不稳定型心绞痛患者凝血纤溶活性及冠状动脉斑块形态的关系及其临床意义

目的探讨不稳定性心绞痛患者不同形态斑块的稳定性及对疾病转归的预测价值。方法85例不稳定性心绞痛患者根据冠状动脉造影结果分为Ⅰ型病变组（21例）、Ⅱ型病变组（45例）、Ⅲ型病变组（19例），40例冠状动脉造影排除冠心病者为对照组，均测定血浆Ⅶ因子凝血活性及组织型纤溶酶原激活物、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物、纤维蛋白原和D二聚体值；其中56例不稳定型心绞痛患者随诊一年，观测预后。结果不稳定性心绞痛患者血浆凝血纤溶因子较正常对照组明显异常，其中Ⅱ型病变组Ⅶ因子凝血活性、纤维蛋白原、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物较其他两组明显升高、组织型纤溶酶原激活物有所下降（P〈0．05）；D二聚体改变无显著性（P〉0．05）。一年内急性心肌梗塞和心源性猝死的发生率亦明显高于其它两型（P〈0.01）。结论冠状动脉造影不同形态斑块凝血纤溶活性明显不同，可以作为判断不稳定型心绞痛斑块稳定性及疾病转归的重要手段。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性期凝血纤溶系统功能变化的临床研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)凝血纤溶功能异常的可能机制。方法选择北京朝阳医院2006—2007年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性期(AECOPD)住院患者38例,并选择同期47名健康体检者做对照,入选者采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血浆血管性血友病因子(vWF)、组织因子(TF)、组织因子途径抑制物(TFPI)、凝血因子X、血栓调节蛋白(TM)、蛋白C、组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1(PAI-1)及D-二聚体(D-dimer),发色底物法测定抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)。测定AECOPD患者血气分析、血常规、血脂、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)及血浆纤维蛋白原(FBG)等指标。结果与对照组比较,AECOPD患者vWF、TF、凝血因子Ⅹ、D-dimer及tPA显著升高(P<0.01);TM及蛋白C显著下降(P<0.01)。而两组的AT-Ⅲ、TFPI及PAI-1比较,差异无统计学意义。结论AECOPD患者存在显著凝血纤溶功能失衡状态,在诊治AECOPD患者时,要充分考虑到患者存在的凝血纤溶功能异常,要注意监测相关凝血纤溶指标,对防治AECOPD有重要意义。     

原发性高血压和缺血性脑卒中患者凝血纤溶指标变化的研究

目的：观察原发性高血压和急、慢性缺血性脑卒中患者部分凝血纤溶指标的变化,为临床提供诊治依据。　　方法：对原发性高血压患者４５ 例（原发性高血压组）和急、慢性缺血性脑卒中患者９５ 例（缺血性脑卒中组）测定血浆部分凝血纤溶指标,以健康人３８例（正常对照组）为对照。　　结果：两组患者均存在不同程度的高纤维蛋白原血症,高血浆组织纤溶酶原激活物（ｔ－ＰＡ）和低活化蛋白Ｃ敏感度。原发性高血压患者血浆高纤溶酶原激活物抑制物－１（ＰＡＩ－１）含量亦升高。急性缺血性脑卒中血浆Ｄ－二聚体升高。　　结论：①原发性高血压患者存在纤溶抑制及高纤维蛋白原血症,可能是其并发缺血性脑血管病的原因之一。②活化蛋白Ｃ抵抗现象与动脉血栓形成有一定的相关性。     

二甲双胍治疗代谢综合征肥胖高危人群的临床研究

以30名健康志愿者作为参照,将39名中心性肥胖者作为治疗组干预十二周,观察治疗前后一般情况、胰岛素抵抗、C反应蛋白、相关炎症因子及纤溶系统变化。结果与对照组相比,肥胖人群胰岛素抵抗指数、C反应蛋白、游离脂肪酸、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1均有升高,组织纤溶酶原激活物下降;治疗后,治疗组体重指数、腰围、腰臀比以及胰岛素抵抗指数、C反应蛋白、游离脂肪酸、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1、组织纤溶酶原激活物均明显改善,差异有统计学意义。结论二甲双胍干预可明显降低代谢综合征肥胖高危人群肥胖和胰岛素抵抗指数,并在一定程度上改善炎症状态、纤溶系统功能,有助于减轻致动脉粥样硬化的危险性。     

组织型纤溶酶原激活剂及其抑制剂与肺血栓栓塞症

肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）的发病与机体的纤溶和凝血系统功能密切相关。组织型纤溶酶原激活物（t-PA）及其抑制物（PAI-1）因调节机体的纤溶系统而在静脉血栓形成及栓塞性疾病的发病机制中发挥重要作用，因此，本文对t—PA和PAI-1与PTE的关系作如下综述。     

高甘油三酯血症与血凝纤溶系统的关系

为研究脂质代谢紊乱与血浆凝血纤溶活性的关系，分别测定了61例高脂血症患者（混合性高脂血症16例和单纯性高甘油三酯血症45例）的血清脂质和血浆反映凝血纤溶活性的有关指标，并与18例正常人对比。结果发现，高脂血症患者的血浆纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1、凝血因子VII和凝血因子X活性明显高于正常对照组（P＜0．05～0．001），组织型纤溶酶原激活物活性明显低于正常对照组（P＜0．05）。血清甘油三酯水平与血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1、因子VII和因子X活性是显著的正相关性（P＜0．05～0．001），与组织型纤溶酶原激活物活性是显著的负相关性（P＜0．01）；血清胆固醇水平与血浆纤维蛋白原水平和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1活性呈显著的正相关性（P＜0．05）。结果提示，脂质代谢紊乱，特别是高甘油三酯血症可增加体内凝血活性，降低纤溶活性，有利于血栓形成，对动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展有不利的影响。     

缺血性脑中风急性期和恢复期纤溶功能的比较

缺血性脑中风急性期和恢复期纤溶功能的比较山东省交通医院（济南，２５００３１）许延路，马端，宗俊学，刘培强，高辉纤溶酶原（ＰＬｇ）、组织型纤溶酶原激活物（ｔＰＡ）和组织纤溶酶原激活物抑制物（ＰＡＩ）是人体纤溶系统的主要成分。目前许多研究认为纤溶功能的改...     

支气管哮喘患者诱导痰尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活系统状态的研究

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（uPA）及其特异性受体（uPAR）和抑制物（PAIs），主要是Ⅰ型纤溶酶原激活物抑制物（PAI-1，简称uPA系统），除其纤溶功能外，在包括气道炎症等多种炎症反应和气道重塑中发挥重要作用。     

缺血性心脑血管疾病患者血浆纤溶酶原激活物及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1的测定及临床意义

目的研究缺血性心脑血管疾病患者血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物及其受体、组织型纤溶酶原激活物及其抑制剂1的水平及意义。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验测定急性脑梗死、急性心肌梗死及不稳定型心绞痛患者血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物及其受体、组织型纤溶酶原激活物及其抑制剂1的水平。结果(1)脑梗死患者急性期血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物轻度升高(P>0.05),恢复期明显回落(P<0.05),尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体水平在急性期明显升高(P<0.01),恢复期进一步升高;血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物含量在急性期明显低于对照组(P<0.01),而纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1含量则明显高于对照组(P<0.01),恢复期纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1水平趋于正常,而血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物水平与对照组比较仍存在一定差异(P<0.05)。(2)急性心肌梗塞患者血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体水平急性期明显升高(P<0.05),恢复期进一步升高(P<0.01),尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物水平均大致正常;急性期血浆中血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1含量均明显高于对照组(P<0.01),恢复期明显回落,纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1趋于正常,血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物水平仍高于对照组(P<0.05)。(3)不稳定型心绞痛患者急性期(入院时)血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体水平明显升高(P<0.01),恢复期(入院后二周)回落,但仍明显高于对照组(P<0.05),尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物水平与对照组比较均未见明显差异(P>0.05);急性期血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物含量明显低于正常组(P<0.01),而纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1含量略高于对照组(P>0.05),恢复期两者含量均趋于正常(P>0.05)。结论缺血性心脑血管疾病患者存在不同程度的凝血纤溶系统失平衡,对疾病的发生发展起重要作用。     

NIDDM患者血浆组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活物及其抑制物活性水平与胰岛素抵抗的探讨

ＮＩＤＤＭ患者血浆组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活物及其抑制物活性水平与胰岛素抵抗的探讨彭荔薰，冯波糖尿病患者具有高凝倾向￣［１］，而纤溶系统损害与高凝状态紧密相关。血浆组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活物（ｔ－ＰＡ）及其抑制物（ＰＡＩ）为纤溶系统的启动因子。本文探讨...     

The coagulation system in endocrine disorders: A narrative review

Endocrine disorders can influence the haemostatic balance. Abnormal coagulation test results have been observed in patients with abnormal hormone levels. Also unprovoked bleeding or thrombotic events have been associated with endocrine disease. The aim of the present review is to summarise the available evidence on the influence of common endocrine disorders on the coagulation system, and their possible clinical implications. We focus on thyroid dysfunction, hyper- and hypocortisolism and growth hormone disturbances, while other endocrine disorders are only briefly discussed. In the published literature a clear bleeding diathesis has only been associated with overt hypothyroidism, mainly mediated by an acquired von Willebrand syndrome. A clinically relevant hypercoagulable state may be present in patients with hyperthyroidism, hypercortisolism or abnormal growth hormone levels, but adequate prospective clinical studies are lacking. Also effects of pheochromocytoma, hyperprolactinaemia and hyperaldosteronism on the coagulation system have been described. It is apparent that unprovoked bleeding and thrombotic episodes can be secondary to endocrine disorders.     

Abnormal blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders

Thirty-six patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPD) were studied as regards blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. These studies revealed various mild abnormalities: activated thromboplastin time (APTT) tended to prolong and the level of factor V decreased significantly. In several cases, the levels of D-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin III complex and plasmin-alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complex were elevated compared to normal. These results suggest that abnormal coagulation system in the patients with CMPD is related to low grade disseminated intravascular coagulation. Many coagulation factors did not correlate with peripheral blood cell counts. Two patients with polycythemia vera were evaluated for several abnormalities of the coagulation system before and during treatment. Coagulation abnormalities persisted after hematologic control had been achieved. Our results suggest that patients with CMPD have a chronic state of abnormal blood coagulation system even after normalization of blood cell counts.     

Significance and causes of abnormal preoperative coagulation test results in children

To prevent bleeding related to adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy, coagulation screening tests were, until recently, performed routinely in the Czech Republic for all paediatric patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate benefit of preoperative coagulation screening tests in children. We retrospectively analysed laboratory and clinical data of children referred for abnormal preoperative coagulation test results (aPTT, PT) to the outpatient haematology clinic. A total of 274 paediatric patients were retrospectively evaluated due to abnormal preoperative coagulation tests results. In 140 of 274 patients (51.1%), coagulation tests were normal on repeated testing in a specialized haematology clinic. Ten patients had decreased factor XII. Five patients had a suspected bleeding disorder which was confirmed in two of them. One patient had low levels of von Willebrand factor, and one patient had mild factor VII deficiency. Both these patients had positive personal and/or family history of bleeding. Each case history was taken individually, without use of standardized questionnaires. Bleeding complications were not observed, and coagulation factor replacement was not needed perioperatively in our cohort. The majority of abnormal findings in aPTT and PT appeared only transiently. All the bleeding disorders found in our cohort of patients were mild in nature. Our findings provide supportive evidence for the current national Czech recommendation: laboratory coagulation screening should be performed only in patients with positive family and/or personal bleeding history.     

The influence of pituitary, adrenal, and parathyroid hormones on hemostasis and thrombosis

Endocrine disorders can influence the hemostatic balance. Abnormal coagulation test results have been observed in patients with abnormal hormone levels. The present review updates the available evidence on the influence of pituitary, adrenal, and parathyroid hormones on the coagulation and the fibrinolytic system, and their possible clinical implications. The literature supports a possible relevant clinical effect of the imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis on thrombotic events in endogenous Cushing's syndrome. An effect on markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis has been shown for hyperprolactinemia, growth hormone excess or deficiency, exogenous hypercortisolism, pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism, and hyperparathyroidism. However, the clinical relevance is still unproven. Until definitive evidence is available, clinicians should be aware of the possibility that endocrine disorders may be risk factors for thrombotic events.     

慢性肺心病患者D-二聚体测定的临床意义及其与二氧化碳分压的相关性分析 8738

目的研究慢性肺心病患者血液D-二聚体（Ddimer）的变化及其与二氧化碳分压的相关性。方法选择慢性肺心病患者40例,测定血浆中D-二聚体的含量及二氧化碳分压,（PaC02）、同时对PaC02与D-二聚体水平进行相关性分析。并与健康人作对照。结果患者组血浆D-二聚体的含量显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,且患者组PaC02与D-二聚体水平呈显著正相关。结论肺心病患者存在血液凝血状态异常,高碳酸血症是参与血液凝血状态异常的因素之一,D-二聚体可用于指导慢性肺心病患者治疗。     

Coagulation abnormalities in traumatic shock

Coagulation abnormalities can pose a threat to hemorrhaging patients and to attempts at surgical correction. We have shown that 97.2% of our 180 patients who died of trauma had evidence of coagulation defects prior to fluid or blood treatment. Twelve of 180 patients could not be cross-matched due to inability of their blood to coagulate in the tube. Clinically 50% of these patients had excessive oozing from venipuncture sites, and 28% had excessive hematoma formation not associated with vascular injury. The most frequently abnormal test was the prothrombin time, in 97% of patients followed by platelet count in 72%, and partial thromboplastin time in 70%. The greatest degree of coagulation abnormality occurred in patients with head trauma, followed in decreasing order by gunshot wounds, blunt trauma, and stab wounds to the body. Because 97.2% of the patients had abnormal coagulation studies prior to fluid and blood replacement, this abnormality most likely was due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. We propose using the tube-clot test to give a rapid indication of coagulation in traumatized patients while awaiting laboratory test results.     

血栓弹力图在晚期肺癌初诊患者凝血功能状态评估中的应用

目的 探讨血栓弹力图（TEG）在晚期肺癌初诊患者凝血功能状态评估中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析90例晚期肺癌初诊患者的血栓弹力图和常规凝血功能检测结果,比较两种检测方法对凝血功能异常检出的差异。结果经TEG检测发现38例（42.2%）患者存在凝血功能异常,经常规凝血功能检测方法发现85例（94.4%）患者存在凝血功能异常,两种检测方法对晚期肺癌初诊患者凝血功能异常检出率的差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论晚期肺癌患者经TEG检测存在高凝状态的比例低于常规凝血功能检测结果。     

Hemostasis abnormalities in liver cirrhosis: myth or reality?

Chronic liver disease is characterized by a global hemostatic defect that includes platelet-vessel wall interaction (primary hemostasis), fibrinolysis and coagulation causing abnormalities of the relevant laboratory tests. The causal relationship between abnormal tests and bleeding has been widely accepted, despite the fact that abnormal tests are poorly associated with bleeding. Recent evidence from the literature disputes the above paradigm and open new directions for laboratory and clinical research in this field.     

Severe congenital dysfibrinogenemia (fibrinogen-Riyadh): a family study.

Congenital severe dysfibrinogenemia was discovered in a small Saudi family. Their single child exhibited abnormal severe bleeding tendency since birth and his coagulation profile revealed evidence of severe dysfibrinogenemia. The parents who were first-degree cousins and completely asymptomatic showed evidence of dysfibrinogenemia but to lesser degree than in their son. The child presented with large cephalohematoma and evidence of intracranial hemorrhage and left hemiparesis. He was treated with cryoprecipitate and his hematoma resolved, but his neurological deficit remained.     

Loss of the largest von Willebrand factor multimers from the plasma of patients with congenital cardiac defects

We identified a consecutive series of 12 children with noncyanotic congenital cardiac lesions with loss of the largest plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimers determined by SDS-agarose electrophoresis. Seven had previous histories of mucocutaneous hemorrhage; ten had a prolonged bleeding time. Analysis of the factor VIII molecular complex revealed that six patients had reduced vWF measured both immunologically (vW:Ag) and by ristocetin cofactor assay (vW:rist). All had normal or borderline normal factor VIII procoagulant (F VIII) concentrations. Three children had prolonged partial thromboplastin times due to concurrent factor XII deficiency; none had laboratory evidence of intravascular coagulation. Five of the children were restudied after surgical correction of their cardiac lesions. Four had normalization of vWF multimers; the fifth, whose vWF was abnormal postoperatively, had a residual pressure gradient across a previous pulmonary artery banding site. Multimeric abnormalities were not found in the parents of three patients. Thus some patients with noncyanotic congenital heart disease may have an acquired abnormality of vWF that is normalized with correction of the abnormal hemodynamic state.