凝汽器冷却面积的优化选择

大型汽轮机组凝汽器冷却面积的选择应通过技术和经济性的比较后确定，以满足电厂长期安全、经济运行的要求。本文介绍凝汽器设计工况的确定，冷却面积的计算及其选择的经济性分析和变工况运行等。     

汽阻对凝汽器的影响和减少措施

就凝汽器蒸汽侧阻力（汽阻）对真空高低、热量利用程度、冷却面积大小和抽气器工作的影响进行了分析,并指出了造成汽阻过大的原因,同时又给出了在设计凝汽器及进行管束排列时,为防止不必要的把冷却面积选取过大而应遵守的原则。这一点过去曾被许多设计人员所忽视,且至今也没有专题的文献介绍。正确的凝汽器设计,可以节省很多昂贵材质的冷却管并从而降低凝汽设备本身的制造成本。由于凝汽器热力上的收益（如小汽阻、过冷度为零０     

F级联合循环冷端系统优化方案研究

以某F级燃机联合循环为例,研究凝汽器端差、凝汽器循环水温升、冷却塔逼近度、凝汽器面积、冷却塔面积、冷却倍率等因素对经济性的影响。     

凝汽器设计参数变化对真空影响的分析

通过对Ｎ－１１２２０－１型凝汽器的理论计算，分析了其主要设计参数（冷却水量、冷却水温、清洁度、冷却面积等）变化时对凝汽器压力的影响，并提出选择凝汽器设计参数的一些建议。     

汽轮机凝汽器冷却管束设计要领分析

更新老的凝汽器设计概念，对凝汽器运行进行分析，使汽轮机组运行的经济性得以充分地发挥。降低热耗、消除凝结水的过冷现象、提高真空、合理地选材和冷却面积最有效地合理利用是当今改造、设计，提高中、大型汽轮机组热效率的内容之一。尤其是对众多已运行了二、三十年的老机组的凝汽器改造或更新更为重要。尽管不同凝汽器制造厂家不同的结构型式，均面临同样的问题。针对凝汽器冷却管束的一些相关内容，从设计角度给予了全面分析。     

600MW级双压凝汽器结构分析

多压凝汽器是现代大型电站凝汽器发展的一个重要方向，多压凝汽器比相同冷却面积和冷却水流量的单压凝汽器具有更低的平均凝汽压力，因而可以提高机组的效率和出力，近年来在我国建造的600MW及以上机组中得到广泛应用。     

核电站汽轮机冷端优化

讨论如何配置汽轮机、凝汽器和循环冷却水量使整个机组投资收益最大。通过对汽轮机微增功率所产生的收益和凝汽器面积以及循环水量的增加所引起的投资增加、循环水泵的运行费用增加的比较，得出相对经济的优化方案。     

凝汽器冷却管束设计探讨

文章探讨了凝汽器冷却管束设计的影响因素和凝汽器管束设计的基本原则。合理的冷却管束排列，必将为凝汽器的运行创出满意的效果，也是提高汽轮机组热效率的主要内容之一而不容忽视。     

侧向进汽式凝汽器及用海水做冷却介质的分析研究

本文对几台侧向进汽式凝汽器进行了分析对比，同时也对用海水作冷却介质的侧向凝汽器做了进一步的分析，并对以后海水冷却式侧向凝汽器的发展与完善提出了一些观点。     

大型汽轮机凝汽器冷却面积增容问题研究

以某电站660MW汽轮机凝汽器增容改造工作为例,制定不同的凝汽器增容方案,分析计算各方案对汽轮机冷端系统总体性能的影响时,综合考虑凝汽器水阻变化对汽轮机冷端系统总体性能的影响,完善了凝汽器性能评价方法,为凝汽器增容改造工作提供了合理建议。凝汽器冷却面积变化对凝汽器总体传热性能影响的敏感度相对较低,形成的评价方法和评价结论,对大型汽轮机凝汽器改造工作和凝汽器选型工作提供了直接的指导建议。     

Determination of heat transfer coefficients for hydrogen condensation in condensers of various geometries

An important task for the hydrogen isotopes separation by cryogenic distillation is to establish the shape and dimension of the column condenser and boiler in order to obtain the desired load and separation for the distillation column. In the paper we present the set-up and experimental values for the heat transfer coefficient on various types of condensers. The heat transfer coefficients were determined by measurements on liquid hydrogen flow-rate condensed on the cold surface and temperature drop between the cooling liquid and the condensate. The experiments were made for different vapor pressures and certain temperatures of the cooling liquid from the condenser. As results we determined the condensation heat transfer coefficients for different shapes and geometries of the condensers as a function of the condensate film temperature drop.     

火电站直接空冷凝汽器积灰监测

火电站直接空冷凝汽器积灰是影响传热性能的重要因素,研究直接空冷凝汽器积灰对传热性能的影响规律并提出监测措施具有重要意义。通过分析汽轮机背压与汽轮机排汽量、冷却空气流量、凝汽器传热系数、凝汽器总传热面积以及环境温度之间的关系,得到了空冷凝汽器在维持汽轮机排汽量和冷却空气量不变时,汽轮机背压和传热系数之间的关系以及凝汽器积灰对汽轮机背压的影响。研究表明:凝汽器积灰会导致凝汽器传热系数降低,汽轮机背压升高,机组运行经济性下降。设计工况下,当蛇形翅片扁平管结构凝汽器积灰厚度达到1.2 mm时,汽轮机背压将增加50%左右。通过监测空冷机组运行过程中汽轮机背压的变化,可预报积灰的程度,为直接空冷凝汽器清洗提供一定的理论依据。     

内陆核电站汽轮机选型及冷端优化

电站冷端优化的目的是从成本与收益方面综合考虑,确保在机组整个寿命期内获得最大效益。汽轮机、凝汽器、冷却塔及相关系统的设置影响成本,不同汽轮机排汽面积、凝汽器换热面积、冷却塔面积对应着不同的年发电量,只有合适的设计背压才能确保机组在电站整个寿命期内效益最大化。本研究根据内陆某核电站的厂址条件,通过对汽轮机排汽面积的计算、凝汽器换热面积的选择、冷却塔及循环水系统的设计,对该核电站汽轮机进行选型,并对冷端进行全面优化设计,最后确定凝汽器的最佳设计背压及冷却塔面积,确保机组在计算寿命期内获得最佳效益,可供同类型电站设计参考。     

冷却水流程数对凝汽器热力性能的影响

电站凝汽器可以设计成冷却水双流程和单流程。利用自行开发的凝汽器工作特性数值模拟软件PPOC3．0模拟和分析了冷却水流程数对电站凝汽器的热力性能的影响,结果表明单流程凝汽器比双流程凝汽器有更高的热负荷和更小的汽侧阻力。     

多压凝汽器在200MW汽轮机组中的应用

论述了多压凝汽器的特点及节能原理,分析了多压凝汽器在２００ＭＷ机组中的应用前景,设计了三压凝汽器,进行节能效果计算,并探讨了已投运的２００ＭＷ机组的凝汽器改为三压的可行性。结果显示：在高水温地区或用冷水塔的２００ＭＷ机组使用三压凝汽器可以提高机组的经济性。     

Space characteristics of the thermal performance for air-cooled condensers at ambient winds

Ambient winds may lead to poor fan performance, exhaust air recirculation and mal-distribution of the air across the tube bundles of the air-cooled condensers in a power plant. Investigations of the impacts of the ambient winds on the air-cooled condensers are key area of focus. Based on a representative 2 × 600 MW direct dry cooling power plant, the physical and mathematical models of the air-side fluid and heat flow in the air-cooled condensers at various ambient wind speeds and directions are set up by introducing the radiator model to the fin-tube bundles. The volumetric flow rate, inlet air temperature and heat rejection for different air-cooled condensers as a whole, condenser cells and fin-tube bundles are obtained by using CFD simulation. The results show that the thermo-flow performances for the air-cooled condenser as a whole, condenser cells and heat exchanger bundles vary widely in space. The thermal performances of the air-cooled condensers, condenser cells and fin-tube bundles at the downstream are generally superior to those at the upwind. It is of use for the upwind fan regulations and the A-frame condenser cell geometric optimization to investigate the space characteristics of the thermal performance for the air-cooled condensers in a power plant.     

冷却水流径对于凝汽器性能影响的数值模拟分析

文中应用STAR-CD软件和用户自定义子程序,针对3种类型凝汽器进行数值模拟。对于每种凝汽器,分别计算上进下出和下进上出两种冷却水进水方式时凝汽器壳侧的流场分布,分析评估冷却水流径对于凝汽器运行性能的影响。     

凝汽器冷却用管——铜管和不锈钢管的性能比较与探讨

旨在对各类凝汽器冷却用管性能进行深入比较与探讨,提出并推荐可以替代传统冷却用管———铜管的替代产品不锈钢波螺管。通过分析表明,在汽轮发电机组凝汽器冷却管中用不锈钢波螺管替代铜管是可行的选择。     

蒸发式冷凝器用于火电厂冷却系统中的可行性分析

概述了火电厂冷却系统的特点，介绍了蒸发式冷凝器的工作原理，基于朗肯循环详细分析了蒸发式冷凝器用在火电厂冷却系统中所具有的优点，从而提出了在我国运用这项技术的必要性，并通过两个实例说明蒸发式冷凝器用于火电厂的冷却系统是可行的。     

Performance criterion of an indirect dry air‐cooled condenser for small modular reactor based on pressure transition temperature

In terms of reducing the environmental pollution caused by effluent water from typical condensers and the water dependency of small modular reactors, indirect dry air‐cooled condensers (IDACs) are being considered an ultimate heat sink. While the performance of air‐cooled heat exchangers has been investigated thoroughly for decades, evaluations of the condenser performance rely primarily on empirical data. Thus, a method for precisely determining the performance of the IDAC under various environmental and thermal‐hydraulic conditions has not yet been understood. The objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the critical parameter that initiates the deterioration of the condenser performance by varying the cooling duty and water velocity. The investigation is also extended to a parametric study of the air‐cooling conditions using a best‐estimate thermal hydraulic analysis code called multi‐dimensional analysis of reactor safety (MARS‐KS) to suggest a method for designing an IDAC system. Results showed that, for a given cooling duty and water velocity, the condenser exhibited an insufficient performance above a certain cooling water temperature. The temperature was defined as the pressure transition temperature (PTT) that initiates the increase in pressure inside the condenser. The calculation results of MARS‐KS were analysed based on the PTT and was used to suggest methods for designing an appropriate IDAC for the cooling duty and environmental conditions of given target site.