The mass estimation of volatile emission during 1199–1200 AD eruption of Baitoushan volcano and its significance

On the basis of the study of volcanic products during 1199–1200AD eruption of Baitou Mountain (Baitoushan), the released volatile content was estimated by comparing Cl, F, S, H₂O concentrations of undegassed glass inclusions with those of degassed matrix glasses. The calculations show that volatile yields, released from the melt, are 109.88 × 10⁶ ton of HCl, 196.80 × 10⁶ ton of HF, 1477.84 × 10⁶ ton of H₂O, 23.14 × 10⁶ ton of SO₂, which could have formed 35.43 x10⁶ ton of H²SO₄ aerosol in the atmosphere. They could have substantial effect on paleoclimate and paleo-environment.     

Effect of Mesozoic volcanic eruptions in the western Liaoning Province,China on paleoclimate and paleoenvironment

Volatiles emitted during volcanic eruptions have an significant effect on the climate and environmental changes[1]. Different compositions of volatiles released may result in different trends of climate and environmental changes. Amounts of the erupted …     

Sources of ground water salinity on islands using 18O, 2H, and 34S

Stable isotopes of 18O and 2H in water, and 34S and 18O in dissolved SO4, are used to verify the interpretation of the chemical evolution and proposed sources of salinity for two islands that have undergone postglacial rebound. Results for delta18O and delta34S in dissolved SO4 on the Gulf Islands, southwest British Columbia, Canada, suggest a three-component mixing between (1) atmospheric SO4 derived largely from recharge of meteoric origin, (2) modern marine SO4 associated with either modern-day salt water intrusion or Pleistocene age sea water, and (3) terrestrial SO4. The age of the marine SO4 is uncertain based on the geochemistry and SO4 isotopes alone. Two options for mixing of saline ground waters are proposed--either between current-day marine SO4 and atmospheric SO4, or between older (Pleistocene age) marine SO4 and atmospheric SO4, delta18O and delta2H compositions are relatively consistent between both islands, with a few samples showing evidence of mixing with water that is a hybrid mixture of Fraser River water and ocean water. The isotopic composition of this hybrid water is approximately delta18O = 10 per thousand. delta18O and delta2H values for many saline ground waters plot close to the global meteoric water line, which is distinctly different from the local meteoric water line. This suggests a meteoric origin for ground waters that is different from the current isotopic composition of meteoric waters. It is proposed these waters may be late Pleistocene in age and were recharged when the island was submerged below sea level and prior to rebound at the end of the last glaciation.     

Pathways of carbon oxidation in continental margin sediments off central Chile

Rates and oxidative pathways of organic carbon mineralization were determined in sediments at six stations on the shelf and slope off Concepcion Bay at 36.5 degrees S. The depth distribution of C oxidation rates was determined to 10 cm from accumulation of dissolved inorganic C in 1-5-d incubations. Pathways of C oxidation were inferred from the depth distributions of the potential oxidants (O2, NO3-, and oxides of Mn and Fe) and from directly determined rates of SO4(2-) reduction. The study area is characterized by intense seasonal upwelling, and during sampling in late summer the bottom water over the shelf was rich in NO3- and depleted of O2. Sediments at the four shelf stations were covered by mats of filamentous bacteria of the genera Thioploca and Beggiatoa. Carbon oxidation rates at these sites were extremely high near the sediment surface (>3 micromol cm-3 d-1) and decreased exponentially with depth. The process was entirely coupled to SO4(2-) reduction. At the two slope stations where bottom-water O2 was > 100 microM, C oxidation rates were 10-fold lower and varied less with depth; C oxidation coupled to the reduction of O2, NO3-, and Mn oxides combined to yield an estimated 15% of the total C oxidation between 0 and 10 cm. Carbon oxidation through Fe reduction contributed a further 12-29% of the depth-integrated rate, while the remainder of C oxidation was through SO4(2-) reduction. The depth distribution of Fe reduction agreed well with the distribution of poorly crystalline Fe oxides, and as this pool decreased with depth, the importance of SO4(2-) reduction increased. The results point to a general importance of Fe reduction in C oxidation in continental margin sediments. At the shelf stations, Fe reduction was mainly coupled to oxidation of reduced S. These sediments were generally H2S-free despite high SO4(2-) reduction rates, and precipitation of Fe sulfides dominated H2S scavenging during the incubations. A large NO3- pool was associated with the Thioploca, and the shelf sediments were thus enriched in NO3- relative to the bottom water, with maximum concentrations of 3 micromol cm-3. The NO3- was consumed during our sediment incubations, but no effects on either C or S cycles could be discerned.     

Nutrient fluxes induced by disturbance in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu

A wave flume experiment was conducted to study nutrient fluxes at water-sediment interface of Meiliang Bay under different hydrodynamic conditions. The results reveal that hydrodynamics has remarkable effects on nutrient fluxes in this area. With a bottom wave stress of 0.019 N m-2 (equivalent to disturbance caused by wind SE 5-7 m s-1 at the sediment sample site of Meiliang Bay), the fluxes of TN, TDN and NH4+-N were separately 1.92× 10-3, -1.81 × 10-4 and 5.28× 10-4 mg m-2 s-1(positive for upward and negative for downward), but for TP, TDP and SRP, the fluxes were 5.69 × 10-4, 1.68 × 10-4 and -1.29 × 10-4 mgm-2 s-1. In order to calculate the released amount of nutrients based on these results, statistic analysis on the long-term meteorological data was conducted.The result shows that the maximum lasting time for wind SE 5-7 m s-1 in this area is about 15 h in summer. Further calculation shows that 111 t TN, 32 t NH4+-N, 34 t TP and 10 t TDP can be released into water (the sediment area was 47.45% of the whole surface area), resulting in concentration increase of 0.025, 0.007, 0.007 and 0.002 mg L-1 separately. With stronger disturbance (bottom wave stress is 0.217 N m-2 which is equivalent to disturbance caused by wind SE 10-11 m s-1 at the same site), there has been significant increase of nutrient fluxes (1.16× 10-2, 6.76×10-3, 1.14× 10-2 and 2.14× 10-3 mgm-2 s-1 for TN, DTN and NH4+-N and TP). The exceptions were TDP with flux having a decrease (measured to be 9.54× 10-5 mgm-2 s-1 ) and SRP with flux having a small increase (measured to be 5.42 × 10-5 mgm-2 s-1). The same statistic analysis on meteorological data reveal that the maximum lasting time for wind SE 10-11 m s-1 is no more than 5 h. Based on the nutrient fluxes and the wind lasting-time, similar calculations were also made suggesting that 232 t TN, 134.9 t TDN, 228 t NH4+-N, 42.7 t TP, 2.0 t TDP and 1.1 t SRP will be released from sediment at this hydrodynamic condition resulting in the concentration increases of 0.050, 0.029, 0.049, 0.009, 0.0004 and 0.0002 mg L-1. Therefore in shallow lakes, surface disturbance can lead to significant increase of nutrient concentrations although some components in water column had negative flux with weak disturbance (e.g. TDN and SRP in this experiment). In this case, sediment looks to be a source of nutrients. These nutrients deposited in sediment can be carried or released into water with sediment resuspension or changes of environmental conditions at water-sediment interface, which can have great effects on aquatic ecosystem and is also the characteristics of shallow lakes.     

末次盛冰期以来南海南部天然气水合物储库变化及其对环境的影响

末次盛冰期以来南海南部海平面及海洋底水温度均发生了很大的变化. 为了研究南海南部天然气水合物稳定带厚度在这个过程中的变化情况及其对环境的影响,我们利用相关的计算公式,并编制了计算稳定带厚度的程序,在南海南部的南沙海槽、曾母盆地、巴拉望盆地和苏禄海等四个重点海域选取了35个点进行末次盛冰期及目前稳定带厚度的计算. 计算结果表明,南海南部末次盛冰期和目前的天然气水合物稳定带厚度分别为262m和233m;甲烷资源量分别为269×1013m3和239×1013m3;水合物资源量分别为164×1011m3和146×1011m3. 这说明自末次盛冰期以来,南海南部稳定带厚度平均减薄了29m,平均减薄百分比为12%,同时释放了大约30×1012m3的甲烷,这些甲烷对环境产生了较大影响,对末次冰期的结束起了较大作用.     

Simulation of secondary aerosols over North China in summer

The comparisons of observed and simulated NOx, CO, O3, NH3, HNO3, SO2 and PM2.5 indicate that CMAQ model can simulate variations of pollutants over North China well.Moreover, the model results show that high NH3 is in Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces,with average concentration of (30-35)×10-9. The results of the sensitive experiment indicate that high concentration of NH3 has the efficiency of the production of secondary sulfate aerosol increase by more than 30%, especially at the juncture of Handan, Anyang and Changzhi that increased by 50%. In addition, NH3 also produces secondary ammonia and nitrate aerosol, and the sum of them is approximately equal to sulfate aerosol. The height of planetary boundary layer (PBL) in Beijing is higher in daytime, with average height of 1500 m at noon. This makes SO2,NH3 and HNO3 transported into upper PBL of 850 hPa. The high secondary sulfate, and ammonia and nitrate aerosol happen in the upper and lower PBL, respectively. Because PM2.5 lifetime is relatively long, it can be transported into the middle troposphere to form a thick aerosol layer,which is the arched roof of aerosol. The model result suggests that if the aerosol concentration in North China would be controlled, the reduction of NH3 emission is one of efficient ways besides the reduction of primary SO2, NOx and aerosol emission.     

三峡水库香溪河流域梯级水库浮游植物群落结构特征

于2005年10月、2006年1、4、7月对三峡水库香溪河流域3座水库(古洞口一级水库、古洞口二级水库和香溪河库湾)组成的梯级水库的浮游植物种类组成、优势种、群落结构、密度和生物多样性指数进行了周年调查研究.共鉴定出浮游植物7门58属121种(含变种),以绿藻和硅藻种类最多,绿藻有26属49种,占40.50%;硅藻14属41种,占33.88%;其次是甲藻,3属11种,占9.09%;蓝藻5属7种,占5.79%;隐藻3属7种,占5.79%;其它藻类仅占4.96%.浮游植物在古洞口一级水库共有25属31种,古洞口二级水库29属40种,香溪河库湾46属81种.优势度分析显示:古洞口一级水库藻类优势类群为硅藻门、绿藻门,古洞口二级水库为硅藻门、隐藻门和甲藻门,香溪河库湾为绿藻门、硅藻门、甲藻门和隐藻门.3座水库浮游植物年均密度分别为1.110×106、4.837×105和1.734×106 cells/L;其中,最高密度出现在香溪河库湾(4.87×106 cells/L),最低密度出现在古洞口二级水库(5.76×105 cells/L).运用主成分分析对梯级水库进行水质分析,表明沿着水库的梯度水质逐渐恶化.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在3座水库间无明显差异,而香溪河库湾Margalef丰富度指数显著大于古洞口一级、二级水库.前两个指数与浮游植物优势种的评价结果显示,香溪河流域梯级水库处于中污染状态.     

Fenton体系处理黑臭河道沉积物的效果初探

沉积物中有机质的削减是黑臭水体治理的关键.Fenton(Fe^2++H2O2)试剂在有机污染废水和土壤原位修复中的应用广泛且效果良好;Fenton试剂也能很好地去除黑臭水体中的色度和浊度,但其氧化沉积物有机质的研究未见报道.为探究Fenton试剂对黑臭水体沉积物的氧化效果,本研究通过室内模拟实验用Fenton氧化法对黑臭河道沉积物进行处理,考察氧化过程沉积物特征和性质的变化;分析覆水后沉积物中污染物的释放特征,并和H2O2体系(无Fe^2+)进行比较.结果表明:Fenton体系显著提高了沉积物与上覆水的氧化还原电位,对黑臭河道沉积物中的有机质具有很强的氧化效率.在温度为28℃、H2O2为20%Q(Q为体系中沉积物有机质完全矿化的理论H2O2用量)和Fe^2+∶H2O2(摩尔比)为0.5∶1时,反应1 d,酸挥发性硫化物去除率为70.13%,沉积物总有机碳减少了22.14%,总有机氮减少了87.60%,生成了较多的铵态氮和硝态氮;由于铁对磷的钝化,沉积物中溶解性反应磷含量大幅减少.H2O2体系的氧化速度较Fenton体系慢,覆水后对体系中的Eh提高不明显.值得注意的是,Fenton体系会降低上覆水的pH,释放较多的铵态氮.需要联合其他技术(如微生物法),强化水体中有机质和氨氮的降解,以取得理想的修复作用.     

皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩地球化学特征及构造环境

皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩沿祁门-歙县-三阳深断裂呈串珠状出露。本文在对其岩石学、地球化学细致分析的基础上,探讨了岩体的岩石成因和产出环境。皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩主要由石英、钾长石和斜长石组成,普遍含富铝矿物黑云母和堇青石,副矿物包括锆石、磷灰石、钛铁矿、独居石、磷钇矿、极少的磁铁矿等。地球化学分析数据显示,岩石总体具高硅、高钾、高铝和低钠、低镁、低钙的特征;岩石富碱（ALK=6．63％）,高K2O／Na2O比值（1．33）。里特曼指数δ为0．8～2．91,碱度率AR为1．56～3．14,属高钾钙碱性系列。岩石铝饱和指数（A／CNK-1．31）大于1．1,具强过铝质S型花岗岩的特征。岩石稀土元素呈轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特征,∑LREE／∑HREE比值为5．36～8．36,具较强的负铕异常（δEu=0．39～0．7）,配分模式为右倾“V”字形态;微量元素明显富集Rb、Th而亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr等,为低Sr高Yb型花岗岩。地球化学特征显示其岩浆源于围岩-中元古代牛屋组浅变质千枚岩的部分熔融,反映陆-陆碰撞挤压造山环境,为晋宁运动晚期华夏板块向北俯冲与扬子板块碰撞造山的火山弧产物。     

Characteristics of observed trace gaseous pollutants in the Yangtze Delta

The significant impacts on air quality and natural resources, such as land and forest, have taken place in Yangtze Delta in the last two decades, resulting from rapidly economic develop-ment in this region. The Yangtze Delta contains many cities and towns…     

火山喷出气体的环境、灾害效应及对火山未来喷发的指示意义

简要综述了火山喷发过程中喷入大气圈内不同成分的火山气体含量及其气候、环境效应和造成的火山灾害 ,并介绍了利用火山喷出气体成分和含量的变异特征进行长尺度火山喷发预测的原理与方法。认为当前在中国开展长白山天池火山活动喷出气体成分和含量的系统研究十分必要 ,并具有一定的现实意义     

保护剂和还原剂对水汞观测结果的影响分析

在定量测试分析的基础上,讨论了保护剂和还原剂对水汞观测数据的影响。指出,分析纯硫酸的汞含量因生产厂家的不同而不同,有时可达地下水中汞含量的几百倍。对水汞微量分析而言,优级纯硫酸比分析纯硫酸更好。建议先用无汞蒸馏水做空白对照,然后再观测泉水,并以水样测值减去空白对照值,所得才是真正的泉水汞含量。     

Dependence of reaction rate of pyrite oxidation on temperature, pH and oxidant concentration

Pyrite is a common sulfide mineral, particularly abundant in mining waste. It is a focus of mine envi-ronmental concern because the oxidation of exposed pyrite may lead to acid drainage and poisonous mate-rials (like As and heavy metals) release. In the United States, approximately $1000000 per day is spent in alleviating acid mine drainage[1], while the Canadian mining community has environmental liabilities that exceed $2 billion for disposal, management, and rec-lamation of mine waste[2]. …     

Magma degassing and basaltic eruption styles: a case study of 2000 year BP Xitle volcano in central Mexico

To investigate the relationship between volatile abundances and eruption style, we have analyzed major element and volatile (H₂O, CO₂, S) concentrations in olivine-hosted melt inclusions in tephra from the 2000 yr BP eruption of Xitle volcano in the central Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The Xitle eruption was dominantly effusive, with fluid lava flows accounting for 95% of the total dense rock erupted material (1.1 km³). However, in addition to the initial, Strombolian, cinder cone-building phase, there was a later explosive phase that interrupted effusive activity and deposited three widespread ash fall layers. Major element compositions of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from these ash layers range from 52 to 58 wt.% SiO₂, and olivine host compositions are Fo_84–86. Water concentrations in the melt inclusions are variable (0.2–1.3 wt.% H₂O), with an average of 0.45±0.3 (1σ) wt.% H₂O. Sulfur concentrations vary from below detection (50 ppm) to 1000 ppm but are mostly ≤200 ppm and show little correlation with H₂O. Only the two inclusions with the highest H₂O have detectable CO₂ (310–340 ppm), indicating inclusion entrapment at higher pressures (700–900 bars) than for the other inclusions (≤80 bars). The low and variable H₂O and S contents of melt inclusions combined with the absence of less soluble CO₂ indicates shallow-level degassing before olivine crystallization and melt inclusion formation. Olivine morphologies are consistent with the interpretation that most crystallization occurred rapidly during near-surface H₂O loss. During cinder cone eruptions, the switch from initial explosive activity to effusive eruption probably occurs when the ascent velocity of magma becomes slow enough to allow near-complete degassing of magma at shallow depths within the cone as a result of buoyantly rising gas bubbles. This allows degassed lavas to flow laterally and exit near the base of the cone while gas escapes through bubbly magma in the uppermost part of the conduit just below the crater. The major element compositions of melt inclusions at Xitle show that the short-lived phase of renewed explosive activity was triggered by a magma recharge event, which could have increased overpressure in the storage reservoir beneath Xitle, leading to increased ascent velocities and decreased time available for degassing during ascent.     

Authigenic gypsum found in gas hydrate-associated sediments from Hydrate Ridge, the eastern North Pacific

Hydrate Ridge is located at the second accretion-ary ridge along the Cascadia margin of Oregon in the eastern North Pacific (fig. 1). The Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR) underlies the entire Hydrate Ridge[1]. The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) in 1992 at Site 892 and the TECFLUX99 and 2000 showed that the gas hydrate occurs just beneath the thin sediment- covered surface and at the horizon of around 64 meter below seafloor (mbsf) on Hydrate Ridge[25]. The col-lision of the Juan de …     

Determination of O2(a1 delta g) and O2(b1 sigma+ g) yields in the reaction O + ClO --> Cl + O2: implications for photochemistry in the atmosphere of Venus

A discharge flow apparatus with chemiluminescence detector has been used to study the reaction O + ClO --> Cl + O2, where O2 = O2(a1 delta g) or O2(b1 sigma+ g). The measured quantum yields for producing O2(a1 delta g) and O2(b1 sigma+ g) in the above reaction are less than 2.5 x 10(-2) and equal to (4.4 +/- 1.1) x 10(-4), respectively. The observed O2(a1 delta g) airglow of Venus cannot be explained in the context of standard photochemistry using our experimental results and those reported in recent literature. The possibility of an alternative source of O atoms derived from SO2 photolysis in the mesosphere of Venus is suggested.     

Petrological characteristics and volatile content of magma from the 2000 eruption of Miyakejima Volcano, Japan

Among the series of eruptions at Miyakejima volcano in 2000, the largest summit explosion occurred on 18 August 2000. During this explosion, vesiculated bombs and lapilli having cauliflower-like shapes were ejected as essential products. Petrological observation and chemical analyses of the essential ejecta and melt inclusions were carried out in order to investigate magma ascent and eruption processes. SEM images indicate that the essential bombs and lapilli have similar textures, which have many tiny bubbles, crystal-rich and glass-poor groundmass and microphenocrysts of plagioclase, augite and olivine. Black ash particles, which compose 40% of the air-fall ash from the explosion, also have similar textures to the essential bombs. Whole-rock analyses show that the chemical composition of all essential ejecta is basaltic (SiO₂=51–52 wt%). Chemical analyses of melt inclusions in plagioclase and olivine phenocrysts indicate that melt in the magma had 0.9–1.9 wt% H₂O, <0.011 wt% CO₂, 0.04–0.17 wt% S and 0.06–0.1 wt% Cl. The variation in volatile content suggests degassing of the magma during ascent up to a depth of about 1 km. The ratio of H₂O and S content of melt inclusions is similar to that of volcanic gas, which has been intensely and continuously emitted from the summit since the end of August 2000, indicating that the 18 August magma is the source of the gas emission. Based on the volatile content of the melt inclusions and the volcanic gas composition, the initial bulk volatile content of the magma was estimated to be 1.6–1.9 wt% H₂O, 0.08–0.1 wt% CO₂, 0.11–0.17 wt% S and 0.06–0.07 wt% Cl. The basaltic magma ascended from a deeper chamber (10 km) due to decrease in magma density caused by volatile exsolution with pressure decrease. The highly vesiculated magma, which had at least 30 vol% bubbles, may have come into contact with ground water at sea level causing the large explosion of 18 August 2000.Editorial responsibility: S. Nakada, T. DuittAn erratum to this article can be found at     

应力增量触发断层岩体能量释放模拟与地震成因探讨—以龙门山断裂带为例

本文以龙门山断裂带为背景,基于岩体应变能基本理论,使用FLAC软件模拟地震能量源和能量释放形式,计算结果显示:在0.01 MPa水平应力增量作用下,龙门山断裂带及附近区域可释放的应变能约为3.24×1013 J;使得断层面之间发生滑移,克服断层面滑动摩擦所需消耗的能量约为2.10×1013 J;岩体在重力方向上产生位移,克服重力做功所消耗的能量约为1.14×1013 J。由此可推断:在一定区域内,应力触发释放能量值与克服断层面滑动摩擦和克服重力做功所消耗的能量之和大致相当;应变能可能会在某一区域范围内集中释放,形成地震效应。本次应力增量触发断层周围岩体能量释放事件中,在映秀—北川断裂与灌县—安县断裂之间的局部区域集中释放的能量为7.67×1012 J,相当于一次M_S5.39地震发生所释放的能量。      

Terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks in China, 1981―2000

Using China's ground observations, e.g., forest inventory, grassland resource, agricultural statistics, climate, and satellite data, we estimate terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks for China's major biomes between 1981 and 2000. The main results are in the following: (1) Forest area and forest biomass carbon (C) stock increased from 116.5×106 ha and 4.3 Pg C (1 Pg C = 1015 g C) in the early 1980s to 142.8×106 ha and 5.9 Pg C in the early 2000s, respectively. Forest biomass carbon density increased form 36.9 Mg C/ha (1 Mg C = 106 g C) to 41.0 Mg C/ha, with an annual carbon sequestration rate of 0.075 Pg C/a. Grassland, shrub, and crop biomass sequestrate carbon at annual rates of 0.007 Pg C/a, 0.014―0.024 Pg C/a, and 0.0125―0.0143 Pg C/a, respectively. (2) The total terrestrial vegetation C sink in China is in a range of 0.096―0.106 Pg C/a between 1981 and 2000, accounting for 14.6%―16.1% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by China's industry in the same period. In addition, soil carbon sink is estimated at 0.04―0.07 Pg C/a. Accordingly, carbon sequestration by China's terrestrial ecosystems (vegetation and soil) offsets 20.8%―26.8% of its industrial CO2 emission for the study period. (3) Considerable uncertainties exist in the present study, especially in the estimation of soil carbon sinks, and need further intensive investigation in the future.