掺沥青乳液水泥体系的凝结时间对CA砂浆性能的影响

研究了水泥组成、沥青乳液与水泥的质量比等因素对掺沥青乳液水泥净浆的凝结时间及CA砂浆的材料分离度、流动度、可工作时间、抗压强度等性能的影响规律.结果表明:使用早期强度高、水化速度快的水泥,采用硫铝酸盐水泥适量取代普通硅酸盐水泥,调整沥青乳液与水泥的质量比均可促进掺沥青乳液水泥净浆的凝结与CA砂浆的胶结硬化,从而改善CA砂浆综合性能.但硫铝酸盐水泥对普通硅酸盐水泥的取代率不宜超过20%,沥青乳液与水泥的质量比应控制在1.5~1.7.     

较大偏高岭土掺量下水泥基材料的水化和性能

测定了较大偏高岭土(MK)掺量下偏高岭土-水泥(MK-C)砂浆的抗压强度、MK-C净浆的水泥相对水化程度和累计放热量,探讨了净浆化学结合水量,砂浆抗压强度与净浆累计放热量的关系.结果表明:考虑了"稀释效应"、MK表面成核效应及火山灰效应的有效接触表面积模型可定量表征MK-C砂浆的抗压强度;水泥相对水化程度随MK掺量的增加而逐渐增大,随龄期的延长而先增加后降低;随MK掺量的增加,净浆最大累计放热量逐渐降低,最大累计放热增量逐渐变大,净浆化学结合水量与累计放热量在养护早期和后期存在不同的线性关系,砂浆早期抗压强度与净浆累计放热量线性相关.     

苎麻纤维增强硫铝酸盐水泥基材料的力学性能与体积变形

通过抗折强度、抗压强度、界面弯拉强度、体积变形以及红外光谱测试,研究了苎麻纤维（RF）掺量对硫铝酸盐水泥基材料力学性能与体积变形的影响.结果表明：随着RF掺量（体积分数,下同）的增加,硫铝酸盐水泥净浆的抗折强度和抗压强度均呈现先增加后减小的趋势,并且在纤维掺量为0.50%时同时达到峰值;在约束条件下,掺入RF对硫铝酸盐水泥净浆界面弯拉强度的提升幅度较大,纤维掺量为0.75%试样的28 d界面弯拉强度较无约束条件下提高了31.82%;RF的掺入显著增加了硫铝酸盐水泥净浆的膨胀量,其自生变形和干燥变形均随着RF掺量的增加逐渐增大;改性后的RF可以在硫铝酸盐水泥基材料的碱性环境中稳定发挥作用,提高试样的整体强度.     

低温环境下碳酸锂对硫铝酸盐水泥水化和性能的影响

主要研究了在0、4、8、12℃养护温度下碳酸锂对硫铝酸盐水泥水化和性能的影响。结果表明,低温养护环境下,掺入少量的碳酸锂可以明显缩短硫铝酸盐水泥的凝结时间,当碳酸锂掺量大于0.10%时,硫铝酸盐水泥凝结时间基本上不再变化,0、4、8、12℃养护环境下,掺0.10%碳酸锂的硫铝酸盐水泥初、终凝时间分别为90、150 min,57、74 min,43、57 min,23、38 min。碳酸锂可以促进硫铝酸盐水泥中硫铝酸钙矿物在低温下的早期水化,从而提高低温养护下硫铝酸盐水泥净浆的12 h、1 d和3 d抗压强度,但对硫铝酸钙28 d的水化程度无影响,而且当碳酸锂掺量较高时,低温下养护的硫铝酸盐水泥净浆7 d和28 d抗压强度会降低。     

水灰比和碳酸锂对硫铝酸盐水泥水化历程的影响

研究了水灰比和碳酸锂对硫铝酸盐水泥水化历程的影响。水化放热历程测试结果表明:随着水灰比的增大,硫铝酸盐水泥的水化放热速率增大,水化放热量提高;碳酸锂的掺入使得水化诱导期消失,水泥在加入水后直接进入水化加速期,与水灰比的影响相比,碳酸锂的掺入对水化加速期放热速率的影响更为显著;同时,碳酸锂的掺入使得硫铝酸盐水泥的早期水化速率和水化放热量增加,后期水化放热量减小。X射线衍射测试结果表明:碳酸锂的作用仅是提高了硫铝酸盐水泥的水化进程和水化速率,对生成水化产物的种类无影响。     

聚羧酸系减水剂对铝酸盐水泥性能的影响

测定了自制聚羧酸高效减水剂不同掺量对铝酸盐水泥净浆扩展度、凝结时间及胶砂强度的影响,通过扫描电镜测试了水化产物的形貌,对聚羧酸高效减水剂对铝酸盐水泥早期结构的作用机理进行了分析。结果表明:使用自制聚羧酸高效减水剂在适宜掺量时能显著提高铝酸盐水泥的净浆扩展度,并且具有良好的扩展度保持性能;标准稠度时,聚羧酸高效减水剂的掺入使铝酸盐水泥净浆的初凝时间略有延长,随掺量的增大会显著延长终凝时间;相同水灰比时,较低掺量聚羧酸高效减水剂对铝酸盐水泥的1d抗折强度和抗压强度影响不大,掺量大于0.6%时,会显著降低铝酸盐水泥的1d抗折强度和抗压强度,但聚羧酸高效减水剂掺量不同,对铝酸盐水泥胶砂3d抗折强度和抗压强度影响不大。     

硫铝酸盐水泥专用缓凝保塑高效减水剂的研制

研究了硼酸、葡萄糖酸钠等对硫铝酸盐水泥凝结时间的影响,并将二者与聚羧酸盐系减水剂等按一定比例复合,制备出用于硫铝酸盐水泥的缓凝保塑高效减水剂WUT-G(Ⅱ);分析研究了WUT-G(Ⅱ)一定掺量时硫铝酸盐水泥净浆流动度、凝结时间、强度等性能,并对其水化样进行了XRD、SEM分析测试.结果表明WUT-G(Ⅱ)对硫铝酸盐水泥具有优异的缓凝和减水作用,利用WUT-G(Ⅱ)配制的C50硫铝酸盐水泥混凝土也表现出良好的工作性.     

石灰石微粉对硫铝酸盐水泥水化和性能影响

通过掺加石灰石微粉,研究石灰石微粉对硫铝酸盐水泥净浆的水化产物、抗压强度及线性膨胀率等性能的影响,结果表明:随着龄期的增加,石灰石微粉的掺入,使石灰石微粉-硫铝酸盐水泥净浆的抗压强度明显提高;其水化产物类似,但石灰石微粉的掺入,增加了钙矾石结晶场所,导致钙矾石的结晶更细小,膨胀性增加;同时影响了钙矾石的生成量,使钙矾石更加稳定,提高了硫铝酸盐水泥的体积稳定性。     

超细CaCO3增强硫铝酸盐水泥强度的研究

在硫铝酸盐水泥硬化体中,钙矾石主要以柱状、棒状而存在,这对水泥的性能产生了不利影响。探讨了超细CaCO3对硫铝酸盐水泥进行改性的研究。试验结果表明,超细CaCO3掺量为3%时,明显改善了硫铝酸盐水泥的强度,其28 d净浆与砂浆抗压强度分别达到100.6 MPa和94.1 MPa,且水泥的28 d砂浆抗折强度高达12.5 MPa。SEM显示掺超细CaCO3硫铝酸盐水泥硬化体中难以发现大颗粒状的水化硫铝酸钙晶体,结构较致密、均匀。     

水化硫铝酸盐水泥粉体对硫铝酸盐水泥自身水化进程的影响

制备并表征了水化硫铝酸盐水泥粉体材料(HCSAP),并结合水化热、化学收缩、XRD、TG、SEM等测试研究了HCSAP对硫铝酸盐水泥自身水化进程的影响.结果表明:在大水灰比条件下,硫铝酸盐水泥完全水化后主要生成钙矾石、水铝黄长石、单硫型水化硫铝酸钙及少量氢氧化铝.在硫铝酸盐水泥中混掺10％HCSAP,该改性浆体后期水化...     

Toxicological and chemical characterization of organic micropollutants in river po waters (Italy)

River Po waters were collected at the end of the drainage basin, extracted by means of XAD-2 resins and tested for toxicity on aquatic organisms (Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum) and for mutagenicity with a modified Ames test. The extracts were analyzed by HRGC/FID and selective detectors for the determination of the most common classes of toxic compounds. The relationships between toxicological responses and analytical results are discussed.     

Aquatic microbial activity and macrofaunal profiles of an Oklahoma stream

A toxicity assessment was conducted on Skeleton Creek, near Enid, Okla. This creek received effluents from an oil refinery, municipal waste treatment facility, and a fertilizer processing plant. Microbial activity assays, which focused on sediments, included: dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, glucosidase, amylase and protease activity. Microbial electron transport system activity was also measured in overlying waters and sediments. Results were compared to a study conducted at the same time by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which measured in-stream fish, plankton and benthic communities. In addition, EPA conducted 7-day Ceriodaphnia reproductive toxicity tests and 7-day larval fathead minnow growth tests. Effects occurred below the 3 discharges and similar response patterns were noted between surrogate microbial assays and stream communities. These results highlight the importance and feasibility of multi-tiered test schemes in aquatic toxicity assessments.     

Life history responses of Daphnia magna feeding on toxic Microcystis aeruginosa alone and mixed with a mixotrophic Poterioochromonas species

The toxic effects of a mixotrophic golden alga (Poterioochromonas sp. strain ZX1) and a cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa grazed by Poterioochromonas to a cladoceran were investigated through life history experiments using Daphnia magna. Poterioochromonas cultured in two ways (fed M. aeruginosa in an inorganic medium or grown in an organic medium) both induced starvation-like effects on D. magna, indicating that Poterioochromonas is neither acutely toxic nor a good food for D. magna. Despite a microcystin-LR content of 10⁻⁸ μg cell⁻¹ in M. aeruginosa, no toxins were accumulated in Poterioochromonas fed the cyanobacterium. The toxic effect of M. aeruginosa to D. magna was significantly reduced in the presence of Poterioochromonas, which may be performed in two ways: decrease M. aeruginosa cells ingestion of D. magna by grazing on M. aeruginosa; and decrease the toxicity of the medium by degrading the toxins released by M. aeruginosa. This study provides new information on the interactions between a cyanobacterium and its grazer under laboratory conditions and may increase our understanding of the ecological significance of such interactions in the aquatic food webs.     

The use of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis to control the nuisance fly Sylvicola fenestralis (Anisopodidae) in sewage filter beds

The effectiveness of using the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) to control the nuisance fly Sylvicola fenestralis at Rossendale Sewage Works, Lancashire, was investigated. Following a provisional trial in 1987, the whole Works (28 filter beds) was treated with a two-stage application of Bti in 1988; the first application in late April was separated from the second in late May by about half the length of the Sylvicola life-cycle. The Bti treatment was timed to reduce fly nuisance in June, the month when most complaints (71%) had been received. For each application, 0.161. of the Bti preparation, containing nearly 10¹⁰ spores·cm⁻³, was applied per square metre of bed surface. An 80 and 98% kill of Sylvicola larvae was recorded following the first and second applications respectively. The lower kill achieved by the first application was believed to be due to insufficient mixing of the Bti with the settled sewage prior to dosing. Nuisance caused by the flies was considerably reduced; there were no complaints from the public during June, although a few were received in late July, early August. Sewage purification efficiency was not affected by Bti treatment. The maximum concentration of Bti spores in the Works' effluent was 7 × 10⁴ spores·cm⁻³. This concentration did not appear to affect the already impoverished macro-invertebrate fauna of the receiving river.     

Previously uncultured β-Proteobacteria dominate in biologically active granular activated carbon (BAC) filters

Bacteria colonizing BAC filters used in drinking water purification from lake water were characterized by morphology, physiological tests, whole cell protein profiles and PLFA (phospholipid fatty acid) composition, and identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Epifluorescence revealed prothecate bacteria to dominate in BAC. The majority of the isolates belonged to order Burkholderiales of β-Proteobacteria, a few to Comamonadaceae but the majority to an undescribed family and the related sequences belonged mainly to uncultured bacteria. Among the less common α-Proteobacteria the genus Sphingomonas and the genera Afipia, Bosea or Bradyrhizobium of the Bradyrhizobiaceae family were detected. The majority of cultured bacteria persisting in the BAC biofilter were Burkholderiales, which according to ecological information are efficient in the mineralisation of dissolved organic matter in BAC. The biotechnical potential of the previously uncultured dominant bacteria warrants to be further studied.     

Influence of land use and watershed characteristics on protozoa contamination in a potential drinking water resources reservoir

Relative changes in the microbial quality of Lake Texoma, on the border of Texas and Oklahoma, were investigated by monitoring protozoan pathogens, fecal indicators, and factors influencing the intensity of the microbiological contamination of surface water reservoirs. The watershed serves rural agricultural communities active in cattle ranching, recreation, and is a potential drinking water source. A total of 193 surface water samples were tested over a 27-month period to determine levels of parasite contamination. The overall occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was higher in both frequency and concentration than Giardia cysts. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 99% and Giardia cysts in 87% of the samples. Although Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence were significantly but not strongly correlated, all other correlation coefficients including turbidity and total dissolved solids were non-significant. Statistically supportable seasonal variations were found suggesting that Cryptosporidium and Giardia were higher in summer and fall than in other seasons of the year. While Cryptosporidium levels were correlated with rainfall, this was not the case with Giardia. The maximum numbers for both protozoan parasites were detected from a site impacted by cattle ranching during calving season. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used for confirmation of Cryptosporidium in surface waters influenced by agricultural discharges. As we had expected, oocysts were of the bovine type indicating that the Cryptosporidium parvum detected in surface waters perhaps came from cattle living in the watershed.     

Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in water bodies of Galicia, Spain

The objective of this study was to determine the mean concentration (per litre) of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in recreational river areas (n = 28), drinking water treatments plants (DWTPs; n = 52) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs; n = 50) in Galicia (NW Spain). Water samples from rivers and from the influent (50–100 l) and the treated effluent (100 l) of the water plants were filtered using Filta-Max filters (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA). A total of 232 samples were processed and the (oo)cysts were concentrated, clarified by IMS and then detected by IFAT. The viability was determined by applying fluorogenic vital dye (PI).In the recreational areas, infective forms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 16 (57.1%; 1–60 oocysts per litre) and 17 (60.7%; 1–160 cysts per litre) samples, respectively. In the water flowing into the water treatment plants, oocysts were detected in 21 DWTPs (40.4%; 1–13 oocysts per litre) and cysts were observed in 22 DWTPs (42.3%; 1–7 cysts per litre). In the effluents from the treatment plants, Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were identified in 17 DWTPs (32.7%; 1–4 oocysts per litre) and in 19 DWTPs (36.5%; 1–5 cysts per litre), respectively. The highest concentrations of (oo)cysts were found in the WWTPs; specifically, oocysts were detected in 29 (58.0%; 1–80 oocysts per litre) and cysts in 49 (98.0%; 2–14.400 cysts per litre) WWTP effluents. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 32 (64.0%; 1–120 oocysts per litre) and 48 (96.0%; 2–6.000 cysts per litre) WWTP effluents, respectively. The percentage viability of the (oo)cysts ranged between 90.0% and 95.0%. In all samples analysed. Moreover, it was found that the effluents from coastal WWTPs were discharged directly into the sea, while inland WWTPs were discharged directly into rivers. The concentrations of both enteropathogens detected in effluents from WWTPs therefore represent a significant risk to human and animal health.These results demonstrate the wide distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the environment, the ineffectiveness of treatments in DWTPs and WWTPs in reducing/inactivating both protozoa and the need to monitor the presence, viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water bodies. In conclusion, the findings suggest the need for better monitoring of water quality and identification of sources of contamination.     

Use of microbial and toxicant screening tests for priority site selection of degraded areas in water bodies

In this study, a new approach has been taken to evaluate Saint John River water and sediment conditions. A battery of biochemical, microbiological and bioassay tests were used to identify degraded or degrading sediments and waters. Data were obtained from waters and sediments at 38 sites within the Saint John River Basin. The data suggested that the following four sites had the highest priority concern: Little River No. 34, Grand Bay, Saint John River near Boars Head No. 33, Madawaska River below mill No. 7 and St Francois-de-Madawaska, mill stream No. 2. The data also indicated that microbial population, biochemical or bioassay tests performed independently do not provide realistic evaluations of priority concern areas and that the “battery of tests” approach is necessary to provide additional information.     

Effect of pathogen concentrations on removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by conventional drinking water treatment

The presence of waterborne enteric pathogens in municipal water supplies contributes risk to public health. To evaluate the removal of these pathogens in drinking water treatment processes, previous researchers have spiked raw waters with up to 10(6) pathogens/L in order to reliably detect the pathogens in treated water. These spike doses are 6-8 orders of magnitude higher than pathogen concentrations routinely observed in practice. In the present study, experiments were conducted with different sampling methods (i.e., grab versus continuous sampling) and initial pathogen concentrations ranging from 10(1) to 10(6) pathogens/L. Results showed that Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst removal across conventional treatment were dependent on initial pathogen concentrations, with lower pathogen removals observed when lower initial pathogen spike doses were used. In addition, higher raw water turbidity appeared to result in higher log removal for both Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts.