锁定放大微弱信号检测仿真与设计研究

为解决商用锁定放大器不便于特定应用背景下微弱信号检测系统的灵活扩展与剪裁,该文分析了正交锁定放大的基本原理,建立了正交锁定放大的MATLAB/SIMULINK数学模型,展示了锁定放大所能达到的性能以及数字信号处理对锁定放大性能的改善效果。给出了正交锁定放大检测装置的硬件设计过程,包括前端信号调理电路、移相电路、相敏检测电路、低通滤波电路、均方值电路及数字显示电路等。仿真表明,在高斯噪声影响下,微弱信号检测可以达到较高的检测精度,且通过滑动平均值滤波算法可以有效提高检测的精度。实验研究表明,在噪声信号峰峰值为10 V情况下,可以将50 m V的有用信号提取出来,且在50 m V以上可以拟合出较好的输入输出线性关系,便于检测装置的标定。     

A microcontroller-based lock-in amplifier for sub-milliohm resistance measurements

This paper presents a novel approach to the design of a digital ohmmeter with a resolution of <60 μΩ based on a general-purpose microcontroller and a high-impedance instrumentation amplifier only. The design uses two digital I∕O-pins to alternate the current through the sample resistor and combined with a proper firmware routine, the design is a lock-in detector that discriminates any signal that is out of phase∕frequency with the reference signal. This makes it possible to selectively detect the μV drop across sample resistors down to 55.6 μΩ using only the current that can be supplied by the digital output pins of a microcontroller. This is achieved without the need for an external reference signal generator and does not rely on the computing processing power of a digital signal processor.     

基于数字锁相放大的时栅传感器信号处理研究

针对时栅位移传感器对信号噪声和插补时钟频率稳定性敏感及需要时钟频率高的问题,提出了一种基于数字锁相放大技术的时栅位移传感器信号处理方法。该方法用STM32F4微处理器同步产生激励信号和采集时栅输出信号,不需采集正交参考信号,将正交参考信号和输出信号送入正交矢量型数字锁相放大器,实现角位移检测。研究了基于数字锁相放大技术的时栅传感器信号处理原理和算法,设计了A/D采集电路和窄带低通数字滤波器。仿真和试验表明:在信号噪声较大条件下,时栅位移传感器的误差控制在±1.1″以内,显著提高了精度。该方法只需采集一路感应信号即可实现传感器角位移检测,优化和简化了电路结构。     

基于AD630的双相锁相放大器设计

在利用激光吸收光谱技术进行摩托车尾气检测的系统中,携带有用信息的光信号是微弱信号,淹没在很强的噪声和其他干扰的背景中,因此必须采用微弱信号检测技术中的锁相放大器来实现有用信号的提取。阐述了微弱信号检测的基本原理,比较了单通道和双通道的锁相放大器的优劣,设计了运用AD630作为相关乘法器的双相矢量锁相放大器。     

Differential heterodyne interferometer for measuring thickness of glass panels

Differential heterodyne interferometer is applied for measuring spatial thickness variations across glass panels of liquid-crystal displays. This system uses the Zeeman laser as a source of two-frequency shifted orthogonally linearly polarized probe waves, passing through the glass in two spatially separated points. These waves are then recombined in a single beam to produce the intermediate frequency signal with the phase proportional to the thickness gradient of a glass sample. The phase of the intermediate signal is measured against the laser reference by means of a lock-in amplifier, and finally real-time integration provides the thickness variation. Since spatial separation of the probe beams is only 1.35 mm good approximation for the thickness gradient is achieved. Detailed design of the interferometer and experimental results on real samples are presented.     

锁定放大技术在ACFM检测电路设计中的应用

扰动磁场检测信号是微弱信号且总是不可避免地含有噪声和干扰信号.利用锁定放大技术设计一扰动磁场检测电路,包括去2.5 V直流电路、放大滤波电路、移相电路、电压型开关式乘法器.该设计电路实现了对扰动磁场微弱信号的测量与消噪处理.试验表明,利用锁定放大技术设计优化ACFM检测电路是一种有效的方法.     

A novel algorithm combining oversampling and digital lock-in amplifier of high speed and precision

Because of a large amount of arithmetic in the standard digital lock-in detection, a high performance processor is needed to implement the algorithm in real time. This paper presents a novel algorithm that integrates oversampling and high-speed lock-in detection. The algorithm sets the sampling frequency as a whole-number multiple of four of the input signal frequency, and then uses the common downsampling technology to lower the sampling frequency to four times of the input signal frequency. It could effectively remove the noise interference and improve the detection accuracy. After that the phase sensitive detector is implemented. It simply does the addition and subtraction on four points in the period of same phase and replaces almost all the multiplication operations to speed up digital lock-in detection calculation substantially. Furthermore, the correction factor is introduced to improve the calculation accuracy of the amplitude, and an error caused by the algorithm in theory can be eliminated completely. The results of the simulation and actual experiments show that the novel algorithm combining digital lock-in detection and oversampling not only has the high precision, but also has the unprecedented speed. In our work, the new algorithm is suitable for the real-time weak signal detection in the general microprocessor not just digital signal processor.     

日本精工SAP400原子力显微镜性能的改进

日本精工公司(SEIKO)生产的原子力显微镜的功能多、性能好,国内已经有近百台的拥有量。它的信号放大、处理主要由锁相放大器完成。但其内部的锁相放大器灵敏度不够高,外加一台高性能、高灵敏度的锁相放大器,可大大提高其性能。用美国斯坦福公司产的SR830锁相放大器对本实验室的日本SEIKO公司SPA400原子力显微镜进行性能改进,可使其性能有很大提高。     

电磁超声接收系统的设计与实现

提出了一种由正交矢量锁相发大器为核心构成的电磁超声接收系统,该系统针对电磁超声换能器(EMAT)换能效率低,噪声干扰大的现状,以及锁相放大在提取噪声中微弱信号方面的优异性能,采用模拟与数字相结合的方式完成整个接收系统的设计.在该方案中,整个接收电路围绕由平衡调制解调器AD630构成的相敏检波器(PLD)展开,分别设计了信号通道、参考信道和相关器电路,并给出了相关的电路设计图.最后通过实验对比验证,证明该系统可以从噪声中提取出微弱的检测信号,且消噪效果明显,提高了信噪比.     

基于SR7265硬件的虚拟锁相放大器、频谱仪、阻抗计和半导体参数分析仪

锁相放大器是用来测量微弱信号的专用仪器.即使噪音上千倍于被测信号,通过锁相放大器,也能得到精确结果.随着数字信号处理技术在仪器中的应用,可编程仪器变得越来越灵活.结合虚拟仪器的技术,论文通过对SR7265的硬件重新编程,在同一个硬件上实现了虚拟锁相放大器、虚拟频谱仪、虚拟阻抗计和虚拟半导体参数分析仪等等功能.本虚拟仪器采用了4层的逻辑结构.同样的功能也在一个FPGA板上成功地部署.     

光纤式结冰传感器微弱信号检测电路的实现

光纤式结冰传感器(FIS)中冰层对光强的调制作用微弱,且干扰源较多。通过比较常用的微弱信号检测方法(WSD),设计了由同步积分和相关检测相结合进行带宽压缩的高性能锁定放大器(LIA),并对该LIA抗干扰原理建立了数学模型。基于该LIA构建了高可靠性结冰探测系统(IDS)。结果表明锁定检测电路对FIS微弱信号能有效提取。     

基于MATLAB仿真的锁定放大器的研究

研究了锁定放大器的实现原理,并根据该原理用MATLAB的SIMULINK工具箱对锁定放大器进行了建模和仿真。仿真结果表明锁定放大器具有卓越的微弱信号检测能力。在实际测试中。所设计的锁定放大器也很好的完成了信号的检测和拾取。     

几种锁相频率合成电路的设计

具有高稳定性和准确度的频率源已经成为科研生产的重要组成部分.高性能的频率源可通过频率合成技术获得,随着大规模集成电路的发展,锁相式频率合成技术占有越来越重要的地位.由一个或几个高稳定度、高准确度的参考频率源通过数字锁相频率合成技术可获得高品质的离散频率源.这几种电路都是通过锁相实现相位同步,并通过改变反馈回路中的分频比从而得到N倍的基准频率信号输出.测试结果表明,设计的样机具有良好的输出特性和调制特性,又具有很高的稳定度和准确性及极高的分辨率等优点.     

一种弱信号检测相关信号的产生方法

为给微弱信号检测中的锁定放大器提供高性能的相关信号源,采用AT89C51单片机直接数字频率合成产生了3路6相相关正弦波信号.在单片机程序中采用同一个长的正弦波数据表,能保证所有的输出信号满足相关性要求.介绍了用Matlab生成这种任意长度的数据表的方法.     

基于返波管的葡萄糖太赫兹光谱研究

搭建了一套以返波振荡器(BWO)为辐射源的太赫兹透射式系统。通过高莱探测器、数字锁相放大器等完成测试信号的探测和存储,在LabVIEW编程环境下,完成配合系统硬件工作的软件平台的编写,利用VISA模块实现对下位机的参数设置以及数据采集工作。利用这套系统进行了单频和扫频实验,分别测试了不同葡萄糖溶液浓度的透过率。结果表明,葡萄糖溶液对太赫兹波有透过特征峰,不同浓度葡萄糖溶液对太赫兹波的吸收不一样。该研究为以后基于BWO的太赫兹生物传感器研究提供了参考。     

Confocal pH imaging of microscopic specimens using fluorescence lifetimes and phase fluorometry: influence of parameter choice on system performance

We investigate the performance of confocal pH imaging when using phase fluorometry and fluorophores with pH-dependent lifetimes. In these experiments, the specimen is illuminated by a laser beam, whose intensity is sinusoidally modulated. The lifetime-dependent phase shift in the fluorescent signal is detected by a lock-in amplifier, and converted into a pH value through a calibration procedure. A theoretical investigation is made of how the different system parameters will influence the results concerning sensitivity and noise. Experiments carried out with the fluorophore SNAFL-2 support these theoretical predictions. It is found that, under realistic experimental conditions, we can expect a pH change of 0.1 units to be easily detected in an 8-bit digital image. However, the pixel-to-pixel root mean square noise is often of the order of one pH unit. This comparatively high level of noise has its origin in photon quantum noise. pH measurements on living cells show a systematic deviation from expected values. This discrepancy appears to be the result of fluorophore interaction with various cell constituents, and is the subject of further investigation.     

Invited article: Linearization and signal recovery in photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy

Photoacoustic (PA) infrared spectroscopy enables the characterization of a wide variety of materials, affording the spectroscopist several advantages over more traditional infrared methods. While PA spectra are readily acquired using commercial instrumentation, the quality of the data can be improved substantially through the use of specialized numerical and experimental procedures. Two of these methods are the subject of this review. Specifically, this article describes (a) linearization of PA infrared spectra, a calculation that incorporates phase and amplitude information to extend the range of linearity for strongly absorbing samples, and (b) lock-in and digital signal-recovery procedures in step-scan phase-modulation PA infrared spectroscopy. Linearization yields significant improvement in band definition, especially in the low-wavenumber region. This numerical method succeeds in situations where the PA phase of the sample is less than that of the reference (carbon black). When this criterion is not met initially, the sample or reference interferograms can be manipulated prior to the calculation. The steps involved in linearization are illustrated in detail and approximations are discussed. Lock-in demodulation of the step-scan phase-modulation signal is compared to digital (software) demodulation in this study; the lock-in technique is found to be superior in several cases. The imaginary interferograms in these experiments sometimes lack a strong central feature, a situation that necessitates the application of less commonly used methods for phase correction and spectrum calculation. These methods, which are available in commercial software, include two-quadrant and stored-phase corrections. The PA phase spectrum resembles amplitude and absorption spectra when real and imaginary PA spectra are correctly calculated.     

光纤瓦斯气体检测中锁相放大器的设计应用

由于仪器主要用于油田、煤矿等工作环境相对恶劣的地方,其工作电压不稳定,另外根据近红外光谱的特点,对传统的锁相放大器进行了改进,设计了一种适合瓦斯气体浓度检测中的锁相放大器。系统采用微处理器控制、反馈调整、扫描技术、相敏检测技术等,通过软件控制,自动调节参考信号相位,使输出信号幅度达到最优,并通过积分器进一步提高信噪比,从而能够从强噪声信号中精确的提取出光谱信号,此外还对在气体检测中普遍使用的谐波检测方法进行了实验研究,取得了良好效果。     

Networking Intelligent Pressure Sensor Using Digital Lock-in Amplification Technology

Introducing a System-on-Chip(SoC)microcontroller(C8051F350)into a ceramic pressure sensor has resulted in the design of a networking intelligent sensor.An improved algorithm for digital phase-sensitive detection is used to perform lock-in amplification of the sensor signal.The compensation for the sensor error is realized by the detection of the sensor’s supply voltage and working temperature.The system also has the function of short/open circuit fault detection and can communicate with other digital equipment through an RS-485 communication interface.In the design,full utilization of the SoC microcontroller’s internal resource results in the simple hardware structure.Experimental results show that the error of the sensor is less than 0.5% at range ratio 1∶10.Employing the microcontroller and using lock-in amplification algorithm are an effective method for achieving an intelligent sensor of slowly-varying physical quantities,thereby improving the measuring accuracy and performance.     

Pulsed laser noise analysis and pump-probe signal detection with a data acquisition card

A photodiode and data acquisition card whose sampling clock is synchronized to the repetition rate of a laser are used to measure the energy of each laser pulse. Simple analysis of the data yields the noise spectrum from very low frequencies up to half the repetition rate and quantifies the pulse energy distribution. When two photodiodes for balanced detection are used in combination with an optical modulator, the technique is capable of detecting very weak pump-probe signals (ΔI/I(0) ~ 10(-5) at 1 kHz), with a sensitivity that is competitive with a lock-in amplifier. Detection with the data acquisition card is versatile and offers many advantages including full quantification of noise during each stage of signal processing, arbitrary digital filtering in silico after data collection is complete, direct readout of percent signal modulation, and easy adaptation for fast scanning of delay between pump and probe.