过冷流动沸腾中汽泡脱离直径的理论研究

汽泡脱离直径模型是壁面沸腾计算中的一个重要子模型。为了正确预测过冷流动沸腾中的壁面传热情况,研究结合新改进的汽泡生长模型,采用力平衡方法对过冷流动沸腾中的汽泡脱离直径进行了模拟。汽泡生长模型同时考虑了微液层、过热层和汽泡顶部过冷液体层对汽泡生长所做的贡献,并采用饱和沸腾与过冷沸腾2个实验对其进行了验证,结果表明预测曲线与实验值吻合良好。另外,选取了3个过冷流动沸腾实验来验证汽泡脱离直径模型,模拟结果均在可接受的误差范围内。      

竖直环管内低压水过冷沸腾数值模拟研究

通过在计算流体力学软件(CFX)中添加用户程序实现对低压环管内水过冷沸腾的数值模拟。针对Lee等的过冷沸腾实验工况,利用Unal气泡脱离直径模型修正后的Tolubinsky关系式作为汽泡脱离直径关系式,采用Anglart关系式作为汽泡平均直径关系式。通过比较非曳力模型中不同升力模型、湍流耗散力模型对径向空泡份额分布的影响,提出模型的使用建议。将计算结果与实验进行比较,验证模型在低压工况范围内的适用性。     

竖直环管内低压水过冷沸腾数值模拟研究

通过在计算流体力学软件(CFX)中添加用户程序实现对低压环管内水过冷沸腾的数值模拟。针对Lee等的过冷沸腾实验工况,利用Unal气泡脱离直径模型修正后的Tolubinsky关系式作为汽泡脱离直径关系式,采用Anglart关系式作为汽泡平均直径关系式。通过比较非曳力模型中不同升力模型、湍流耗散力模型对径向空泡份额分布的影响,提出模型的使用建议。将计算结果与实验进行比较,验证模型在低压工况范围内的适用性。     

过冷沸腾水中单汽泡成长的数值模拟

采用流体动力学程序ANSYS FLUENT中的流体体积法(VOF)计算二维条件下静止的过冷沸腾水中单汽泡的成长过程。相变过程可以通过在靠近汽-液交界面的网格的纳维斯托克斯方程中添加额外的质量源项和能量源项模拟,表面张力、汽泡与壁面之间的接触角以及汽泡底部液体层的蒸发也被考虑进来。将计算结果与实验结果对照进行验证,计算结果与实验结果符合较好;数值分析可得到一些实验中难以直接测量的物理参数,如温度场与速度场。     

低流速自然循环过冷沸腾汽泡脱离点实验研究

针对低流速环形通道中自然循环过冷沸腾汽泡脱离点特性进行了实验研究,运用Saha-Zuber模型、Bowring模型、Forster模型和Levy模型测算汽泡脱离点的位置,与实验值进行比较,发现由于流速较低,上述模型不适用于计算本实验条件下的汽泡脱离点。以Levy模型为基础,修正了浮力项的影响系数,修正后的模型与实验结果符合良好。     

窄流道内过冷流动沸腾汽泡凝结过程的数值模拟研究

建立过冷流动沸腾汽泡凝结质量及能量传递模型,采用流体体积法(VOF)多相流模型,对汽泡凝结过程进行数值模拟.模拟结果与相应条件下的实验结果吻合较好,误差在士20％之内,能够反映真实参数变化过程.根据模拟结果分析汽泡初始尺寸、过冷度和系统压力等因素对汽泡凝结行为的影响.结果表明:汽泡凝结时间与汽泡初始尺寸成正比;随着过冷...     

竖直窄流道内过冷流动沸腾的汽泡生长过程流场特性分析

采用VOF模型建立了过冷流动沸腾中的汽泡生长模型,使用UDF接口自编程序,对汽泡生长过程进行了数值模拟。考虑了主流速度、主流过冷度、壁面过热度、汽-液接触角等对汽泡生长过程的影响,获得了过冷流动沸腾条件下汽泡生长曲线,并与相应实验条件下的实验结果进行了对比,同时对汽泡的生长过程中的汽泡内外的流场进行了分析。     

窄缝通道内汽泡界面参数对脱离直径预测的影响

通过汽泡受力分析,构建窄缝通道内汽泡脱离直径预测模型。基于可视化实验获得的汽泡轴心倾斜角、前后接触角以及底部接触直径等数据,评价分析汽泡界面参数对脱离直径预测的影响,进而确定适用于本实验工况下窄缝通道内汽泡受力模型求解的界面输入参数,获得了窄缝通道汽泡脱离直径的预测值。利用竖直和倾斜条件下可视化实验获得的58个数据对汽泡脱离直径预测模型进行了验证,预测值和实验值符合较好。基于验证的汽泡脱离直径模型评估了各个力的地位和作用,应用分析了热工参数对汽泡脱离直径的影响。     

强制对流过冷沸腾流体中汽泡脱离频率

在垂直上升环形通道内进行强制对流过冷沸腾实验。实验工质为水，实验压力为大气压力。由一台高速摄像仪对汽泡核化的动力学过程进行图像捕捉。通过影像获取总共58个工况下的汽泡脱离频率。对本实验的数据和从文献中获取的数据进行无量纲分析。将已有的模型和关系式与汽泡等待时间、生长时间以及脱离频率等实验数据进行比较。由池式沸腾改进的关系式未能很好地应用于强制对流过冷沸腾，同时，由过冷沸腾提出的模型也不能预测宽实验参数范围内的汽泡脱离频率。无量纲汽泡脱离频率与无量纲泡核沸腾热流密度相关。新的关系式与现有的低壁面过热度下的实验数据吻合良好。     

微尺度核态沸腾汽泡聚合特性研究

从微观角度深入探究汽泡的生长、聚合及传热规律,采用数值仿真的方法,建立相变物理模型。将建立的模型嵌入计算流体动力学(CFD)软件,利用流体体积函数(VOF)相界面追踪方法,对汽泡的生长、运动、聚合及脱离进行探究。设立1个尺寸为3 mm×2 mm×2 mm的三维微型通道,底部壁面设置5个单元,用于加热并对汽泡底部热流密度进行监测。获得微通道加热条件下汽泡的合并运动形态和底面热流密度分布,并与实验观测值比较。通过对汽泡形态的模拟和底部热流密度的监测,建立汽泡动力学规律与底面热流密度分布的关系,进一步深化对汽泡合并的动力学规律和沸腾传热机理的认识。     

矩形窄通道内汽泡滑移与冷凝前期生长模型研究

矩形窄流道内汽泡生长会直接改变相界面浓度,从而影响流道的传热传质性能。为获得适用于窄流道内不同类型的汽泡生长模型,基于通体可视的实验本体,开展壁面沸腾流动换热实验。基于传热能量方程,研究过冷沸腾中汽泡滑移与冷凝前期两种情况下汽泡生长模型。实验结果表明汽泡呈现两种形式的生长,即汽泡滑移生长以及冷凝前期生长。建立了两种情况下的汽泡生长模型,实验数据验证模型误差在20%以内。因此,本研究能为沸腾两相数值模拟提供更加精细化的汽泡生长模型,从而提高汽泡行为的预测精度。     

Bubble formation and evolution behavior from vertical wall orifice

Bubble formation is an integral part of the twophase flow science.Through numerical simulation and experiments using different air flow rates and orifice diameters,the present study aims at investigating the behavior of bubble formation and evolution from vertical wall orifice in quiescent pure water.For the experiments,the images of the bubble formation process under different working conditions were recorded using a high-speed camera and analyzed the entire process.The bubble formation process can be divided into three stages,namely nucleation,stable growth,and necking.According to the obtained results,bubble forms only when the air-phase pressure exceeds the threshold pressure at wall orifice.Due to the influence of the threshold pressure and buoyancy,the bubble volume decreases with an increase in the wall orifice diameter for the same flow rate.Moreover,the volume of fluid method is applied to simulate bubble formation in a three-dimensional model and the"buffer volume"is considered in the simulation model.The simulation resultsmatched well with the experimental data,which proves the existence of threshold pressure and the periodic pressure fluctuation at the wall orifice.     

单个浸没孔气泡动力学特性的数值模拟

核电厂发生严重事故时可利用池洗效应去除泄漏的放射性气溶胶。对池洗过程进行两相数值模拟研究是有必要的，在使用两相计算流体力学（CFD）程序计算之前需要确定气泡注入点处的边界条件。基于整合池洗研究（IPRESCA）项目框架和流体体积法（VOF），对单个浸没孔气泡动力学特性进行数值模拟研究，捕捉浸没孔处气泡的大小、形状和脱离频率，并对气泡注入速度对气泡脱离频率的影响进行敏感性分析。利用DBSCAN聚类算法获得了气泡质心高度，并计算得到了不同高度的气泡上升速度。给出了平均空泡份额沿z轴方向的分布，以及平均空泡份额和平均混合速度在不同高度平面沿水平及径向的分布。      

单个浸没孔气泡动力学特性的数值模拟

In severe accidents of a nuclear power plant, the released radioactive aerosols can be removed by pool scrubbing effect. Two-phase numerical simulation of the pool scrubbing process is necessary. The boundary conditions at the bubble injection point need to be determined before using the two-phase CFD program. Based on the framework of Integration of Pool scrubbing Research to Enhance Source-term Calculations (IPRESCA) project and the volume of fluid (VOF) method, a numerical simulation of gas injected bubble dynamics from single submerged orifice was carried out. Bubble size, shape, and detachment frequency at the orifice were captured. Sensitivity analysis of the influence of bubble injection speed on bubble detachment frequency was carried out. The bubble centroid height was obtained by DBSCAN clustering algorithm, and the bubble rising velocity at different heights was calculated. The distribution of the mean void fraction along the z-axis direction and the distribution of mean void fraction and mean mixture velocity along the horizontal lines and radius in central plane at different height are given.     

基于扩散界面法的液态铅铋合金中气泡上升行为模拟

基于扩散界面法,对单个氮气气泡在液态铅铋合金内从静止到充分发展整个过程中的动力学行为进行数值模拟,得到气泡形变特性和气泡上升速度随时间的变化关系,将模拟结果与Grace经验关系图对比,发现模拟得到的气泡形变结果在Grace经验关系图中均可找到且很好地吻合,从而验证了扩散界面法在模拟液态铅铋合金中气泡上升行为的可行性和准确性。同时基于界面扩散法的模拟,对比了5种不同初始直径的氮气泡在液态铅铋合金中的上升行为,发现初始直径较小的气泡在上升过程中扰动会更剧烈,初始直径较大的气泡在上升过程中易发生分裂现象。     

基于MPS方法的液态铅铋合金内气泡上升流数值模拟

移动粒子半隐式(MPS)方法捕捉多相流体动力学相界面的能力比传统网格方法具有明显优势.本研究采用MPS方法,使用FORTRAN语言自编程序,对单个氩气气泡在液态铅铋合金内从静止到充分发展整个过程中的瞬态动力学行为进行二维数值模拟,得到气泡变形特性与上升速度的关系.结果表明:在气泡上升过程中,气泡由球形先变成酒窝形状,最...     

Numerical investigation of bubble wake properties in the moving liquid with LES model

Wake flow caused by the relative motions between bubble and liquid phase influences bubble motions and enhances turbulent properties in the liquid phase. This phenomenon has been stressed for a better understanding of bubbly flow. In this paper, large eddy simulation (LES) is performed to simulate a single bubble rising in the moving liquid, with volume of fluid (VOF) method to capture the interface movements between bubble and liquid phase. The simulation results are firstly compared with the numerical and experimental data from the literature. A good agreement demonstrated the capability of the employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach to predict turbulent properties in the liquid phase and capture interface movement as well as its induced wake flow. Consequently, the dynamic behaviors of a single bubble rising in the moving liquid were investigated. An ensemble averaged has been employed to evaluate the velocity distribution composed by wake velocity and liquid velocity quantitatively as well as the velocity fluctuations enhanced by bubble motion. Their dependency was also evaluated based on a systematic CFD simulation which covers a wide range of liquid velocity. With comparisons of the single phase flow, the influence from the existence of bubble on turbulent properties was determined.     

Numerical simulation of single bubble condensation in subcooled flow using OpenFOAM

The single condensing bubble behavior in subcooled flow has been numerical investigated using the open source code OpenFOAM. A coupled Level Set (LS) and Volume of Fluid (VOF) method (CLSVOF) model with a phase change model for condensation was developed and implemented in the code. The simulated results were firstly compared with the experimental results, they were in great agreements, and thus the simulation model was validated. The validated numerical model was then used to analyze the condensing bubble deformation, bubble lifetime, bubble size history, condensate Nusselt number and other interesting parameters with different variables in subcooled flow. The numerical results indicated that the initial bubble size, subcooling of liquid and system pressure play an important role to influence the condensing bubble behaviors significantly and bubble will be pierced when the subcooling and initial diameter reach a certain value at the later condensing stage. The bubble diameter history and condensate Nusselt number were found in good agreement with the empirical correlation. The drag force coefficient was predicted well by introducing a reduced drag coefficient.     

Investigation of the gas bubble dynamics induced by an electric arc in insulation oil

In this work, experimental and theoretical studies were carried out on arc-induced bubble dynamic behaviors in insulation oil. Direct experimental evidence indicated that the arc-induced bubble experiences pulsating growth rather than a continuous expansion. Furthermore, a theoretical model and numerical calculation method were proposed, which revealed the dynamic mechanism of bubble growth. Good agreement between the theoretical results and experimental observations verified the general correctness and feasibility of the proposed method.     

棒束定位格架两相CFD模拟方法研究

考虑气泡合并分裂,采用MUSIG模型,对3×3格架内空气-水两相分布进行计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟研究发现,计算对入口两相分布预计不敏感,但对气泡直径大小敏感;在定位格架下游不远处,空泡份额分布由较小直径气泡起主导作用,格架下游较远处,空泡份额分布由较大直径气泡起主导作用。考虑空气-水两相流量、几何条件和压力对气泡直径的影响,本文提出针对棒束定位格架的数值模拟气泡最大直径设置关系式,并对模型选取和模拟方法给出建议。计算表明空泡份额分布曲线形状与峰值均和实验符合较好,该模拟方法能合理预测复杂通道两相数值分布。