蓝莓冰温微波真空干燥工艺研究

以蓝莓为原料,对蓝莓冰温微波真空干燥工艺进行了研究。通过响应面分析法确定蓝莓冰温微波真空干燥的最佳工艺条件,即微波功率为8.8 W/g,真空压力为654.1 Pa,干燥时间为4.8 h,装料盘转速为78 r/min。采用确定的冰温微波真空干燥工艺干燥蓝莓,与真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥蓝莓进行比较。研究表明,当干燥时间为4.8 h时,冰温微波真空干燥蓝莓的含水率为4.2%,比真空冷冻干燥速度快;冰温微波真空干燥蓝莓的感官品质优于热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥蓝莓,并且与热风干燥蓝莓差异显著。     

微波真空干燥胡萝卜片过程中收缩变形的数学模型研究

研究胡萝卜片微波真空干燥过程中物料的收缩变形,利用正交试验,得出各因素对胡萝卜片干燥变形的影响程度大小及因素之间的相互影响关系,通过数学回归,得到胡萝卜片微波真空干燥过程收缩变形的数学模型方程,并对方程的显著性检验以及参数进行了综合优化,提出了胡萝卜收缩变形较小的微波真空干燥工艺参数的最佳组合.     

南瓜渣的微波真空干燥

加工南瓜汁时得到大量的副产品南瓜渣,南瓜渣富含具有生物活性功能的β-胡萝卜素和膳食纤维,是一种值得开发和利用的保健食品资源。文中采用微波真空干燥,力求最大程度保存β-胡萝卜素。在不同微波功率和压强条件下测定水分含量和β-胡萝卜素含量,得到干燥曲线以及β-胡萝卜素失活曲线。研究结果表明,提高微波功率可以大大提高干燥速度。通过增加压强可以提高干燥速度,但会加快β-胡萝卜素的失活。在668.37W和4 000Pa条件下干燥时,β-胡萝卜素的保留率最高,达到92.31％。通过对3个干燥模型的比较,得出Page模型能较好地描述南瓜渣的微波真空干燥特性。     

不同干燥方式对胡萝卜粉品质的影响

分别采用热风干燥、中短波红外干燥、真空微波干燥、真空干燥4 种干燥方式对胡萝卜进行干燥制粉,对4 种胡萝卜粉的品质进行对比和分析。结果表明：胡萝卜粉的色泽中a*值和复水能力的表现为中短波红外干燥＞真空干燥＞真空微波干燥＞热风干燥;经过4 种干燥方式制备的胡萝卜粉吸油能力无明显差异;中短波红外干燥的胡萝卜粉总糖和β-胡萝卜素含量最高,真空干燥的胡萝卜粉VC含量最高;综合来看,中短波红外干燥胡萝卜粉品质优良,适宜于进行胡萝卜粉加工的工业化生产。     

胡萝卜片微波真空干燥动力学数值拟合

为了探索微波功率密度对产品微波真空干燥(MVD)的影响,本文在干燥特性的基础上,进行了胡萝卜微波真空干燥动力学方程的数值模拟,然后利用遗传算法进行胡萝卜多功率组合的微波真空干燥优化研究。结果表明,单一微波功率密度干燥下,微波功率密度越大,胡萝卜片干燥速率越大,干燥时间越短,产品越易焦糊;在4种常见的薄层干燥及其延伸模型的数值拟合对比研究中,发现基于wang延伸模型1(即MR=aexp(-ktn)+c)能很好的表征不同功率密度下胡萝卜片微波真空干燥过程的脱水情况。进一步以三条(分别为20、5和0.6 W/g)不同微波功率密度下的胡萝卜干燥动力学方程为对象,通过遗传算法优化并获得了多功率密度连续微波真空干燥组合工艺参数;经验证,该工艺加工的胡萝卜片干基水分含量(0.078±0.005)g/g,没有焦糊;相比0.6 W/g单一微波功率的干燥结果,不但产品减少了收缩和焦糊现象,而且干燥效率提高了4.77倍。采用计算机遗传算法可以达到优化多功率组合的微波真空干燥加工工艺的目的,减少实验工作量,还可以获得计算机数值模拟模型,为实现微波干燥加工过程信息化提供技术支撑。     

不同干燥方法对胡萝卜粉品质特性的影响

通过对热风干燥、真空干燥、微波干燥及微波-真空干燥4种方法制的胡萝卜粉的粉体特性指标的分析及对比研究,对4种加工工艺生产的胡萝卜粉的品质特性进行了评价,微波-真空干燥制成胡萝卜粉不仅品质好,而且干燥时间短,是一种较好的胡萝卜粉制备方法。     

烤烟叶丝微波干燥特性研究

分析了烤烟叶丝含水率和温度随微波作用时间的变化规律并绘制出叶丝微波干燥曲线,研究了不同工艺条件(微波功率、叶丝初始含水率、真空压力)对叶丝微波干燥曲线的影响,在此基础上,建立了烤烟叶丝微波干燥的数学模型。结果表明,烤烟叶丝的微波干燥大致分为3个阶段:第1阶段,干燥速率和温度上升迅速,含水率降低缓慢;第2阶段,干燥速率基本保持不变,温度上升缓慢,含水率下降迅速;第3阶段,干燥速率下降,温度上升缓慢,含水率下降缓慢。微波功率和叶丝初始含水率对叶丝微波干燥曲线的影响显著,而真空压力影响不显著。烤烟叶丝微波干燥的动力学过程可以用薄层干燥的数学模型Page方程描述。     

胡萝卜全粉干燥加工工艺研究

本文对胡萝卜粉的真空带式干燥.真空微波干燥和热风干燥三种干燥方法进行对比,探讨了胡萝卜粉的最佳干燥加工工艺.结果表明利用真空带式干燥法加工的胡萝卜粉品质最佳,其最佳条件为真空度1.0～1.1 kPa,进料速度0.5404kg/h,输送带速14.50mm/min,5块加热板温度依次为:250℃、220℃、150℃、100℃、50℃.     

不同干燥工艺对胡萝卜品质影响的研究

为提高胡萝卜干制品品质并且降低能耗,研究热风干燥、微波真空干燥、热泵干燥三种不同干燥方式对胡萝卜产品的物理性质、营养成分、微观结构和感官评价的影响。结果表明:在试验范围内,色泽、水合能力、持油能力,胡萝卜素含量、总糖含量、氨基态氮含量及感官评价方面,热泵干燥微波真空干燥热风干燥。在平均干燥速率、单位能耗方面,热泵干燥微波真空干燥热风干燥。在干燥能力、能量消耗方面,热泵干燥热风干燥微波真空干燥。热泵干燥干制品表面孔径比较大,收缩程度最小,微波真空干燥干制品组织结构有一定程度的皱缩,表面孔径比较均匀,热风干燥干制品组织皱缩及塌陷最为严重。维生素C含量方面,微波真空干燥热泵干燥热风干燥。     

基于Weibull分布函数猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥过程模拟及应用

为了探究Weibull分布函数中各参数的影响因素及其在干燥中的应用,以猕猴桃切片在不同的微波真空干燥功率(330,460,590W)、真空度(-50,-70,-90k Pa)条件下的干燥过程为研究对象,利用Weibull分布函数对其干燥动力学曲线进行模拟、分析,结果表明:Weibull分布函数能够很好地模拟猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥过程;尺度参数α与微波功率和真空度均有关,并且随着微波功率和真空度的升高而降低;而干燥变量对形状参数β的影响较小。通过计算求出干燥过程中的估算水分有效扩散系数,其值在3.45078×10-7~6.74613×10-7m2/s范围内随着微波功率和真空度的升高而增大;通过阿伦尼乌斯方程计算出真空度为-50,-70和-90 k Pa时,干燥的活化能分别为1.34701,1.49099和1.57108 W/g。本研究为Weibull分布函数在猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥技术提供了技术依据。     

胡萝卜冰温干燥实验研究

采用干燥方法可将食品脱水进行长期保存。热风干燥不适合热敏性食品,且干燥后产品品质较差,而采用冷冻干燥,虽能克服上述缺点,但干燥时间长,效率低。文中提出一种冰温干燥新技术,以胡萝卜为实验原料进行了冰温干燥实验研究,并与真空冷冻干燥及热风干燥进行了对比。实验结果表明:在150 Pa的压力下,经过4 h冰温干燥,得到的胡萝卜含水率为4.8%,其复水性优于热风干燥,其干燥样品中的Vc及胡萝卜素等营养成分损失少,外观色泽优良,干燥时间比冷冻干燥显著减少。     

Effect of pressurized gas freezing pre-treatment of carrot dehydration in air flow

The effect of pressure freezing on the rate of drying of carrots was studied. It was found that the diffusion of water in the carrots were strongly affected by pressure freezing, and that the pre-treatment maintained its effect on the rate of drying in samples which were stored (previous to drying) for various times in a freezer at - 10°C.     

胡萝卜微波干燥特性及动力学模型

为研究胡萝卜微波干燥特性,开展不同微波功率(406、567、700 W)、切片厚度(2、4、6 mm)和载料量(30、40、90 g)的干燥试验研究,探讨了其失水速率、干基含水率的干燥特性曲线和有效水分扩散系数D_eff的影响规律,构建了胡萝卜薄层干燥动力学模型。结果表明:胡萝卜微波干燥分为预加热干燥阶段和降速干燥阶段;微波功率700 W、切片厚度6 mm和载料量30 g时,干燥效果最佳;通过回归拟合分析,Page动力学模型最适于描述胡萝卜微波干燥过程,模型决定系数R2均大于0.98,验证试验最大误差为6.91%。     

Isomerisation kinetics and antioxidant activities of β-carotene in carrots undergoing different drying techniques and conditions

Carrots are known as a natural source of β-carotene. In order to preserve the latter, carrots must generally be processed, and drying is one of the most common methods for processing carrots. During drying β-carotene in carrots suffers degradation. β-Carotene degradation is generally due to thermal degradation and isomerisation. In this work, the drying kinetics as well as the isomerisation kinetics and antioxidant activities of β-carotene in carrots undergoing hot air drying, vacuum drying and low-pressure superheated steam drying (LPSSD) were determined within the temperature range of 60–80 °C and, in the case of vacuum drying and LPSSD, at a pressure of 7 kPa. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to determine the β-carotene contents and its isomerisation kinetics, while the antioxidant activities of various combinations of all-trans- and cis-forms of β-carotene in carrots were evaluated using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay.     

干燥介质对脱水胡萝卜特性的影响

以空气、O_2、N_2、O_3以及CO_2作为干燥介质,比较干燥介质对脱水胡萝卜品质的影响。结果显示,以N_2作为干燥介质可以显著缩短干燥时间,比以空气作为干燥介质节能16.10%;同时,以N_2作为干燥介质可以提高脱水胡萝卜复水性;提高胡萝卜中类胡萝卜素保留率(70.2%)和VC保留率(42.1%),比分别以空气作为干燥介质提高了8.9%和13.7%;而且,复水后的脱水胡萝卜最接近于新鲜胡萝卜状态,整体感官品质优于其他干燥介质。因此,使用N_2作为干燥介质可以获得比其他4种干燥介质品质更好的脱水胡萝卜。     

Pulsed electric field treatment of carrots before drying and rehydration

BACKGROUND: In this study the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) pretreatment were evaluated during drying and rehydration of carrots. Carrots pretreated with an electric field intensity of 1 kV cm^?1 (capacitance 0.5 µF, 20 pulses) or 1.5 kV cm^?1 (capacitance 1 µF, 20 pulses) as well as blanched (100 °C, 3 min) carrots were used for the study. Following pretreatment, samples were oven dried at 70 °C and then rehydrated in distilled water (1:30 w/v) at room temperature (24 ± 1 °C). RESULTS: PEF pretreatment increased the drying rate of carrots. However, the rehydration rate of PEF‐pretreated carrots was lower than that of blanched carrots. There were no colour differences between PEF‐pretreated and blanched carrots before drying and after rehydration. In terms of texture, PEF‐pretreated carrots were firmer than blanched carrots. PEF pretreatment reduced the activity of peroxidase by 30–50%, while blanching completely inactivated the enzyme (>95%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results suggest that PEF could be an effective pretreatment during drying and rehydration of carrots. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

In vitro bioaccessibility of β‐carotene in dried carrots pretreated by different methods

The effects of selected pretreatment methods, i.e. soaking in citric acid, blanching in water and blanching in citric acid, as well as hot‐air drying (at 70, 80 and 90 °C), on the retention and relative in vitro bioaccessibility of β‐carotene in dried carrots were investigated. The results indicated that the selected pretreatments and drying could enhance the relative bioaccessibility of β‐carotene in dried carrots. The relative bioaccessibility of β‐carotene in dried carrots increased to 47–73%, while the values in the fresh (13%) and dried untreated (31–47%) carrots were lower. Although significant losses of β‐carotene occurred during both the pretreatment and drying processes, bioaccessible β‐carotene contents of dried pretreated carrots were in a similar order to those of the fresh carrots, indicating the ability and hence the benefit of appropriate pretreatment and drying processes in maintaining the nutritive quality of a food product.     

胡萝卜丁预干燥改善复合肉脯感官品质及干燥特性

为解决胡萝卜丁复合肉脯干燥后干裂、胡萝卜丁容易脱落等品质劣化问题,探讨添加不同预干燥程度的胡萝卜丁对复合肉脯(文中ND、D70、D50、D30、D10分别代表添加未干燥及相应水分含量胡萝卜丁的样品)感官品质和干燥特性的影响,并进行能耗分析。结果表明:胡萝卜丁预干燥可以改善复合肉脯的外观、口感和组织状态,显著提高复合肉脯的L*值(p0.05),但显著降低a*值和b*值(p0.05),且胡萝卜丁过度干燥降低复合肉脯的色泽和质地分值。复合肉脯剪切力为19.36～24.34kg·sec,其中NDD10D30D50D70。相关性分析显示复合肉脯干燥时间与胡萝卜丁水分含量呈显著正相关(p0.05),但各组吸湿等温线变化趋势趋于一致。干燥过程中肉糜和胡萝卜丁之间存在水分差,胡萝卜丁水分含量下降较肉糜呈现滞后现象。低场核磁共振检测结果显示:胡萝卜丁的水分较肉糜更难以脱除,干燥后水分主要集中在样品中心部位的胡萝卜丁中,T_2值普遍减小,结合水和不易流动水含量有所增加。胡萝卜丁预干燥可以使复合肉脯的干燥总耗能降低10.27%～30.47%,总耗能随胡萝卜丁预干燥程度的增加而减小,但D10与D30总耗能差异不显著。     

EFFECT of LOW TEMPERATURE BLANCHING, CYSTEINE-HCi, N-ACETYL-L-CYSTEINE, Na METABISULPHITE and DRYING TEMPERATURES ON the FIRMNESS and NUTRIENT CONTENT of DRIED CARROTS

Low temperature long time (LTLT) blanching (70C for 20 min) together with calcium treatment can be used to significantly improve the texture of rehydrated dried carrots when compared to high temperature short time (HTST) blanching (100C for 3 min). LTLT blanching allows pectin methyl esterase to deesterify pectin which can then react with calcium to form salt bridges. 0.3% L-cysteine-HCl was found to be most effective in preventing ascorbic acid loss and obtaining a product with the highest rehydration ability, compared to pretreatments with 0.3% N-acetyl-L-cysteine and 0.1% sodium metabisulphite. On the other hand 0.1% sodium metabisulphite was most effective in preserving the carotenoids content of dried carrots. Ascorbic acid and rehydration ability were more adversely affected by long drying time than high drying temperature, while carotenoids were more sensitive to high drying temperature than drying time. Hence, 60C drying temperature was good for ascorbic acid and rehydration ability, while 40C drying temperature was good for carotenoid and color of dried carrots.     

Influence of Drying Temperature and Rehydration on Selected Textural Properties of Carrots

Cubes of carrots dried at 60, 70, 80, and 90°C were rehydrated up to 180 min at 20°C and up to 10 min at 95°C. Kinetics of cutting strength were determined for the samples soaked at 95°C. Compression stress relaxation behavior of the samples was studied on carrots rehydrated at 20 and 95°C. Kinetics of cutting strength were satisfactorily described by means of a first-order kinetic model. The compression stress relaxation of carrots was analyzed using five element Maxwell and empirical Peleg models. Both of the models were found to be appropriate for characterizing viscoelastic properties of dried and rehydrated carrot cubes. The results indicated that the use of low drying temperatures was suitable for preserving the quality attributes of carrots after rehydration, and drying air temperature of 60°C was chosen as the most appropriate for hot air processing of carrots.