甲状腺功能紊乱患者血清瘦素水平分析

目的　探讨甲状腺功能紊乱患者血清瘦素水平变化及瘦素与垂体—甲状腺轴 (PTA)的关系。方法　对 40例Graves病 (GD)、30例甲状腺机能减退症 (甲减 )患者和 2 8名健康受试者的血清瘦素 (leptin)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (FT3 )、游离甲状腺素 (FT4 )、促甲状腺激素 (TSH)、体脂百分含量 ( %BF)进行检测 ,所有受检者体重指数 (BMI) <2 5kg/m2 。结果　对照组血清瘦素浓度为 ( 5 .38± 3.11)ng/ml ,GD组为 ( 6 .0 7± 2 .93)ng/ml ,两组比较 ,差异无显著性 ,甲减组为 ( 10 .41± 4.45 )ng/ml,与对照组比较显著升高。三组血清瘦素浓度均与其 %BF显著正相关。对照组瘦素与TSH正相关 ,与FT3 、FT4 无相关关系。GD组瘦素与TSH、FT3 、FT4 无相关关系。甲减组因大多数TSH值增高超出检测范围 ,未作瘦素与之的相关性比较 ,而瘦素与FT3 、FT4 呈负相关关系。结论　甲状腺激素可能通过影响体脂含量而调节瘦素水平 ,瘦素和PTA是共同维持机体能量稳态的两个相互关联的系统。     

不同甲状腺功能状态对人体血清瘦素水平的影响

目的　研究不同甲状腺功能状态(甲亢、甲减及正常)对人体血清瘦素水平的影响。方法　选取甲亢患者53例(男15,女38),甲减患者48例(男15,女33)和正常对照51例(男15,女36),抽取静脉血测瘦素水平。结果　各组瘦素水平皆与BMI呈强的正相关(P＜0.01),且女性瘦素水平显著比男性高。甲亢患者无论性别,其瘦素水平〔男性(1.2±0.8)μg/L;女性(4.0±2.2)μg/L〕都较正常人〔男性(3.7±2.0)μg/L;女性(7.3±3.0)μg/L〕低(男性P＜0.01,女性P＜0.001);而甲减患者女性瘦素水平〔(5.1±4.1)μg/L〕较正常女性〔(7.3±3.0)μg/L〕低(P＜0.001),男性瘦素水平〔(3.8±2.7)μg/L〕与正常男性〔(3.7±2.0)μg/L〕相比差异无显著性(P=0.09)。结论　生理浓度的甲状腺激素水平可能是人体产生足够的瘦素、从而维持人体正常能量代谢平衡的一个重要因素。     

血清可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的　了解血清可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体 (STNFR) 1,2与胰岛素抵抗 (IR)的关系。方法　测定 43名男性和 41名绝经期前女性的STNFR1,2。以稳态模型 (HomaModel)公式评估IR。结果　肥胖男、女组STNFR1与非肥胖男、女组相近 ,而其STNFR2高于非肥胖男、女组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。所有男性STNFR1和STNFR2水平高于女性 (P <0 .0 1)。所有对象相关分析示STNFR2与臀腰比 (WHR)、空腹血糖、体重指数 (BMI)、HomaIR、空腹胰岛素正相关。STNFR1与上述指标无相关性。在男性中 ,STNFR2与瘦素正相关 (r =0 .34 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,调整BMI、WHR影响后 ,STNFR2仍与瘦素正相关 (r=0 .30 ,P <0 .0 5 )。逐步回归分析示WHR和STNFR2对HomaIR的影响达 41.3%。结论　STNFR2与IR相关 ,在人类TNF系统对IR的影响可能主要通过TNFR2起作用。     

初发甲状腺功能异常患者与血脂和肥胖的相关性

目的探讨初发甲状腺功能异常患者与血脂变化和肥胖的相关性。方法选取76例初发甲状腺功能减退症患者(甲减组)、45例初发甲状腺功能亢进症患者(甲亢组)和50例健康成人(对照组)。对甲减组患者服用左甲状腺素钠,甲亢组患者服用甲巯咪唑治疗6个月。测定治疗前后体重、身高、体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、腰围/臀围比值(WHR)、血压、肝功以及血清中甲状腺功能〔游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)〕、血脂〔甘油三酯(TC)、总胆固醇(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)〕的水平;并对各组及治疗前后进行比较与相关性分析。结果甲减组患者BMI、WC、WHR、TC、TG、LDL-C、TSH、TGAb、TPOAb水平显著高于对照组(P0.01),FT3、FT4水平显著低于对照组(P0.01);甲亢组患者BMI、WC、WHR、TC、TG、LDL-C、TSH水平显著低于对照组(P0.01),FT3、FT4、TGAb、TPOAb水平显著高于对照组(P0.01);甲状腺功能异常患者治疗前后相比BMI、WC、WHR、TC、TG、LDL-C、TSH、FT3、FT4相比差异显著(P0.01)。甲状腺功能异常患者WC、WHR与TPOAb具有显著相关性(P0.05)。结论甲状腺功能异常患者存在血脂代谢紊乱,甲状腺自身抗体与腹型肥胖存在关联。     

老年2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素含量的临床观察

目的　观察老年 2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素含量及其有关指标的临床意义。方法　将 15 2例受检者按照病情和年龄分为老年 2型糖尿病组 (ED组 )、非老年 2型糖尿病组 (NED组 )和健康老年人组 (C组 ) ,测定空腹血清瘦素(F Lp)含量及其他有关指标。结果　ED组和C组男性F Lp含量高于NED组男性 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,女性低于NED组女性 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;ED组和C组男性睾酮含量低于NED组男性 (P<0 .0 5 ～ 0 .0 1) ,女性雌二醇含量低于NED组女性(P <0 .0 5 )。ED组男性F Lp及睾酮含量与C组男性比较以及ED组女性F Lp及雌二醇含量与C组女性比较差异均无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。体重指数、睾酮、雌二醇与F Lp含量独立相关。结论　老年 2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素含量与老年健康者比较差异无显著性意义 ,与非老年 2型糖尿病患者比较差异有显著性意义。     

太原地区健康体检人群甲状腺功能紊乱患病情况调查

目的　调查太原地区人群中甲状腺功能紊乱的患病率。方法　测定太原地区 812 5名体检人群的TSH ,然后再测定FT3、FT4 和甲状腺抗体。结果　在此体检人群中 ,甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢 )患病率为 1.2 0 % ,亚临床甲亢患病率为 0 .87% ,甲状腺功能减退 (甲减 )患病率为 1.0 3 % ,亚临床甲减患病率为 0 .95 %。各种甲状腺功能紊乱的患病率女性均高于男性 (P <0 .0 5～ <0 .0 1)。结论　报道太原地区人群中甲状腺功能紊乱的患病率 ,无论是甲亢和亚临床甲亢或甲减和亚临床甲减 ,女性的患病率均高于男性     

原发性高血压患者血清瘦素浓度的测定及意义

目的 :探讨血清瘦素与原发性高血压患者性别及体重指数间的关系。方法 :用放射免疫法检测了 2 0例健康正常人 (正常对照组 )和 48例原发性高血压患者 (高血压组 )血清瘦素浓度 ,同时测血压和体重指数 (BMI) ;根据体重指数将 2组研究对象又分为肥胖者和非肥胖者。检测血清甘油三酯 (TG)、总胆固醇 (TC)、高密度脂蛋白 (HDL C)、低密度脂蛋白 (LDL C)等指标。并将血清瘦素水平与血压、体重指数、性别、TG、TC、HDL C和LDL C进行相关分析。结果 :高血压组血清瘦素水平高于正常对照组 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;高血压组和正常对照组肥胖者血清瘦素浓度均高于非肥胖者 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ;女性血清瘦素明显高于男性 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ;血清瘦素与收缩压、舒张压、TG呈正相关 ,而与TC、HDL C、LDL C无明显相关性。结论 :血清瘦素与原发性高血压患者血压及肥胖程度呈正相关 ,女性高于男性     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者血清瘦素水平的研究

目的　探讨瘦素在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)患者体内的变化。方法　选择年龄及体重指数 (BMI)差异无显著性的OSAS患者 5 8例和单纯肥胖者 2 1例 ,用多导睡眠呼吸监测仪进行监测 ,用放射免疫法测定所有对象的血清瘦素。结果　 (1)无论男性还是女性 ,OSAS患者瘦素水平 [(6 1± 1 7) μg/L ,(19 5± 9 9) μg/L]平均高于单纯肥胖者 [(4 5± 1 7) μg/L ,(10 5± 2 4) μg/L](P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )单纯肥胖者及OSAS患者血清瘦素水平分别与BMI呈显著正相关 (r=0 5 9,P <0 0 1;r=0 6 4,P <0 0 1) ,同时OSAS患者血清瘦素水平分别与呼吸暂停及低通气指数 (AHI) (r=0 47,P <0 0 1)和颈围 (r=0 6 4,P <0 0 1)也有明显的正相关。结论　OSAS患者血清瘦素水平比单纯肥胖者更高 ,除了肥胖、颈围宽外 ,OSAS本身也是引起瘦素水平升高的原因。     

慢性肾衰竭患者瘦素水平检测及其临床意义

目的　研究慢性肾衰竭 (CRF)患者血清瘦素水平及其影响因素 ,以及瘦素与营养状态的关系。方法　选择CRF患者 85例和健康者 3 0例 ,应用放免分析法测定血清瘦素 ,同时检测体重指数 (BMI)、上臂肌围、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖及肾功能等 ,分析瘦素与各项参数的关系。结果　 ( 1)校正BMI差异后 ,非透析组CRF患者血清瘦素水平比对照组明显增高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,血透组的血清瘦素水平虽高于对照组 ,但无统计学差异。 ( 2 )多元回归分析显示 ,血清瘦素水平与BMI、上臂肌围、空腹血糖、年龄、性别相关 (标准偏回归系数分别为 0 .674、-0 .40 1、-0 .3 12、0 .2 14、0 .164 ) ,而与血清白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白等无明显相关关系。结论　CRF患者存在高瘦素血症 ;瘦素同时受到体脂含量、性别等因素的影响 ;瘦素可能导致CRF患者骨骼肌的消耗 ,但未发现瘦素对血清蛋白营养指标有明显影响 ;瘦素可能对糖代谢产生影响。     

慢性心力衰竭患者血清瘦素与肿瘤坏死因子α浓度变化

目的 :通过分析慢性心力衰竭 (HF)恶病质患者血清瘦素 (leptin)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)的浓度变化 ,探讨其在心源性恶病质发病过程中的可能作用及临床意义。方法 :测定 4 8例慢性HF患者和 2 0例健康对照者的体重指数 (BMI)、腰臀比 (WHR)、皮下脂肪厚度 (TSF)、左室射血分数 (LVEF)、leptin及TNF α等指标。leptin及TNF α用放射免疫法测定 ,并分析leptin与其他参数的相关性。结果 :①全部受试者的血清leptin浓度与BMI、TSF、TNF α呈显著正相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与WHR及LVEF无显著相关性。而恶病质组的血清leptin浓度还与TNF α呈显著相关关系 (P <0 .0 5 )。②恶病质组与非恶病质组相比 ,BMI、leptin及TSF差异有显著性意义 ,均P <0 .0 1。结论 :leptin作为调节能量平衡的重要激素 ,可能与TNF α共同作用导致心源性恶病质的发生     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.