中国污水再生利用分区和再生水经济利用量估算研究

用定性分类和多指标综合评价方法定量分类相结合,从污水再生利用的必要性和经济可行性两方面寻求共性,首次进行了我国污水再生利用分区研究。主要成果是:①被定义的342个地区分为六类,在国家层面上归结为五类;②根据各类的特征建议了相应的污水再生利用发展模式,分别命名     

基于DEA-AHP的大坝安全监测监控工程综合评价

文章依据多目标多层次指标体系综合评价的理论与方法 ,构建了对建设工程完成后从工程前期工作、工程项目实施、工程投资执行、工程建设管理、工程建设档案管理五个方面的综合评价指标体系。采用层析分析法(AHP)与数据包络法(DEA)结合的方法确定评价指标权重,建立了DEA-AHP综合评价模型,并以观音阁水库大坝安全监测监控系统改造工程为例进行实证分析,为大坝安全监测监控工程综合评价提供思路和方向。     

基于DEA-AHP的大坝安全监测监控工程综合评价

依据多目标多层次指标体系综合评价的理论与方法,构建了对建设工程完成后从工程前期工作、工程项目实施、工程投资执行、工程建设管理、工程建设档案管理5个方面的综合评价指标体系。采用层析分析法(AHP)与数据包络法(DEA)结合的方法确定评价指标权重,建立了DEA-AHP综合评价模型,并以观音阁水库大坝安全监测监控系统改造工程为例进行实证分析,为大坝安全监测监控工程综合评价提供思路和方向。     

区域农村供水工程运行评价研究

着眼于当前已建工程运行状况、从挖掘供水功能和经济效益潜能、提升饮水安全保障水平和确保良性运行等方面,提出区域农村供水工程运行评价的概念,建立包括供水保障、功能效益、经济效益3个方面的评价指标体系,并根据相关政策文件和技术标准设定运行等级标准。运用基于模糊物元的层次分析法和熵权法,建立了综合评价模型。以河北省为例,对所辖的11个地市农村供水工程运行进行综合评价分析,并对改善工程运行状况提出意见和建议。     

泰州市水环境安全评价及其指标体系研究

在对泰州市水环境现状分析的基础上,遵循评价指标体系的构建原则,建立了包括社会经济指标、水质指标、水量指标和水生态指标4个系统层的水环境安全指标体系,选取了22项指标因子,采用AHP法为指标权重赋值及综合指数法对泰州市水环境安全进行综合评价。结果表明,泰州市水环境安全综合评价指数为0.6158,处于基本安全状态。其中第三产业占GDP比重、污水再生利用率、供水管网漏损率等安全度较低,是影响泰州市水环境安全的主要因素,水环境问题亟待解决。     

跨河桥梁防洪评价指标体系研究

针对现阶段河道管理现状和跨河桥梁特点,在分析总结大量文献和工程实例的基础上,以评价导则为依据,建立了涉及泄洪安全、河势稳定、防汛抢险等8个方面24个指标的跨河桥梁防洪评价指标体系;采取定性与定量相结合方法,制定评价指标的等级划分标准;构建防洪评价综合指数模型,利用改进层次分析法对各评价指标定权,得到综合评价指数,并以天津市广乐道桥和武威市荣华大桥为例,进行工程应用。结果表明：该指标体系可作为跨河桥梁项目防洪评价结果的参考,可辅助桥梁设计者和涉河项目管理方对建设项目的防洪可行性进行判断。     

基于模糊层次综合评价法的城市河道综合整治效果评价

开展城市河道综合整治效果评价是城市水系管理的关键步骤,对优化建设治理措施和提高管理水平意义重大。文章首先根据相关原则,从工程成效、生态成效、社会成效3个方面选取12个因素层评价指标,构建适用于城市河道的综合治理效果评价指标体系;然后通过分析研究对象特征确定采用模糊层次综合评价法作为城市河道综合整治效果评价模型;最后基于构建的评价指标体系和评价方法对北京市昆玉河综合整治工程进行实例应用,计算分析指标权重分布特征和整治效果综合得分(等级)情况,并初步探讨整改举措,验证所述评价体系具有较好的适用性。其研究可为相关领域后评价研究提供参考。     

节流开源措施综合效益评价分析

根据可持续发展观与循环经济理念建立了节流开源措施综合效益评价指标体系,该评价指标体系反映了经济、环境与社会效益的统一。在查阅了国内大量节水、污水回用、雨水利用、海水淡化与长距离调水的工程实例与资料的基础上,根据收集到的数据,总结计算了可量化的指标值,并且对节水、污水回用、雨水利用、海水淡化与长距离调水做了定性定量结合的综合效益评价分析,对于水资源的可持续开发利用具有一定的指导意义。     

突变理论与BP神经网络相结合的堤防安全综合评价

针对堤防工程失事后果严重,难以进行全线监控等问题,从致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体3个方面考虑,选取恰当的评价指标,构建了多层次多目标半结构性的堤防工程安全评价指标体系。在堤防安全评价指标体系的基础上,提出基于突变理论与BP神经网络相结合的堤防安全综合评价模型,即将突变理论归一公式处理后的指标作为BP神经网络的输入,通过试错法确定中间层,输出为堤防安全综合评价值。利用该模型对黄河宁夏段堤防工程进行堤防安全综合评价,并将综合评价模型评价结果分别与主成分分析法和层次分析法的评价结果进行对比分析。结果表明,模型评价结果合理,既考虑了系统内部各影响指标间的矛盾关系,也具有较强的鲁棒性,简单实用,对同类水利工程安全评价具有借鉴意义。     

黄河小北干流岸线功能评价及情景预测

为了全面评价黄河小北干流岸线功能,根据小北干流岸线自身特征,将其功能分为两大类:生态环境功能和社会服务功能。选取13个指标构建河流岸线功能评价指标体系进行健康评估,小北干流岸线功能运行状况大体上处于良好状态,表明河流岸线的自然状况正常,各项社会服务功能能够满足人类需求。在岸线现状描述基础上构建了水文水资源及空间利用情景、水质及生态安全情景、防洪安全情景和综合发展情景4种情景方案,并在这4种不同的情景方案下进行了小北干流岸线开发利用综合评价。     

Wastewater reclamation systems in small communities.

The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to exclude small communities from wastewater reclamation and reuse, due to the comparatively high costs associated with the practice at small scale. In the framework of the DRAC project (Demonstration on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Catalonia) two different pre-treatment systems, one extensive (infiltration-percolation) and another intensive (ring filter), each one followed by chlorine dioxide disinfection, were tested in order to be applied for small communities wastewater reclamation and reuse. The results of this study show that infiltration-percolation systems remove very efficiently physico-chemical contaminants and microorganisms. The ring filter system does not show a significant removal rate of contaminants, The use of infiltration-percolation as a pre-treatment for advanced chemical disinfection allows reducing the dose of disinfectant and the contact time needed to achieve a specific water quality, and diminishes disinfection byproducts (DBPs) generation. Therefore, this reclamation line is suitable for small communities due to its efficiency and low cost. However, further studies are needed in relation to the removal mechanisms of microorganisms, organic compounds in IP systems and the possible DBPs formation using chlorine dioxide.     

Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan.

The Water Resources Agency (WRA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has predicted that the annual water demand in Taiwan will reach approximately 20 billion m3 by 2021. However, the present water supply is only 18 billion m3 per year. This means that an additional 2 billion m3 have to be developed in the next 17 years. The reuse of treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants could be one target for the development of new water resources. The responsible government departments already have plans to construct public sewerage systems in order to improve the quality of life of the populace and protect the environment. The treated wastewater effluent from such municipal wastewater treatment plants could be a very stable and readily available secondary type of water resource, different from the traditional types of water resources. The major areas where reclaimed municipal wastewater can be used to replace traditional fresh water resources include agricultural and landscape irrigation, street cleaning, toilet flushing, secondary industrial reuse and environmental uses. However, necessary wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have not yet been established. The requirements for their establishment include water reuse guidelines and criteria, the elimination of health risks ensuring safe use, the determination of the wastewater treatment level appropriate for the reuse category, as well as the development and application of management systems reuse. An integrated system for water reuse would be of great benefit to us all by providing more efficient ways to utilise the water resources.     

城市水资源再生利用系统分析及模拟

运用系统动力学方法,建立了城市水资源再生利用与社会、经济、资源之间相互关系的系统动力学模型(SD模型)。将模型用于西宁市水资源的规划中,通过模型模拟和运行方案,对西宁市水资源再生回用系统的发展趋势进行了中、长期预测。结果表明:随着污水回用的增大,将增大城市供水量,促进城市的经济发展。SD模型能够模拟不同设计方案下系统的发展趋势,为决策者提供理论依据。     

Reusing Urban Wastewater—An Alternative and a Reliable Water Resource

ABSTRACT

Fundamental concepts of reusing urban wastewater as an alternative and a reliable source of water supply are discussed, along with the categories for water reuse, planning methodologies, wastewater reclamation technologies, and economics. The rational basis for integration of urban reclaimed water into water resources planning is proposed and the safe use of reclaimed water is evaluated. Special attention is paid to tertiary or advanced wastewater treatment systems that are capable of producing essentially pathogen-free effluent for a variety of uses such as irrigation of urban landscape, flushing of toilets served by dual plumbing systems in large commercial buildings, and groundwater recharge for eventual potable reuse. The motivating factors for wastewater reclamation and reuse are summarized and the costs of water reclamation projects are discussed with several examples. The integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning is proposed and the safe use of reclaimed water is emphasized.     

城市公共用水的节水和污水再生利用潜力分析

城市公共用水的管理与需求控制是城市水资源可持续利用的必然要求.基于终端用水分析原理,建立了公共用水部门节水与污水再生利用综合评估模型(MWUM模型).在此基础上,以北京市为例,分析了其公共用水潜力的结构、技术与经济特征.北京市公共各行业用水结构基本保持稳定,机关用水所占比重较大;节水率较大的宾馆和院校的单位节水成本最小,是城市公共节水的重点领域;污水再生利用的单位成本与节水成本具有可比性,节水与再生水利用应统筹考虑.     

Water reclamation, reuse and public health.

The number of people who have limited access to high-quality water has increased, and while this is a growing global crisis, water issues, problems and solutions are often seen as localised. Water reuse and reclamation will play a significant role in achieving sustainability and public health protection in the future. The wastewater and reuse community should be responsible for monitoring sewage impacts and improvements as demonstrated through pathogen reduction with appropriate treatment. Viruses, Cryptosporidium and Giardia can all be reduced during treatment anywhere from 99% to 99.9999%, achieving drinking water quality, if so desired. Recommendations to achieve better access to scientific information for decision making include: 1) developing a global data base for biological contaminant loading from wastewater and 2) defining the public health protection via reuse and reclamation.     

Application of immersed MF (IMF) followed by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane for wastewater reclamation: A case study in Malaysia.

A pilot scale membrane plant was constructed and monitored in Shah Alam, Malaysia for municipal wastewater reclamation for industrial application purposes. The aim of this study was to verify its suitability under the local conditions and environmental constraints for secondary wastewater reclamation. Immersed-type crossflow microfiltration (IMF) was selected as the pretreatment step before reverse osmosis filtration. Secondary wastewater after chlorine contact tank was selected as feed water. The results indicated that the membrane system is capable of producing a filtrate meeting the requirements of both WHO drinking water standards and Malaysian Effluent Standard A. With the application of an automatic backwash process, IMF performed well in hydraulic performance with low fouling rate being achieved. The investigations showed also that chemical cleaning is still needed because of some irreversible fouling by microorganisms always remains. RO treatment with IMF pretreatment process was significantly applicable for wastewater reuse purposes and promised good hydraulic performance.     

Optimized plan of centralized and decentralized wastewater reuse systems for housing development in the urban area of Xi'an, China

In an arid and water deficient urban area, such as Xi'an in the northwest region of China, gardening and forestation often use large amounts of tap water. Therefore, there is a need for treated wastewater reuse for such purpose to mitigate urban water shortage, especially in the newly developed housing area, where a high green coverage is often required for both commercial value and living condition improvement. Supply of the treated wastewater through a centralized system which has been planned and partially constructed is one measure to meet such need, but it may require an extension of the distribution system for a full coverage of the whole city area. A supplementary measure is to construct decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse (DESAR) systems in areas that are distant from the planned centralized system. In order to optimize the plan of wastewater reuse for housing development in the urban area, the authors analyzed the existing plan of centralized wastewater reuse and the envisaged plan of housing development in Xi'an urban area. A method was proposed for selection of a feasible way of reclaimed water reuse from two options, namely centralized and decentralized ones, by introducing a critical distance L0 which depends on the relationship between the cost for DESAR system installation and that for water delivery pipeline construction. If the distance from the project site to the nearest access point of the centralized system L is shorter than L0 then using reclaim water from the centralized system becomes more feasible, and otherwise DESAR system installation becomes more feasible. A distribution map was thus obtained to show an optimized plan of centralized and decentralized wastewater reuse systems for housing development in Xi'an city. An example was also given to show the advantage of a DESAR system installed.     

城市再生水利用风险评价指标体系初探

水的再生利用是破解我国水资源短缺问题的重要途径之一,但是再生水利用对人体健康和环境的影响也是生活污水处理必须面对的挑战,从而受到人们普遍关注。根据我国再生水回用途径和天津市纪庄子再生水厂的出水水质情况,构建了再生水利用风险评价指标体系(包括健康风险指标和生态环境风险指标),并对纪庄子再生水厂的出水与景观用水和地表水分别进行了风险评价,得出再生水用在不同用途时存在的不同环境风险。     

The role of physical-chemical treatment in wastewater reclamation and reuse

Amid the heightened public health concerns for emerging microorganisms such as cryptosporidium and enteropathogenic E. coli in the water environment, there have been many instances where optimization of chemical coagulation-flocculation processes and filtration of wastewater was not achieved in practice, resulting in waste of coagulant chemicals and breach of the multiple barriers to pathogen removal and inactivation; thus, unnecessarily endangering public health. In addition, lack of information on the optimization of these processes has hampered the establishment of alternative and more cost-effective wastewater reclamation methods for tertiary and advanced wastewater treatment.Thus, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the basic factors affecting the optimization of chemical coagulation-flocculation and filtration processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse, based on the theoretical developments and practical applications. Reference is also made to the wastewater treatment processes and operations that can produce reclaimed water with an extremely small probability of enteric virus contamination.