精神分裂症症状与威斯康星卡片分类测验成绩的相关性

目的:探讨发作期的精神分裂症患者症状与威斯康星卡片分类测验成绩的相关性.方法:对新近发作、一月内未服用精神药物的精神分裂症40例住院患者和32例正常人进行了威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST).用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)对精神病患者进行评定,并对阳性、阴性和解体症状因子和威斯康星卡片分类测验结果作相关分析.结果:精神分裂症患者WCST操作较正常人差,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).阴性症状因子和解体症状因子与WCST操作存在相关性,阳性症状因子与WCST操作不相关.结论:精神分裂症患者在执行功能和概念化水平方面存在缺陷,其中解体和阴性症状可能与额叶功能障碍相关,前者相关性可能更大.     

精神分裂症患者一级亲属的阴性症状和认知功能研究

目的 :探讨精神分裂症一级亲属的阴性症状和认知功能。方法 :采用威斯康星卡片分类测验、持续注意测验、词语解释、数字广度、词语广度和空间广度测验 ,阴性症状量表等评估认知功能和阴性症状。结果 :词语解释、CPT视觉 /听觉漏报、反应时间和WCST持续错误数、总应答数、随机错误数等在对照组亲属、单发家系亲属、高发家系亲属中呈渐差趋势 ,阴性症状也有相同趋势 ,单发家系亲属评分介于对照亲属与高发家系亲属之间。与对照组相比 ,病例组一级亲属的WCST的正确分类数、完成分类数更少 ,视觉 /听觉反应时间更长 ,视觉漏报更多 ,阴性症状更明显 ,这些差异有非常显著性意义。结论 :精神分裂症患者部分一级亲属有不同程度的认知功能损害和一些阴性症状。具有一定的遗传特质性 ,是发生精神分裂症的高危人群。     

社会技能训练对慢性精神分裂症疗效的对照研究

目的:探讨社会技能训练对慢性精神分裂症阳性症状、阴性症状及认知功能的疗效.方法:将100例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为训练组(50例)和对照组(50例).对训练组按照Liberman RP编写的<社会独立生活技能>训练程式进行训练,共12周.用BPRS、SANS、SDSI和WCST进行评定.结果:(1)训练组BPRS在总分和焦虑抑郁及缺乏活力因子分低于对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.05).(2)接受12周社交技能训练后,训练组的SANS量表全部五个因子和总分低于对照组,均有显著差异(P<0.05).(3)训练组和对照组在WCST的5个指标,差异有显著性(P<0.05).(4)SDSI评定结果表明,训练后明显降低,差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论:社会技能训练能够改善慢性精神分裂症的阳性症状、阴性症状及认知功能.     

精神分裂症执行功能研究及与抑郁症的比较

目的探讨精神分裂症患者的执行功能与精神症状的关系,以及与抑郁症患者的区别。方法采用威斯康星卡片分类测验、色词Stroop操作范式和连线测验评定32名精神分裂症患者和30名抑郁症患者的执行功能,用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估精神分裂症患者的精神症状。结果 1本次病期与阳性症状(r=0.462,P0.01)、一般病理学量表(r=0.433,P0.01)、PANSS总分(r=0.461,P0.01)、总体stroop时间(r=0.385,P0.05)和trial的平均时间(r=0.422,P0.05)显著正相关;2总体stroop时间与PANSS总分显著正相关(r=0.379,P0.05),trial的平均时间与阴性症状(r=0.353,P0.05)、一般病理学量表(r=0.386,P0.05)、PANSS总分(r=0.437,P0.05)显著正相关;3精神分裂症患者的连线测验A的得分(t=-0.2.296,P0.05)、总体stroop时间(t=-4.809,P0.01)和trial的平均反应时(t=-4.441,P0.01)显著低于抑郁症。结论 1精神分裂症患者的本次病期对抑制功能和阳性症状有影响;2精神分裂症患者的抑制功能与阴性症状和一般病理学有关,与阳性症状无关。快速视觉搜索能力和转换功能与症状无关;3精神分裂症患者的快速视觉搜索能力和抑制功能好于抑郁症患者。     

重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效分析

目的：探讨重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的效果和安全性。方法：25例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者随机分为真刺激及伪刺激治疗组，共接受20次rTMS治疗。治疗开始及疗程结束时使用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）及Anderson的阴性症状量表（SANS）评定疗效。结果：治疗结束后，真刺激组SANS总分减分率为52．38±14．48％，伪刺激组SANS总分减分率为1．84±3．34％，两组阴性症状的改善状况差异明显（P〈0．01）。治疗前后，rTMS真刺激组的PANSS总分和N分减分率也明显高于伪刺激组（P〈0．01）。结论：抗精神病药物治疗合并rTMS治疗对精神分裂症阴性症状有效。     

精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍

目的研究精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍的特点及精神症状与认知功能障碍的关系。方法选择2011年2-3月在河北医科大学第一医院就诊的精神分裂症患者32名作为研究组,选择32名正常人作为对照组。所有入组被试均测查阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WSCT)、中国成人韦氏智力测验(WAIS-RC,简式)、韦氏记忆测验(WPS-R)。其中WPS-R本研究选取测查理解记忆(C)、视觉再生(R)、延迟理解记忆(DC)、延迟视觉再生(DR)的方法评估记忆功能,DC、DR的检查是在C、R检查半小时后重新测试C、R内容。比较研究组与对照组之间认知功能的差异,分析精神症状与认知功能障碍的相关性。结果与对照组比较,研究组韦氏智能(WAIS-RC)、记忆(C、DC、R、DR)、执行功能(Ra、CC、Rc、Re、RF、Rp)均有显著性差异(t=-5.838,-7.163,-3.876,-7.358,-5.506,4.470,-4.940;P<0.001;t=-2.294,P=0.055;t=5.044,P<0.001;t=2.947,P=0.01;t=3.406,P<0.01)。研究组认知功能差于对照组。C、DC与阴性症状呈负相关(P<0.05,0.013),Ra与阴性症状呈正相关(P=0.032)。结论精神分裂症患者智能、记忆功能、执行功能明显受损;部分认知功能(理解记忆)受精神症状的影响,大多数认知功能障碍是独立存在的。     

精神分裂症患者治疗前后认知功能的对照研究

目的进一步了解药物治疗精神分裂症病人认知功能的影响及认知功能与阳性和阴性症状的关系.方法对30例精神分裂症或分裂样精神病患者,在利培酮治疗前后进行威斯康星卡分类测验(WCST).结果治疗后WCST总测验次数,持续错误数,非持续错误数均少于治疗前,差异有显著性,P分别小于0.01及0.05.结论经利培酮治疗后,精神分裂症病人在主症状改善的同时,认知功能也有明显提高,且认知功能的提高与阳性症状的改善存在着明显相关性,而与阴性症状的改善关系不大.     

奎的平和氯丙嗪对精神分裂症认知功能影响的双盲对照研究

目的 :探讨奎的平和氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法 :40例精神分裂症患者随机均分为奎的平组和氯丙嗪组 ,在治疗前、治疗后 4、 6周作知识、算术、数字符号、数字广度 (顺、逆 )、木块拼图、瞬时逻辑记忆、视觉再生即刻和延迟、STROOPC测验、词汇流畅、TOH总分 ,计划时间、延迟逻辑记忆、WCST等神经心理测验 ,整个研究过程采用双盲双模拟法。为观察学习效应 ,12例健康者在相同间隔时间作神经心理测验。所得数据用SPSS10 0进行统计分析。结果 :治疗后 ,奎的平组大部分患者神经心理测验成绩提高而氯丙嗪组的测验结果变化不大 ,尤其在注意、执行功能方面。奎的平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的改善作用优于氯丙嗪 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :奎的平对精神分裂症患者的注意和执行功能有改善作用而氯丙嗪不明显。     

帕利哌酮对首发精神分裂症的疗效和认知功能的影响

目的探讨帕利哌酮对首发精神分裂症患者的疗效及认知功能的影响。方法对42例首发精神分裂症患者给予帕利哌酮治疗12周,治疗前后进行修订韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS-RC)记忆广度(MS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)等评定,并与45例正常人对照。结果研究组治疗12周后,PANSS量表各项指标分值均较治疗前有显著下降(P<0.01)。研究组治疗前后WCST卡片总数(t=3.93,P=0.000)、持续错误(t=2.09,P=0.039)、随机错误(t=3.78,P=0.000)、WMS-RC总分(t=2.37,P=0.020)、记忆商数(t=4.20,P=0.000)均有显著性差异。研究组治疗后在上述WCST、MS数字广度与对照组比较仍有显著性差异(P均<0.05)。治疗前WCST卡片总数、持续错误、随机错误与PANSS总分呈正相关,而WMS-RC总分、记忆商数与阴性症状因子分呈负相关。结论帕利哌酮对精神分裂症有良好的疗效,并能改善认知功能障碍。     

精神分裂症的自知力与执行功能的关系

目的 :探讨精神分裂症患者的自知力与执行功能的关系。方法 :应用阴性和阳性症状量表 (PANSS) ,韦氏康量卡片分类测验 (WCST)对 6 3例精神分裂症的自知力及执行功能进行了评定。结果 :在WCST测验中自知力有损害组较自知力无损害组持续错误多 ,分类完成数少 ,具有显著差异性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :精神分裂症自知力的恢复受执行功能水平的影响。     

阴性症状为主的精神分裂症男性患者认知功能及灰质密度改变

目的:运用基于体素的脑形态测量学方法(VBM),探讨以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症男性患者大脑结构形态学的改变,及其与精神病理学症状的关系。方法:15例阴性症状为主的成年男性精神分裂症患者和15例正常对照参与实验,所有研究对象均接受威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)与磁共振检查,获取磁共振T1加权像和高分辨率3D图像后进行VBM分析,比较患者组和正常对照组局部脑区灰质密度的差异性。结果:在威斯康星测验中,阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者完成测查的总应答数、错误应答数和持续性错误数显著高于正常对照组,正确应答数和完成分类数与正常对照组没有显著差异。VBM分析显示患者右侧额上回,左侧额中回,左额内侧回,右侧楔叶,左侧颞中回的灰质密度较正常对照组低,未发现患者组灰质密度有明显增高的脑区。结论:以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者存在显著的额叶执行功能低下;双侧额叶灰质密度的下降可能是其执行功能损害的病理生理基础。     

A meta-analytic review of Wisconsin Card Sort studies in schizophrenia: general intellectual deficit in disguise?

A majority of studies show that schizophrenics perform poorly on so-called tests of executive or frontal lobe function--the paradigmatic case being the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST). Nevertheless, the specific character of this deficit in schizophrenia remains underspecified. In particular, it seems premature to assume that schizophrenia is characterised by an executive dysfunction and/or a disorder of frontal lobe function before determining whether any deficit is: selective; disproportionate to the general level of intellectual functioning; or qualitatively comparable with that of frontal lobe patients. A meta-analysis was conducted on 29 studies comparing the performance of schizophrenics and normal controls on the WCST. This showed that the mean weighted effect size was large for categories achieved (d = 0.91), medium for absolute level of perseveration (d = 0.53), but only small for the proportion of perseverative errors (d = 0.18). By contrast, the effect size for Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Intelligence Quotient (WAIS IQ) in a subset of these studies (d = 1.23) was significantly larger than for any WCST measures. This pattern of findings challenges notions that schizophrenia is characterised by an executive dysfunction that is: selective; disproportionate to IQ level; and analogous to that found in frontal lobe patients. Rather, the poor WCST performance of schizophrenics appears to reflect a generalised intellectual deficit.     

High-functioning autism and schizophrenia: a comparison of an early and late onset neurodevelopmental disorder.

Autism and schizophrenia are separate neurodevelopmental disorders that share a number of interpersonal and cognitive deficits. The symptoms of autism first appear during early life while schizophrenic symptoms do not typically appear until adolescence at the earliest. Efforts have been made to characterize the pattern of cognitive function in both disorders, and certain resemblances have become apparent such as deficits in abstract reasoning and the more complex aspects of memory and language. The present study provided a comparison of cognitive function between the two disorders. The autistic sample consisted of well-diagnosed individuals with high-functioning autism (IQ> or =70). The schizophrenic sample was divided into four subgroups using Ward's method of cluster analysis. Participants received the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), the Halstead Category Test, the Trail Making test, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting test (WCST). The profile of the autism sample was compared with the four schizophrenia cluster profiles. The autism group resembled only one of the schizophrenia clusters, with both showing elevations on the WAIS-R Information and Block Design subtests and depressions on Comprehension and Digit Symbol. It was concluded that individuals with high-functioning autism have a cognitive profile that resembles that of an empirically derived subgroup of schizophrenia patients but that does not resemble profiles found in other schizophrenia subgroups. The pattern itself, marked by a relatively depressed score on the Comprehension subtest among the Verbal subtests and a relatively elevated score on Block Design among the Performance subtests, has been characterized in the past as a prototypic profile for high-functioning autism.     

The ratios of 2nd to 4th digit may be a predictor of schizophrenia in male patients

The production of androgens (mostly testosterone) during the early fetal stage is essential for the differentiation of the male brain. Some authors have suggested a relationship between androgen exposure during the prenatal period and schizophrenia. These two separate relationships suggest that digit length ratios are associated with schizophrenia in males. The study was performed in a university hospital between October 2012 and May 2013. One hundred and three male patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM‐IV using SCID‐I, and 100 matched healthy males, were admitted to the study. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) were used to assess schizophrenia symptoms. The second digit (2D) and fourth digit (4D) asymmetry index (AI), and the right‐ and left‐hand 2D:4D ratios were calculated. All parametric data in the groups were compared using an independent t‐test. The predictive power of the AI was estimated by receiver operating characteristics analysis. The 2D:4D AI was statistically significantly lower in the patient group than the healthy control comparison group. There were significant differences between the schizophrenia and the control groups in respect of left 2D:4D and right 2D:4D. There was no correlation between AI, left, or right 2D:4D, BPRS, or SAPS in the schizophrenia group. However, there was a negative correlation between left 2nd digit (L2D):4D and the SANS score. Our findings support the view that the 2D:4D AI can be used as a moderate indicator of schizophrenia. Even more simply, the right or left 2D:4D can be used as an indicator. L2D:4D could indicate the severity of negative symptoms. Clin. Anat. 28:551–556, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

无抽搐电痉挛与电痉挛治疗对记忆影响的对照研究

目的：探讨无抽搐电痉挛对记忆的影响。方法：将入组病例随机分为两组，分别施行无抽搐电痉挛治疗与电痉挛治疗，以修订韦氏记忆量表（ＷＭＳ）与简明精神病评定量表（ＢＰＲＳ）作为评定工具，比较两组之间的记忆水平及疗效。结果：无抽搐电痉挛对记忆无明显影响，电痉挛对记忆的影响持续两周以上，电痉挛对记忆的影响可能与大脑短时间缺氧有关。结论无抽搐电痉挛不影响患者记忆，治疗时患者不感到痛苦，易于接受，可替代电痉挛治疗     

Prospective memory and its correlates and predictors in schizophrenia: An extension of previous findings

Background

Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to do something in the future without explicit prompts. Extending the number of subjects and the scope of our previously published study, this investigation examined the relationship between PM and socio-demographic and clinical factors, activities of daily living (ADL) and frontal lobe functions in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

Methods

One hundred and ten Chinese schizophrenia patients, 60 from the previous study and 50 additional patients recruited for this study, and 110 matched healthy comparison subjects (HC) formed the study sample. Patients’ clinical condition and activity of daily living were evaluated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Functional Needs Assessment (FNA). Time- and event-based PM tasks and three tests of prefrontal lobe functions (Design Fluency Test [DFT], Tower of London [TOL], Wisconsin Card Sorting Test [WCST]) were also administered.

Results

Patients’ level of ADL and psychopathology were not associated with PM functions and only anticholinergic medications (ACM) showed a significant negative correlational relationship with PM tasks. Confirming the findings of the previous study, patients performed significantly more poorly on all two PM tasks than HC. Performance on time-based PM task significantly correlated with age, education level and DFT in HC and with age, DFT, TOL and WCST in patients. Patients’ performance on the event-based PM correlated with DFT and one measure of WCST. In patients, TOL and age predicted the performance on time-based PM task; DFT and WCST predicted the event-based task.

Conclusions

Involving a large sample of patients with matched controls, this study confirmed that PM is impaired in chronic schizophrenia. Deficient PM functions were related to prefrontal lobe dysfunction in both HC and patients but not to the patients’ clinical condition, nor did they significantly affect ADL. ACMs determined certain aspects of PM.     

首发精神分裂症患者认知功能与精神症状及疗效的关系

目的：探讨首发精神分裂症患者的认知和功能与精神症状及疗效的关系。方法：对１６４例首发精神分裂症患者随机给予氯丙嗪或氯氮平治疗;于治疗前分别作韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、铁槽铁钉测验、手指敲击测试、动作功能测验、手功能协调测验、连线测验Ａ和Ｂ、威斯康星卡片分类测验（ＷＣＳＴ）及词语流畅性测验１１项神经心理测查各一次,并作ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、功能总体评定量表（ＧＡＦ）一次;治疗１２周末再评定１次上     

社区精神分裂症伴发抑郁症状的特征及影响因素分析

目的了解社分裂区精神症患者伴发抑郁症状的特征及相关因素。方法对符合CCMD-3诊断标准的社区精神分裂症患者120例进行HAMD、BPRS．SAPS、SANS、LES、TESS等量表的评定及其相关分析。结果抑郁发生率为26．7%，HAMD因子主要是绝望感、阻滞及认知障碍，抑郁症状与LES、BPRS、SAPS呈正相关，与病程呈负相关。结论社区精神分裂症患者抑郁症状同急性期一样常见，抑郁症状的出现与患者的病情和社会心理因素密不可分。     

The Wisconsin Card Sort Test and P300 responses to novel auditory stimuli in schizophrenic patients

The authors studied the relationship between performance on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) and P300 activity in schizophrenics and normal controls. Fourteen male predominantly medicated schizophrenics and matched non-ill controls were administered the WCST and tests of temporal lobe (delayed verbal and spatial memory) and general intellectual functioning (Shipley). Patients were rated with negative and positive symptom scales extracted from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Subjects performed a tone discrimination task requiring identification of rare targets in both a standard oddball paradigm and a three-stimulus paradigm that included rare novel sounds. Reference independent data from 16 scalp electrodes yielded Global Field Power (GFP), from which P300 latency was determined. P300 amplitude measures included amplitude at this identified latency as well as amplitude integrated over a 100 ms time window centered over it. These amplitude measures were examined at six selected electrode locations. Schizophrenics produced smaller P300 responses that tended to be slower, but there were no group differences in the relationships between neuropsychological performance and P300 responses. Across diagnostic groups percent perseverative errors predicted lower integrated and peak P300 amplitude during the novel but not the standard oddball paradigm. The effect on integrated P300 amplitude was localized to anterior leads after novel stimuli. Negative symptoms predicted lower WCST performance, lower integrated P300 amplitude, and smaller GFP after novel stimuli. Positive symptoms predicted reduced overall GFP and specific but inconsistent reductions in parietal P300 amplitude. The results suggest relationships between dorsolateral prefrontal competence, P300 activity in response to stimulus novelty, and negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients, paralleling findings obtained from blood flow and other measures of brain activity.