相变蓄冷剂对冷链包装温控效果的影响

目的 研究不同相变蓄冷剂对冷链运输包装传热性能和温控时间的影响。方法 通过采用独特的包装结构设计,并根据运输环境温度对蓄冷剂进行不同的预处理,充分利用相变材料在固-液相态转变过程中良好的温控性能。结果 在保温箱体性能参数不变的情况下,其温控时间取决于所用相变材料的相变温度和相变焓值。在极端高温、极端低温和交变温度条件下,采用熔点为5 ℃的相变蓄冷剂,可以将包装的保温时间从1 h延长至80 h以上,而且包装内保持了长时间4~5 ℃的恒温平台;采用熔点为0 ℃的水作为蓄冷剂,包装内则会出现长时间的过冷,温度平台在?1~2 ℃范围内。实验测得的包装保温时间与传热计算所得的理论值相吻合,偏差不大于±10%。结论 采用合适的相变蓄冷剂可以大大延长温控包装的保温时间,并通过对蓄冷剂进行有效的预处理,在各种极端温度环境下均可确保冷藏药品的运输安全。     

新型有机-无机复合相变蓄冷材料的制备及性能研究

以六水氯化钙为基材，配备出一种新型复合相变蓄冷材料用于空调蓄冷。该材料的质量配比为81%六水氯化钙+5%乙醇+14%丙三醇。为了降低复合相变材料的过冷度，使用六水氯化铯为成核剂，发现成核剂的添加量为1.0%时过冷度几乎为零。为检验复合相变材料的热稳定性，进行了100次的热循环实验，材料未出现相分层，表明其热稳定性能良好。     

冷冻产品用无机盐相变蓄冷材料的制备及性能研究

研制了一种适用于冷冻产品贮藏运输的高效低温无机盐相变蓄冷材料。将NH4Br、KCl、CaCl_2等无机盐与NH_4Cl复配,利用差式扫描量热仪(DSC)筛选了NH_4Br-NH_4Cl无机盐共混物作为主储能剂,通过添加不同成核剂改善过冷性能,添加不同浓度的黄源胶改善相分离。结果表明:以30%(wt,质量分数,下同)NH_4Br-NH_4Cl无机盐共混物作为主储能剂,1%SrCl_2作为成核剂,5%黄原胶作为增稠剂可获得相变温度为-18~-22℃、相变潜热为288.7J/g、过冷度小、无相分离的相变蓄冷材料。NH_4Br-NH_4Cl无机盐共混物作为主储能剂能够达到冷冻产品温度且对相变潜热影响较小,SrCl_2作为成核剂基本无过冷,黄原胶作为增稠剂解决相分离具有显著效果。     

四丁基溴化铵相变蓄冷材料热物性实验研究

通过实验对四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)溶液的蓄冷结晶过程进行了测试,结果表明TBAB溶液的凝固温度随其浓度的改变而改变,在25%~45%的浓度范围内,其凝固温度位于5.8~9.3℃范围内.选取相变温度适宜、相变过程稳定、浓度为40%的TBAB溶液,向其添加硼砂成核剂,测试其相变温度和相变潜热,测试结果表明质量浓度为2%的硼砂在不影响TBAB溶液凝固温度的情况下可以降低其结晶过冷度2.4℃.采用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)测试TBAB溶液的熔解潜热为187.030kJ/kg.因此TBAB溶液是一种高效的空调蓄冷材料.     

冷冻型复合相变蓄冷材料的制备与性能评价

提出自行研制的一种低温(-25～-23℃)复合相变材料。该材料由氯化钠作为主储能剂,碳酸钾与氯化钾作为降温剂,并且筛选合适的成核剂及防相分离剂进行复合。样品的热物理性能(相变温度、相变潜热等)和热循环性能通过差示扫描量热仪(DSC)来表征;过冷度和热循环稳定性通过温度记录仪表征。结果表明:制备的两种蓄冷剂的相变温度为-25～-23℃,相变潜热200J/g以上,过冷度较小且循环100次后不会出现相分离现象。     

平板蓄冷器蓄冰过程试验研究

在自行研制的冰蓄冷试验装置上研究了平板内的蓄冰过程, 得出了载冷剂进出口温度和蓄冷剂温度随时间的变化规律; 对冰蓄冷过程进行了成核研究, 通过添加人工成核剂可减少冰蓄冷过程的过冷度,从而提高蓄冰主机的效率。     

平板蓄冷器蓄冰过程试验研究

本文在自行研制的冰蓄冷试验装置上研究了平板内的蓄冰过程, 得出了载冷剂进出口温度和蓄冷剂温度随时间的变化规律, 并对冰蓄冷过程进行了成核研究, 通过添加人工成核剂可减少冰蓄冷过程的过冷度, 从而提高蓄冰主机的效率。     

超声波优化相变蓄冷材料的研究进展

目的 为通过超声波方式解决过冷度高、蓄冷时间慢、稳定性差及成核慢等问题提供一些研究思路.方法 阐述3种常见的超声波装置(外置式、内置式、壁式)及其特性,介绍近年来国内外学者将超声波技术应用于相变蓄冷材料的研究进展,总结超声波对过冷度、二次结晶、成核速率、生长速率及稳定性等方面的影响.结果 超声波既能改善相变蓄冷材料的缺点又不影响其潜热,是相变蓄冷领域的一门新技术.结论 在实验研究基础上,推导建立超声波优化性能模型、寻找更加优化的超声方法、加强超声波的应用以及超声波技术对高温蓄冷材料的影响是今后研究的重点.     

平板蓄冷器蓄冰过程试验研究

本文在自行研制的冰蓄冷试验装置上研究了平板内的蓄冰过程,得出了载冷剂进出口温度和蓄冷剂温度随时间的变化规律,并对冰蓄冷过程进行了成核研究,通过添加人工成核可减少冰箱冷过程的过冷度,从而提高蓄冰主机的效率。     

平板蓄冷器蓄冰过程试验研究

本文在自行研制的冰蓄冷试验装置上研究了平板内的蓄冰过程,得出了载冷剂温度和蓄冷剂温度随时间的变化规律,并对冰蓄冷过程进行了研究,通过添加人工成核剂可减少冰蓄冷过程的过冷度,从而提高蓄冰主机的效率。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.