医用机器人运动学参数最优化设计

提出了一种实用的医用机器人运动学参数误差的优化补偿方法．采用D-H方法建立起机器人连杆坐标系．在运动学分析和模型变换的基础上，运用数值优化技术建立了机器人运动学参数的误差方程，实现了运动学参数的优化设计，有效提高了机器人的重复定位精度．以仿真和实验验证的方式对优化结果进行了分析．     

基于双目视觉动态跟踪的机器人标定

采用双目视觉动态跟踪技术对自主研发的工业机器人进行运动学标定。区别于以往机器人运动学标定中复杂模型计算,在此利用双目视觉动态跟踪系统的静态测量和动态跟踪等优势特性来跟踪测量机器人的连杆参数误差,结合机器人控制系统开放性特点,运用提出的动态标定原理对机器人实施连杆参数测量、辨识、修正及补偿。实验表明,通过参数反馈补偿,自主研发的机器人的定位误差明显降低,且该方法易于实现,为机器人精度研究提供了可靠依据。     

一般7R串联机器人标定的仿真与实验

为了标定一般7R冗余度串联机器人的所有几何参数，提出了一种实效的算法．首先，使用D-H矩阵对机器人建立了运动学模型和几何参数识别模型，对雅可比矩阵进行奇异值分解并对分解后的正交阵的最后5行进行初等行变换，以确定需要补偿的几何参数．通过机器人关节角和末端手爪位置的测量数据，计算雅可比矩阵以及手爪位置理论值和实测值的误差，采用最小二乘法对机器人的尺寸参数进行补偿量的计算．仿真过程表明，在有测量扰动的情况下，算法是稳定的和可靠的．最后，对机器人进行了实际的测量和标定，取得了满意的结果．     

机器人逆标定方法研究

在分析传统机器人位姿标定方法的基础上，提出了一种新的机器人标定方法：基于神经网络的逆标定方法。这种标定方法把机器人实际位姿和相应的关节角误差分别作为前馈神经网络的输入和输出来训练网络，从而获得机器人任意位姿时的关节角误差值，通过修改关节值来提高机器人的位姿精度。这种标定方法把所有因素引起的误差均归结为关节角误差，无须求解机器人逆运动学方程，实现了误差的在线补偿。把标定结果与基于运动学模型的参数法的标定结果进行了比较分析。仿真和试验结果均证明了这种方法比传统方法标定效果更好，且更方便简单，避免了其他传统标定方法繁琐的建模及参数辨识过程。     

排爆机器人机械臂定位精度误差自动补偿方法研究

针对于排爆机器人在进行排除爆破物质时,机械臂不能满足绝对准确的定位要求,位置检测精度与实际距离之间存在一定的误差。为了解决这一问题,提出排爆机器人机械臂定位精度误差自动补偿方法。基于D-H运动模型和微分变换法创建排爆机器人机械臂位姿误差模型,对误差模型进行重复参数分析,去除重复参数获得可辨识的线性方程;在可辨识的运动学参数误差模型线性方程中加入一个增量进行误差补偿。最后通过仿真实验结果表明,所提方法通过对机械臂位姿误差模型进行有效补偿,使排爆机器人机械臂绝对定位精度均值提升1.3mm。     

考虑结构变形的机器人运动学标定及补偿

针对一种3P3R型串联机器人,建立了参考零位模型与DH(Denavit-Hartenberg)模型的混合运动学模型,将直线运动部分与旋转运动部分分开建模,能够更好地描述机器人不同机械结构的几何关系,在此基础上提出了结合几何辨识和参数辨识的两步标定方法.然后,结合机器人的机械结构特点,分析了机器人在操作大型零件过程中的结构变形,并提出了考虑结构变形的运动学补偿模型.最后,使用激光跟踪仪完成了机器人标定实验,通过对比空载和加载情况下的定位误差,验证了运动学标定和补偿的效果.结果表明,混合运动模型采用两步参数辨识能够在空载情况下取得较高的标定精度,而运动学补偿模型则能够在加载情况下对运动学进行较好的变形误差补偿.     

基于距离精度的机器人5参数位置误差模型

随着机器人离线编程技术的应用，对机器人的位置误差的要求提高了，但在应用传统的方法进行位置误差的标定和补偿时，要涉及到测量系统坐标系与机器人基础坐标系间的变换。由于这一过程很难精确完成，容易引入误差，本文利用距离精度的定义，建立了机器人的距离误差模型，该模型可以避免坐标转换带来的误差，此外，由于精确的几何模型对于机器人精度标定的提高有很大的影响，所以本文将针对传统DH参数的不足之处，采用修正的5参数的MDH模型作为机器人的运动学模型，最后本文对位置误差进行了补偿。     

多关节机器人的误差分析与误差校正方法的研究

本文从机器人运动学基本关系出发,首先从单个关节的误差变换关系入手,进而考虑了几个关节的运动学参数偏差与机器人末端位置误差的关系。给出了线性误差模型的推导过程,并分析了产生机器人末端在工作空间的误差原因。从而对在机器人设计和控制中采取补偿措施,为提高精度提供理论依据。     

基于神经网络的机器人操作手IKP精确求解

结合位置正解模型，利用BP网络求解了机器人逆运动学问题（IKP）．为提高求解 结果精度，采用迭代计算进行误差补偿，计算结果表明，该法迭代次数少，计算精度高且计 算速度接近机器人实时控制的要求．     

基于PMPSD的工业机器人几何参数标定方法

针对由几何参数不精确引起工业机器人绝对定位精度低的问题,提出一种基于位姿修正位置敏感探测器的几何参数标定方法。通过建立误差运动学模型,使用位置敏感探测器(PSD)装置进行数据采样,利用位姿修正原理对末端激光器位姿和关节转角进行修正,构建模型约束目标函数,运用LM算法计算得到几何参数误差,修正几何参数名义值。实验结果表明,该方法避免了PSD反馈控制,能够快速实现工业机器人几何参数标定,定位平均误差和标准差分别为78.28%、76.38%,有效提高了机器人的定位精度。     

A novel kinematic parameters calibration method for industrial robot based on Levenberg-Marquardt and Differential Evolution hybrid algorithm

The poor absolute positioning accuracy of industrial robots is the main obstacle for its further application in precision grinding of complex surfaces, such as blisk, blade, etc. Based on the established kinematic error model of a typical industrial robot FANUC M710ic/50, a novel kinematic parameters calibration method is proposed in this paper to improve the absolute positioning accuracy of robot. The pre-identification of the kinematic parameter deviations of robot was achieved by using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Subsequently, these identified suboptimal values of parameter deviations were defined as central values of the components of initial individuals to complete accurate identification by using Differential Evolution algorithm. The above two steps, which were regarded as the core of this Levenberg-Marquardt and Differential Evolution hybrid algorithm, were used to obtain the preferable values for kinematic parameters of the robot. On this basis, the experimental investigations of kinematic parameters calibration were conducted by using a laser tracker and numerical simulation method. The results revealed that the robot positioning error decreased from 0.994 mm, initial positioning error measured by laser tracker, to 0.262 mm after calibration with this proposed hybrid algorithm. The absolute positioning accuracy has increased by 40.86% than that of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, increased by 40.31% than that of the Differential Evolution algorithm, and increased by 25.14% than that of the Simulated Annealing algorithm. This work shows that the proposed kinematic parameters calibration method has a significant improvement on the absolute positioning accuracy of industrial robot.     

A two-step method for kinematic parameters calibration based on complete pose measurement—Verification on a heavy-duty robot

The poor pose accuracy of industrial robots restricts their further application in aviation manufacturing. Kinematic calibration based on position errors is a traditional method to improve robot accuracy. However, due to the difference between length errors and angle errors in the order of magnitude, it is difficult to accurately calibrate these geometric parameters together. In this paper, a two-step method for robot kinematic parameters calibration and a novel method for position and orientation measurement are proposed and combined to identify these two kinds of errors respectively. The redundant parameter errors that affect the identification are also analyzed and eliminated to further improve the accuracy of this two-step method. Taking the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm as the underlying algorithm, simulation results indicate that the proposed two-step calibration method has faster iteration speed and higher identification accuracy than the traditional one. On this basis, the calibration and measurement methods proposed in this paper are verified on a heavy-duty robot used for fiber placement. Experimental results show that the mean absolute position error decreases from 0.9906 mm to 0.3703 mm after calibration by the proposed two-step calibration method with redundancy elimination. The absolute position accuracy has increased by 41.81% compared with the traditional method based on position errors only and 14.97% compared with the two-step calibration method without redundancy elimination. At the same time, the orientation errors after calibration are not more than 0.1485°, and the average of absolute errors is 0.0447.     

Adaptive hierarchical positioning error compensation for long-term service of industrial robots based on incremental learning with fixed-length memory window and incremental model reconstruction

Industrial robots have been extensively used in industry, however, geometric errors mainly caused by connecting rod parameter error and non-geometric errors caused by deflection and friction, etc., limit its application in high-accuracy machining. Aiming at addressing these two types of errors, parametric methods for error compensation based on the kinematic model and non-parametric methods of directly establishing the mapping relationship between the actual and target poses of the robot end-effector are investigated and proposed. Currently both types of methods are mainly offline and will be no longer applicable when the pose of the end-effector in the workspace changes dramatically or the working performance of the robot degrades. Thus, to compensate the positioning error of an industrial robot during long-term operation, this research proposes an adaptive hierarchical compensation method based on fixed-length memory window incremental learning and incremental model reconstruction. Firstly, the correlation between positioning errors and robot poses is studied, a calibration sample library is created, and thus the actively evaluating mechanism of the pose mapping model is established to overcome the problem of the robot’ workspace having a differential distribution of error levels. Then, an incremental learning algorithm with fixed-length memory window and an incremental model reconstruction algorithm are designed to optimize the pose mapping model in terms of its parameters and architecture and overcome the problem that the performance degradation of the robot exacerbates the positioning error and affects the applicability of the pose mapping model, ensuring that the pose mapping model runs stably above the target accuracy level. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the long-term compensation case of a Stäubli industrial robot and a UR robot, and compared to state-of-art methods. Verification results show the proposed method reduces the position error of the Stäubli robot from 0.85mm to 0.13mm and orientation error from 0.68° to 0.07°, as well as reduces the position error of the UR robot from 2.11mm to 0.17mm, demonstrating that the proposed method works in real world scenarios and outperforms similar methods.     

激光线扫式形貌测量机器人的标定研究

为能够高效、高精度的获取大型自由曲面物体的形貌,研究了基于通用工业机器人和激光线扫描传感器的测量方法。论述了激光线扫式形貌测量系统的原理与结构,利用标准球及优化算法实现了机器人和激光扫描传感器位姿关系的精确解算,并针对机器人运动学误差对系统测量影响较大,通过对机器人运动学参数的修正有效减小了机器人的绝对定位误差。实验和分析结果表明,经标定和运动学参数校正后的测量系统对标准球的测量能达到较高精度,为采集高精度三维点云提供了保证。     

An Automated Method to Calibrate Industrial Robots Using a Virtual Closed Kinematic Chain

This paper describes an industrial robot calibration algorithm called the virtual closed kinematic chain method. Current robot kinematic calibration methods use measurements of position and orientation of the end effector. The accuracy of these measurements is limited by the resolution of the measuring equipment. In the proposed method, a laser pointer tool, attached to the robot's end effector, aims at a constant but unknown location on a fixed object, effectively creating a virtual 7 DOFs closed kinematic chain. As a result, small variations in position and orientation of the end effector are magnified on the distant object. Hence, the resolution of observations is improved, increasing the accuracy of joint angle measurements that are required to calibrate the robot. The method is verified using both simulation and real experiments. It is also shown in simulation that the method can be automated by a feedback system that can be implemented in real time. The accuracy of the robot after using the proposed calibration procedure is measured by aiming at an arbitrary fixed point and measuring the mean and standard deviation of the radius of spread of the projected points. The mean and standard deviation of the radius of spread were improved from 5.64 and 1.89 mm to 1.05 and 0.587 mm, respectively.     

工业机器人定位误差规律分析及基于ELM算法的精度补偿研究

针对工业机器人应用于飞机零部件自动化钻孔时绝对定位精度较差的问题,提出利用极限学习机（ELM）算法建立机器人法兰中心点理论位置与实际位置之间的误差模型,并优化补偿机器人定位精度的方法．首先基于空间网格采样方法,获得了机器人绝对定位误差沿机器人基坐标系不同方向的误差变化规律,分析了建模补偿的可行性;其次建立基于ELM算法的误差补偿模型,并针对误差模型训练中隐含层神经元个数取值问题进行了分析优化．实验结果表明,机器人绝对定位误差值沿其坐标系不同方向存在不同的变化规律,补偿前绝对定位误差分布范围为0.29 mm~0.58 mm,平均误差为0.41 mm;补偿后定位误差分布范围降低到0.04 mm~0.32 mm,平均误差为0.18 mm;采用ELM算法建模的补偿速度快,泛化性能好．     

基于M型标准块的视觉引导机器人系统手眼标定方法研究

针对线结构光传感器引导的机器人系统的手眼标定问题,提出了一种以M型标准块为标定物的方法。该M型标定物的两条平行的脊线作为约束,基于两条平行脊线的约束建立包含手眼关系、机器人运动学以及两条直线位姿参数误差的模型。首先基于定点约束求解手眼关系初值并以此为基础解算出直线位姿参数的初值,然后通过最小二乘法解算误差参数并补偿到模型中,不断迭代直至计算的误差参数小于阈值,最终得到最终的机器人手眼关系及运动学误差参数。为了验证标定方法的有效性,以某精加工平面为被测物,利用线结构光机器人系统对平面进行测量,得到平面点云;拟合最小二乘平面,计算点到平面距离的均方根值作为评价依据。分别对所述M型标准块和标准球两种方法进行了实验对比,结果表明,相较于标准球方法,所述M型标准块方法得到的均方根误差由0.152 mm减少到0.080 mm,均方根误差的标准差由0.043 mm减少到0.005 mm,其标定结果的精度及稳定性得到显著提高。     

A point and distance constraint based 6R robot calibration method through machine vision

This paper proposes a 6R robot closed-loop kinematic calibration method to improve absolute position accuracy with point and distance constraints though machine vision. In the calibration process, a camera attached to the mounting plate of the robot is used to capture a fixed reference sphere as a point constraint and to record robot joint angles and gauge block lengths that are used as a distance constraint. A first-order difference quotient is used to calculate the Jacobian matrix in the joint parameter identification process. The Staübli TX60 robot is successfully calibrated using the proposed method. After calibration, the average distance error of robot motion is decreased from 2.05 mm to 0.24 mm.     

Robot calibration using the CPC error model

The complete and parametrically continuous (CPC) robot kinematic modeling convention has no model singularities and allows the modeling of the robot base and tool in the same manner by which the internal links are modeled. These two properties can be utilized to construct robot kinematic error models employing the minimum number of kinematic error parameters. These error parameters are independent and span the entire geometric error space. The BASE and TOOL error models are derived as special cases of the regular CPC error model. The CPC error model is useful for both kinematic identification and kinematic compensation. This paper focuses on the derivation of the CPC error models and their use in the experimental implementation of robot calibration.