浮床栽培雪里蕻净化冬季富营养化水体研究

通过水面浮床栽培试验,研究了雪里蕻植株的生长特性,及其对富营养化水体中氮、磷物质的吸收能力.结果表明:浮床雪里蕻植株的平均鲜量30 g,平均株高15 cm,平均根系长35 cm,其对氮、磷的直接吸收量分别达到67.3 kg/hm2和4.8 kg/hm2.雪里蕻能够在水中安全越冬并完成整个生育周期,对富营养化水体也具有一...     

丹江口库区大气氮干湿沉降动态变化特征研究

大气环境中高氮以干/湿沉降的方式返回地表，进入陆地生态系统和水生生态系统可能引起一系列负面生态效应。以丹江口库区为研究对象，基于2016～2018年的大气氮干湿沉降连续监测数据，研究了丹江口库区大气氮沉降的动态变化特征。结果表明：（1） 2016～2018年，丹江口库区大气湿沉降中TN、AN、NN、DN通量分别为29.48,10.75,11.27,24.52 kg/（hm2·a）,其中，夏季TN、AN、NN和DN湿沉降通量最高，分别占全年各形态氮湿沉降总量的32.85%,43.94%,26.74%,33.59%。（2）库区TN、AN、NN和DN干沉降通量分别为8.38,1.56,1.26,5.77 kg/（hm2·a）,从季节分配上呈现冬季>秋季>春季>夏季的特点。（3） 2016～2018年库区大气总氮沉降量为37.86 kg/（hm2·a）,其中，TN干、湿沉降通量分别占总沉降量的22.13%和77.87%。丹江口库区大气氮沉降过程与通量研究，可更好地揭示大气氮沉降对库区水体养分的输入贡献，丰富库区水体“营养源”的解析，为加强库区氮素管理，降低库区水体富营养化风险提供依据。     

人工湿地植物生长特性及其对氮磷富集能力研究

采用室外盆栽实验研究了香蒲和梭鱼草两种湿地植物的生长特性及其对富营养化水体中氮、磷的吸收富集能力,为深入研究湿地植物在污水处理中的作用提供依据。实验期间,香蒲和梭鱼草均能在富营养化水体中正常生长,经过5个月的生长,两种植物的总生物量分别为6.65 kg/m2和10.83 kg/m2,约为栽种前的6倍和7倍。实验前,香蒲和梭鱼草根、茎、叶中TN的分布为叶>根>茎;TP在两种湿地植物组织中的分布均为叶>茎>根。实验结束后,香蒲和梭鱼草各组织中的TN、TP含量均明显下降,TN在梭鱼草组织中的分布仍为叶>根>茎,而香蒲组织中TN分布为根>叶>茎;两种植物组织中的TP分布为根>叶>茎。比较而言,梭鱼草具有较高的氮、磷积累量。     

人工湿地在玉林市苏烟水库富营养化水质改善效果研究

研究人工湿地处理系统对富营乔化水体的净化效果,为进一步开展人工湿地技术的研究、富营养化水体的生态修复提供科学的理论依据。通过分析人工湿地处理系统对富营养化水体中TN、TP、COD_(Mn)、BOD_5、NH_3-N、粪大肠菌群等指标的净化效果,可知人工湿地对富营养化水体中粪大肠菌群、NH_3-N、COD_(Mn)、TP和TN去除率分别为96.5%、73.4%、43.1%、37.5%、20.8%以上,其去除入库总氮量1 246 kg/a,去除总磷227 kg/a。     

水动力学条件下潘家口水库富营养化的控制

通过分析2002年潘家口水库运行调度和水体营养盐的变化情况,确定总磷是水库富营养化限制性因子。采用沃伦维德模型和迪隆模型计算了潘家口水库总磷年平均质量浓度,预测正常蓄水位下,水库富营养化临界状态单位面积允许磷负荷量为2.66 g/(m2.a),入库总磷控制量为173 t/(m2.a)。     

利用生态浮床技术治理污染水体

依据陆生植物的养分吸收特性,利用水上种植技术,在以富营养化为主体的污染水域种植粮油、蔬菜、花卉等各种适宜的陆生植物的同时,通过植物根系的吸附和吸收作用,富集水中导致水域富营养化的主要因素--氮、磷等元素,降解、富集其他有害无毒污染物,并以收获植物体的形式将其搬离水体,从而实现变废为宝、净化水体、美化水域景观、保护水生态环境的目的.     

三峡库区小流域水土流失的生物治理措施

南山桥沟小流域位于重庆市开县东面,长江支流小江的上段,自然地理类型属川东平行岭谷区,总面积548.9 hm2,区内降雨充沛,年降雨量1 053.8～1 431.3 mm,流域内水土流失面积381.35 hm2,占总面积的69.48%.在分析水土流失主要原因的基础上,确定了水土流失生物措施的治理模式,主要根据当地的土质类型,选择适宜于当地生长的植物种类,辅之一些配套措施.通过治理,森林覆盖率从7.8%提高到28.1%,土壤年侵蚀模数从3 653 t/(km2·a)降到2 510 t/(km2·a).     

2种浮床植物吸收不同N/P水体中氮磷的研究

选取水稻、空心菜这2种常见植物作为研究对象,通过在容积为25 L的塑料水桶中设置浮床,在低、中、高3种N/P（分别为8∶1,25∶1,55∶1）富营养化水体表面种植植物,研究其对氮磷的去除效果。研究结果表明：①所选的2种试材--浮床水稻与空心菜能较好地吸收富营养化水体中的氮磷元素,可作为水体富营养化防治的浮床栽培植物进行推广;②在所选的3种N/P水体中,浮床水稻对TP的净去除率均大于浮床空心菜,而浮床空心菜对TN,NH₃-N的净去除率大于浮床水稻,可根据富营养化水体的性质,选择适合的浮床植物进行栽种;③在低N/P（比值为8∶1）的水体中,2种植物对TN,NH₃-N,TP的吸收能力最强,浮床水稻对其的净去除率分别为19.0%,91.4%,95.0%,浮床空心菜净去除率分别为28.2%,99.2%,87.2%。
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水培油菜处理富营养化水体的研究

中国湖区水体环境污染问题日趋严重,典型的污染 形式是面源污染造成的水体富营养化。为此利用水上生物浮岛,探索油菜水上移栽技术,通 过油菜生长代谢吸收水体中的氮磷等,在治理水体污染的同时,将水体中的氮磷等转化成农产品。     

经济植物浮床系统对富营养化水体净化效果研究

随着水体富营养化日益普遍,利用经济植物浮床系统净化污水已经成为当今社会的可持续发展理念的首选。对经济植物浮床进行研究表明:紫背天葵、生菜、茼蒿、水芹、红甜菜等5种植物在污水中均能够旺盛生长,且鲜重、株高、根长均有所增加;除根系外,鲜重、株高均与水体净化能力无明显相关性;最适宜进行植物浮床系统的经济植物是生菜,49d后对NH_4~+-N、TP、TN以及CODCr的去除率分别为84.78%、97.94%、92.81%、66.11%,且水质净化效果稳定。     

A distillery by-product as an external carbon source for enhancing denitrification in mainstream and sidestream treatment processes

The use of fusel oil as an 'alternative' carbon source for denitrification in the mainstream and sidestream treatment processes was studied. Research comprised two kinds of batch experiments as well as acclimation of process biomass to external carbon sources. In the conventional nitrate utilization rate (NUR) measurements (one-phase experiments with non-acclimated biomass), the NUR with fusel oil was 1.4-1.7 g N/(kg VSS·h which was comparable to NUR with ethanol and with slowly biodegradable fraction of the settled wastewater. When fusel oil was added at the beginning of the anoxic phase, preceded by an anaerobic phase (in two-phase experiments with non-acclimated biomass), the NURs of 2.5-2.9 g N/(kg VSS·h) were comparable to the tests without the addition of any external carbon sources. The addition of fusel oil and ethanol resulted in a significant enhancement of the denitrification efficiency in lab-scale sequencing batch reactors treating sludge reject water. The NURs continuously increased from below 1 g N/(kg VSS·h) to over 10 g N/(kg VSS·h) over the entire 4-week operational period, indicating gradual acclimation to the substrate. The overall total N removal efficiency reached ～90%.     

Purification of eutrophic water by ryegrass

The present study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics of different ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars and their ability to remediate eutrophic water using floating plant-bed technology. Greenhouse and lake experiments were conducted to evaluate the grass genotypes for water remediation. Twelve cultivars of ryegrass including Grazer, Secale Cerale, Energa, Rustmaster, AngusI, Abundant, AngusII, Jivet, Gulf, Surrey, Major and Barwoltra were grown in the floating plant-bed system. The plant biomass, plant NP (nitrogen and phosphorus) accumulations and the water purification capacity of selected grasses were significantly different (P < 0.05). Abundant, AngusII and Major showed most efficient purification capacity of eutrophic water. In a greenhouse, after 26 days of growth, the eutrophic water was purified to various extents by the different ryegrass cultivars. Nitrogen removal efficiency varied from 52.20% to 73.82% and phosphorus removal efficiency ranged from 75.12% to 84.77%. In a lake experiment at Huajiachi pond, after 162 days of growth, the plant shoot biomass increased from 321.5 to 922.8 g/m(2) dry weight basis, shoot NP accumulation ranged from 61.5 to 168.2 mg m(-2) d(-1) and 11.9 to 47.2 mg m(-2) d(-1) respectively. NP accumulation rate by the various cultivars of ryegrass was highly positively correlated to their biomass production and water purification capacity. Thus, plant biomass could be used as an indicator for assessing purification capacity of a ryegrass cultivar.     

应用根系层水质模型分析冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的农田水氮利用效率Ⅰ：模型参数的灵敏度分析与标定

本文利用禹城试验站田间试验数据对根系层水质模型的输入参数进行了灵敏度分析和标定。参数标定后的模拟结果与实测结果的对比显示:土壤体积含水量模拟值的均方根差和平均相对误差分别为0.069cm3·cm-3和-8.57%;土壤硝态氮含量模拟值的均方根差和平均相对误差分别为41.41mg/kg和-69.56%;在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系下,作物吸氮量模拟值的均方根差和平均相对误差分别为97.8kg/hm2和50.6%;作物地上部生物量和产量模拟值的均方根差分别为2392kg/hm2和2239kg/hm2,平均相对误差分别为32.8%和22.2%;叶面积指数模拟值的均方根差和平均相对误差分别为2.83和243.8%。模拟结果表明:RZWQM能够较好地模拟冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中土壤水动态和作物地上部生物量及产量,可用于模拟分析农田水氮利用效率。但该模型在禹城试验站对土壤硝态氮含量和叶面积指数模拟精度欠佳的原因有待进一步分析。     

Distillery wastes as external carbon sources for denitrification in municipal wastewater treatment plants

In this study, by-products from alcohol production were examined in terms of their potential application as external carbon sources for enhancing denitrification in biological nutrient removal systems. Three types of batch tests were used to compare the effects of the distillery by-products, such as fusel oil, syrup and reject water, on the non-acclimated activated sludge. Much higher nitrate utilization rates (NURs) were observed for the latter two carbon sources. In the conventional NUR measurements (one-phase experiments), the observed NURs with syrup and reject water were 3.2-3.3 g N/(kg VSS h) compared with 1.0 g N/(kg VSS h) obtained for fusel oils from two different distilleries. When the carbon sources were added at the beginning of the anoxic phase preceded by an anaerobic phase (two-phase experiments), the NURs were 4.2 g N/(kg VSS h) (syrup and reject water) and 2.4-2.7 g N/(kg VSS h) (fusel oils). The heterotrophic yield coefficient, determined based on the conventional OUR measurements, varied in a relatively narrow range (0.72-0.79 g COD/g COD) for all the examined carbon sources. Due to advantageous composition (much higher COD concentrations and COD/N ratios), fusel is a preferred carbon source for practical handling in full-scale wastewater treatment plants.     

Warming and eutrophication effects on the phytoplankton communities of two tropical water systems of different trophic states: An experimental approach

Both global warming and eutrophication are predicted to promote cyanobacterial blooms. At the same time, how tropical phytoplankton communities exhibiting different trophic state systems will respond to temperature variations is less clear. To investigate the effects of temperature changes and nutrient additions on phytoplankton communities, and gain insights regarding possible resistance to these effects, the present study focused on testing the hypothesis that temperature variations and nutrient additions will have a stronger effect on cyanobacteria dominance in eutrophic water system than in oligo‐mesotrophic water systems. Experiments were conducted with phytoplankton communities from two aquatic ecosystems exhibiting different trophic states. To this end, water samples from a eutrophic and oligo‐mesotrophic system were collected and incubated at 25 and 30ºC. Samples receiving additional surplus nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs were included to serve as eutrophication treatments. The study results indicated that temperature variations alone did not promote cyanobacteria in water from either the oligo‐mesotrophic or eutrophic water system. However, nutrient enrichment of the water from the eutrophic system significantly boosted the cyanobacteria, with the biomass increasing by factor of 10 for both the 25°C and 30°C treatments. In contrast, eutrophication of the water from the oligo‐mesotrophic system did not change the relative contribution of phytoplankton groups, with the response ratios being much lower than those for the water from the eutrophic system. Although based on a simple experimental design, the results of the present study suggest that cyanobacteria dominance is favoured by further nutrient additions for eutrophic water systems, independently of any direct temperature effects, and that more pristine environments possess some resistance against eutrophication effects. Since global warming is assumed to indirectly intensify eutrophication symptoms, the results of the present study underscore the importance of nutrient control.     

Granulation of Anammox microorganisms in up-flow reactors.

Experimental studies were performed to evaluate the feasibility of granulation of Anammox microorganisms for biomass retention in up-flow reactors. Two experimental studies, one using a 6.4-L lab-scale reactor with synthetic medium and the other using a 200-L pilot-scale reactor with half-nitrified reject water from a sludge digester were conducted. To enhance the granulation process, seed granules from a UASB reactor were added to both experimental reactors. Granulation of Anammox microorganisms was observed using both the synthetic medium and the reject water. The core of a large proportion of Anammox granules retained part of the original seed biomass. The Anammox granules had a slightly lower density than the seed granules from the UASB process, but the size and other physical properties were comparable. The successful granulation of the Anammox microorganisms led to a stable nitrogen removal performance. The maximum nitrogen removal rate of the lab-scale reactor was observed to be 2.9 kg/(m3 x d) after 173 days of operation and that of the pilot-scale reactor was 6.4 kg/(m3 x d) after 12 months of operation.     

渗灌条件下水稻的节水灌溉制度和氮肥运筹技术研究

针对江苏省淮北平原地区稻麦轮作生产实际，在田间埋设塑料波纹暗管，通过调节外沟水位对水稻实施渗灌，就渗灌条件下水稻的节水灌溉制度和氮肥运筹技术进行了研究。提出了渗灌条件下以稻田地下水位和土壤含水量作为控制指标的水稻节水灌溉模式，该技术和常规浅水勤灌相比，水稻节水达16.5％，增产14.3％。试验结果还表明，水稻采用节水灌溉制度后，氮肥用量和基蘖肥与穗粒肥的比例显著影响水稻地上部分干物质积累、矿质营养、籽粒产量和营养品质，渗灌条件下水稻高产优质、浅层地下水不受NO3-N污染的施N量为270～315kgN/hm2，基蘖肥/穗粒肥为5∶5。     

Potentials and limits of a pre-denitrification/ nitrification biofilter configuration for advanced municipal wastewater treatment.

Pre-denitrification in biofilters is limited by the amount of easily degradable organic substrate, resulting in relatively high requirements for external carbon. The combination of pre-DN, N and post-DN filters is much more advisable for most municipal wastewaters, because the recycle rate can be reduced and external carbon can be saved. For minimum use of external carbon, 100-150% recycle rate should not be exceeded. Then, approximately 50-60% of the total NO3-N can be depleted in the pre-DN stage. On average, 10 g total (t) COD/g NO3-N were required in the pre-DN stage for denitrification in the pilot and full-scale plant and 0.4-0.5 kg NO3-N/(m(3)DN d) can be reached without external carbon. As only 40-70% of the COD load is eliminated in the pre-DN, the remaining COD load is removed in the nitrification stage. 1 kg COD/(m(3) d) suppresses nitrification rates by approximately 0.1 kg NH4-N/(m(3) d). For nitrification rates, > 0.5 kg NH4N/(m(3) d) at 12 degrees C not more than 2 kg COD/(m(3) d) may be eliminated in the nitrification.