。时效10 min～1 h时,钢中析出相主要是σ相,σ相的析出位置依次是晶界、非共格孪晶界、共格孪晶界和晶内。时效1～12 h过程中,σ相开始在晶内形成针状相,随着时效时间的延长,析出相的数量越来越多,并在晶内相互交错,交织成网状。在时效24、48 h后,由于σ相富含Cr,以及σ相与奥氏体相晶界结构差异大,Cr₂N相以条状或不规则的块状依附在σ相上形核生长。超级奥氏体不锈钢654SMO中析出相的析出动力学方程为X=1-exp(-0.0487t^0.729)。     

热处理工艺对G115钢铸件组织与性能的影响

以均匀化退火后的G115钢铸件为对象,研究了不同正火+回火工艺处理对其显微组织及力学性能的影响,其中正火工艺分别为1070 ℃×1 h,AC和1100 ℃×1 h,AC,回火工艺分为一次回火(780 ℃×3 h,AC)和两次回火(780 ℃×3 h,AC+750 ℃×3 h,AC)。结果表明:随着正火温度的上升,G115钢铸件的室温强度和650 ℃高温强度均有所上升,而韧性有所下降,塑性无明显变化;随着回火次数的增加,G115钢的室温强度和650 ℃高温强度均有所降低,韧性和塑性无明显影响。正火+回火处理后G115钢铸件中的析出相主要有Laves相、M₂₃C₆以及MX(NbC、VN)相,冲击断口形貌呈解理或准解理断裂特征。随着正火温度升高,马氏体板条块(Block)宽度有所增加,排列相对整齐。原奥氏体晶粒尺寸是G115钢室温强度贡献值中晶界强化量的有效晶粒尺寸。推荐的热处理制度为1100 ℃×1 h(AC)正火+780 ℃×3 h(AC) 回火。     

固溶处理对Ni48Cr21Cu2Mo合金组织与力学性能的影响

采用材料分析模拟软件(JMatPro)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等研究了Ni48Cr21Cu2Mo合金棒材随不同制度固溶处理后组织性能的演化规律。平衡相图计算结果显示,温度超过990 ℃时,合金基体组织基本已为γ相,在870~1008 ℃存在Laves相,870 ℃以下析出δ、γ′和σ相。合金显微组织研究结果显示,随着固溶温度的升高,晶粒尺寸不断长大、颗粒相逐步回溶,经1010 ℃固溶处理后的显微组织最均匀且其中颗粒相已基本回溶。时效后,合金中析出γ′相和γ″相,晶界出现粒状δ、σ复合相。经1010 ℃×1 h固溶并在718 ℃×8 h+622 ℃×8 h时效处理后的Ni48Cr21Cu2Mo合金具有优良的综合力学性能。     

G115马氏体耐热钢平衡析出相的热力学计算和分析

为了制备超10 t级G115马氏体耐热钢的大型铸件,需科学评估合金元素对析出行为的影响。采用Thermo-Calc软件的TCFe9数据库对G115马氏体耐热钢的平衡析出相进行热力学模拟计算,研究了主元素对G115钢平衡态析出相类型、析出量和析出温度的影响。计算结果表明:G115马氏体耐热钢在650 ℃下的析出相主要有MX相(FCC-A1#2:NbC)、M₂₃C₆、Laves相和富Cu相。其中NbC的析出温度为1148 ℃,M₂₃C₆的析出温度为871 ℃,Laves相的析出温度为811 ℃,富Cu相的析出温度为734 ℃。其中C和Cr对M₂₃C₆的析出有影响,C和Nb对NbC的析出有影响,W对Laves相的析出有影响,B对各相的析出均无明显影响。     

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Modified 718 Alloy

M718 alloy with an extra high Mo content of 7.50 wt% which reduced Nb addition and increased Al and Ti additions within the composition specifications of 718 alloy has been designed to increase the service temperature of 718 alloy. And the effect of the heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of M718 alloy has been investigated in this study. The results showed that Laves phase precipitated on the grain boundaries of M718 alloy instead of d-Ni_3 Nb phase in718 alloy, and y'and y'phases precipitated in the matrix of M718 alloy as that in 718 alloy. Increasing the solution temperature from 960 to 1050 ℃ noticeably reduced the intergranular precipitation of Laves phase. The precipitation of Laves phase was appropriate at 1020 ℃ for improving the grain boundary cohesion. Increasing the two-stage aging temperatures markedly increased the sizes of y' andy'phases. As a result, the strength of M718 alloy increased.     

Effect of Grain Size on the Precipitation Behaviour in Super-Ferritic Stainless Steels During a Long-Term Ageing

A 27.6Cr-3.6Mo-2Ni alloy was solution treated and then aged for a long time to study the effect of grain size on precipitation behaviour by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results demonstrated that the average grain size increased from 46.3 ± 6.2 to 101.8 ± 13.5 μm and the grain boundary length per unit area decreased from 3.3 × 10~4 to 1.7 × 10~4 m/m~2 with an increasing annealing temperature from 1100 to 1200 ℃. After ageing at 800 ℃, the σ-phase,χ-phase and Laves phase were observed. As the ageing time increased, the σ-phase notably increased, while the χ-phase and Laves phase gradually decreased before finally vanishing after ageing for 400 h. The σ-phase precipitation kinetics curves consisted of two parts, and the grain size had a significant effect on the first stage of the precipitation curves due to the abundance of nucleation sites in the specimens with finer grains. The Laves phase was transformed from Nb(C,N) particles by Nb diffusion. As the ageing time increased, the ferrite phase decreased due to the transformation of the ferrite phase to the σ-phase, and then C was expelled into the untransformed ferrite grains. Moreover, new Nb(C,N) particles were formed by Nb diffusion from the Laves phase, resulting in the absence of the Laves phase.     

Fe51Mn30Cr19低活化双相多主元合金中χ相与M23C6碳化物在475 ℃回火过程中的析出行为

通过XRD、SEM、EBSD和TEM等手段研究了低活化双相多主元合金Fe₅₁Mn₃₀Cr₁₉在475 ℃回火过程中χ相与M₂₃C₆的析出行为。结果表明,试验材料在回火过程中χ相与M₂₃C₆碳化物析出行为既有相似性又存在差异性。两种析出相的相似性是χ相与其基体铁素体相和M₂₃C₆与其基体奥氏体相都满足立方-立方位向关系,且析出相与基体晶格常数比值都十分接近3∶1。两种析出相在回火过程中差异性在于χ相首先以点状析出相形式于铁素体内部产生,析出过程不存在元素偏聚,而M₂₃C₆的析出总起始于铁素体/奥氏体界面,然后逐渐向铁素体区域扩展,析出过程存在明显的铬元素偏聚。根据两种析出相晶格结构并与其母相对比,分析了两种析出相的形成机理。通过对低活化双相多主元合金析出特征的分析,能够为析出相的控制与材料性能设计提供重要的参考依据。     

Effect of Zr addition on precipitates in K4169 superalloy

In order to investigate the effect of Zr addition on the precipitations of K4169 superalloy,a manual electric arc furnace was used to prepare the superalloy with different Zr addition from 0.03wt.% to 0.07wt%.After standard heat treatment and long-time aging,the microstructures of the alloys were observed using XRD,SEM and TEM.The results show that Zr not only inhibits the precipitation of Laves phase at the grain boundary,but also significantly promotes the precipitation of earlobe-like γ’ and γ″ phases.After long time aging at 680℃ for 500 h,the γ″ phase grows up obviously and forms a γ’/γ’’ clad microstructure when the Zr addition is 0.03 wt.%.A large number of fine orbed γ’ particles precipitate in the grains and some γ″ phase transforms to disk-like δ phase when the Zr addition increases to 0.05wt.%.The nano-polycrystalline γ’ phase precipitates in the grains and there is a little δ phase when the Zr addition is 0.07wt.%.As the Zr addition increases,the amount of Laves phase at the grain boundary decreases at first,and then increases and forms flaky morphology.     

EFFECT OF W ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 12%Cr HEAT-RESISTANT STEEL

The effect of W on mechanical properties of 12% Cr-W-V-Nb heat resistant steel at hightemperatures and room temperature is reported.The experimental results indicated that if theW content was about 2.2—3.0 wt-%,there was no obviously change of R.T.tensile strength,but impact toughness decreased with the rise of W content.On the other hand,the increase ofW content enhanced the short time stress rupture strength,but did not for the long time one.The increase of W have two effects on the precipitation behavior,promoting Laves formationof type Fe_2W,increasing the precipitated phase amount and speeding up the coarsening pro-cess of precipitated phase at high temperatures.The effect of W on the mechanical propertiesis closely associated with precipitation behaviors.When the rupture life is short,there has noenough time to coarsen the precipitated phases,so the increase of precipitated phases results instrengthening effect,i.e.the W increases the high temperature strength.After prolonged expo-sure,the evident coarsening took plaee,that decreased the effect of precipitation.