Filtration von Speiseölen und Fetten und deren Automatisierung

Filtration of Edible Oils and Fats and Its Automation The various filtration operations in the edible oil industry are given. Processes are listed in which pressure filters, consisting of a pressure vessel and filter elements provided with metal cloth are advantageous. Automation of various filtration operations using these filters is finally dealt with.     

制革工业关键清洁技术的研究进展

应用制革清洁技术能够从制革生产的源头削减/消除污染。COD_Cr、氨氮和总铬是制革工业的典型污染物,研发和推广应用其源头减排技术对制革工业实现清洁生产具有重要意义。本文较系统地综述了保毛脱毛技术、鞣前过程废液循环利用技术、无氨脱灰技术、无氨软化技术、高吸收铬鞣技术、铬鞣废液循环利用技术、逆转铬鞣技术和无铬鞣制技术等清洁技术的研究进展及实际应用情况。介绍了这些技术的应用方法和重要控制参数,以及这些技术对源头减少典型污染物的作用。同时,对已有清洁技术的优点和尚存在的问题进行了分析。指出进一步提高单元清洁技术的成熟度和经济实用性,加强单元清洁技术之间的工艺平衡研究,重视单元清洁技术的集成链接,是制革工业清洁技术的未来发展方向。     

地沟油制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油是一种原料广泛的可再生性燃料资源,目前世界各国正掀起开发利用生物柴油资源的热潮,与矿物柴油相比,它具有低含硫和低排放污染,可再生,优良的生物可降解性等特点,有广阔的发展前景,而原料问题是制约生物柴油产业发展的瓶颈。地沟油来源广泛,廉价易得,是制备生物柴油的良好原料。利用地沟油制备生物柴油不但可以缓解能源危机、环境污染等社会问题,还提供了废弃食用油脂的合理化利用方式、防止废弃食用油脂再次返回餐桌。文章综述了地沟油的来源及特点、生物柴油的生产技术和应用现状以及我国生物柴油行业存在的问题,并提出了相应的合理化建议。     

Water-annealing treatment for edible silk fibroin coatings from fibrous waste

Silk fibroin (SF) is an engineered biopolymer with properties that are desirable for the development of food preservation materials, such as edible coatings or packaging. In this study, SF from fibrous waste was assessed for the first time as an edible coating for strawberries. Relationships were established between the structural properties of SF thin films obtained from silk waste, both untreated (SFW) and water annealed (WA-SFW) and their morphology and performance as edible strawberry coatings. According to the results obtained, the water-annealing treatment led to a structural modification in SF films. The strawberries coated with WA-SFW exhibited better performance during storage by reducing weight loss and preserving its visual appearance. The analysis of metal contaminants showed that SFs obtained from fibrous waste are relatively nontoxic. Therefore, using this raw material for the development of edible coatings in perishable fruits is considered promising. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48505.     

有色金属采选废水的来源、特征、危害及净化技术研究进展

有色金属采选废水的有效处理已逐渐成为制约行业健康发展的瓶颈问题。本文简述了有色金属采选废水的来源成因、水质特征、污染危害及净化处理及资源化利用研究进展。分析表明,有色金属采选废水污染特征虽受时间、空间影响较大,但普遍含有悬浮颗粒物、酸碱、重金属和有机污染物等多类污染物,是典型的复合污染废水。不同处理方法均有各自的适用对象,某种单一方法难于实现复合污染综合净化去除。有色金属采选废水的综合控制应结合实际废水特征和方法适用对象,经技术、经济和环境分析论证,才能选择合适的净化方案。提出了未来发展中则应以减量化、无害化和资源化为思路,重点研究源头控制和末端治理技术的联合使用、清洁生产系统工程的运用以及复合污染同时去除新方法的开发和现有方法有机集成技术等。     

Are natural colorants good for your health?

The world has become increasingly aware of environmental issues through discussions about the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depreciation, water pollution and waste disposal. The role of the chemical industry in introducing contaminants into the environment has been much criticised. But how far can this be justified? Brian Glover and Jeff Pierce discuss the issues as seen by one of the world's major colorant manufacturers.     

工厂化生产桑枝食用菌培养基--一种蚕桑业与食用菌产业可持续共同发展模式的探讨

蚕桑业、食用菌产业是两个并行的产业,以桑园废弃物--桑枝作为食用菌培养原料,是两个产业的关联节点.探讨了研制开发桑枝食用菌培养基自动化加工成套装备,实现食用菌工厂化生产,以形成蚕桑业与食用菌产业可持续共同发展模式的可能性、可行性及技术实施路线.     

Verfahren und Anlagen zur Fraktionierung von synthetischen Fettsäuren

Processes and Plants for the Fractionation of Synthetic Fatty Acids Synthetic fatty acids, prepared by oxidation of paraffins, can be used to save valuable edible fats. Fractional distillation of these fatty acids enable their manifold application. For this, the paraffins have to fulfil certain criteria of quality. In a multiple stage vacuum fractionation process provided with material balance regulator, high boiling complex mixtures can be processed to distillates of high purity. Such a multi-column plant is equipped with stills, fractional columns and rectifying columns, and the plant is controlled by feeding machines. Many years of experience and production data have shown that synthetic fatty acid distillates can be produced economically and these products meet the technical requirements of soap and detergent industry.     

反渗透膜污染及其在膜面分布特征研究

将污染的反渗透膜组件解剖,并通过加压染料试验、表观观察、烧失量分析、扫描电镜和X-射线能谱分析(SEM-EDX)、色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)等方法对膜面污染物及其在膜面的分布特征进行研究。结果表明,膜面主要受到有机污染,主要是烃类、脂肪酸类物质;除此之外,还有少量无机污染,主要是SiO2;污染物总量沿从膜组件进口端到出口端的方向逐渐增多,无机污染的变化与之相同,而有机污染的变化与之相反。     

Biotechnology and pollution monitoring: Use of molecular biomarkers in the aquatic environment

Metals and organic contaminants, present in the water-column, sediment or food, are readily accumulated by aquatic organisms. Exposure to and toxic effects of contaminants can be measured in terms of the biochemical responses of the organisms—so-called molecular biomarkers. The applications, advantages and limitations of such diagnostic and prognostic tests are discussed. The hepatic biotransformation enzyme cytochrome P4501A in fish and other vertebrates is specifically induced by organic contaminants such as aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs and dioxins, and is used as a biomarker of exposure to organic pollution. Its induction is involved in chemical carcinogenesis via catalysis of the covalent binding of organic contaminants to DNA (DNA-adducts). P4501A-induction, measured as enzyme activity, enzyme amount, or mRNA, has been successively used in many field studies, involving some 27 fish species, in USA and Europe. Metallothioneins (MTs) bind and are specifically induced by metals such as Cd, Hg, Ag and Cu, and are used in both vertebrates and invertebrates as a biomarker for metal exposure. Bulky, hydrophobic DNA-adducts are used as a biomarker for organic contaminant damage. MTs (measured at protein and mRNA levels) and DNA-adducts (³²P-postlabelling method) have been applied less extensively in the field than P4501A, but the results are similarly encouraging. Biomarkers should be used as part of an integrated programme of pollution monitoring, involving also general measurements of biological damage and animal health, and analysis of chemical contaminants in the biota and environment. Commercial availability of antibodies and mRNA probes will accelerate the widespread application of these molecular biomarkers.     

NASA tests composters for space

For long term missions, composters may be an integral part of a life support system that provides edible food crops, extracts nutrients from plant biomass and removes contaminants from the recycling stream.     

Solvent extraction of soybeans

The removal of edible oils from oilseeds was practiced by the Egyptians many centuries ago. Some of the developments leading to today’s worldwide extraction industry are discussed, and a brief history of the industry in the United States from 1940 to the present is included. The theory of solvent extraction is outlined in practical terms. Several types of solvent extraction and desolventizing systems are explained. Also, typical preparation and extraction processes for presscake, soybeans, and some high oil content seeds are illustrated. Some reasons for taking extra precautions in the preparation process and the desolventizing process when producing human edible soy protein products are explained. Energy conservation suggestions are included.     

Applications of Biosurfactants in the Petroleum Industry and the Remediation of Oil Spills

Petroleum hydrocarbons are important energy resources. However, petroleum is also a major pollutant of the environment. Contamination by oil and oil products has caused serious harm, and increasing attention has been paid to the development and implementation of innovative technologies for the removal of these contaminants. Biosurfactants have been extensively used in the remediation of water and soil, as well as in the main stages of the oil production chain, such as extraction, transportation, and storage. This diversity of applications is mainly due to advantages such as biodegradability, low toxicity and better functionality under extreme conditions in comparison to synthetic counterparts. Moreover, biosurfactants can be obtained with the use of agro-industrial waste as substrate, which helps reduce overall production costs. The present review describes the potential applications of biosurfactants in the oil industry and the remediation of environmental pollution caused by oil spills.     

Sampling cottonseed at the Oil mill

DATA are presented showing that a number of cars sampled in three different ways produce averages which are in agreement. Data are presented showing tremendous disagreement between small samples taken from the same car. Recommendations are made that the sample for the laboratory be enclosed as quickly as possible in an air-tight container. An automatic sampler with data supporting its accuracy is suggested. The necessity for mechanically divided samples for the laboratory is indicated and the failure of any shaker to perform 100% cleaning is admitted. An outline for equipment needed for car sampling by the mills is given. Rules of business practice adopted by the edible oil industry at a trade practice conference held in New York, in December, 1927, have now been accepted by the industry with changes suggested by the Federal Trade Commission. Those rules, designated Group I as approved by the Commission, relate to such practices as use of deceptively slack filled containers; false branding of products; and packing of edible oil for resale in odd-sized or odd-shaped containers simulating in size or shape standard sized or shaped containers. Other rules, accepted by the Commission as expressions of the trade and placed in Group II, bear on such subjects as proper packing and labeling of edible oil considered from the standpoint of trade ethics.     

论绿色节能化学工业

随着全球工业化水平的不断提高,人们在享受工业化带来便利的同时,也在饱受工业化所带来的污染困扰,特别是化工行业,人们提及化工行业就会联想到水污染、大气污染和土壤污染。为了改变这一现状,绿色化学的概念就这样诞生了。化工行业所实施的绿色节能化学工程在降低环境污染的同时,也要考虑到现代化工生产模式,这是未来化工行业发展的必然趋势。首先介绍了绿色节能化学工业的概念,然后提出了实施绿色节能化学工业的必要性。     

Farbe von Ölen

Colour of Oils For many products, particularly edible oils and fats, color is an essential indicator for quality. Today instruments are used to measure the color in oils, fats, fatty acids or other substances. The Tintometer is a subtractive colorimeter, which used red, blue and yellow glass standards. Almost everywhere in the world, the Lovibond color scale is nowadays considered as an accepted means of assigning precise color values to edible oils and fats. But there are also, of course, alternative ways and techniques of determining or measuring color. In recent years, the development of microprocessor-controlled colorimeters has made it possible to automatically measure and compare Lovibond color scale and correlating international standard values pursuant to the CIE System.     

Perspectives on processing methods,equipment and procedures

World population growth and increasing per capita consumption will place significant demands on the food oils industry in the coming years to maimize efficiency of raw material use and to optimize processing operations. Other demands on the processor of food oils center on resolving issues that are already impacting on the industry, i.e., energy conservation, pollution abatement, and diminishing reserve of petroleum-based resources. Research now in progress in the laboratory may form the basis for the industry response to these challenges. Innovative methods of raw material preparation will be needed to obtain a higher quality oil. Alternative solvent processing could use alcohol or aqueous extraction or supercritical fluids. Each of the processing techniques used to produce a finished edible oil from crude oils, from degumming through alkali refining and bleaching to deodorization, is subject to change, and the form of these changes can be perceived from the directions of current research. Formulation of solid fats from liquid oils may see a shift from metal-catalyzed reactions to the use of immobilized enzymes. Implementation of many of the process changes will depend on equipment development and application of advanced engineering concepts to assure their assimilation into the food oil industry. By projecting the successful integration of the chemical, process design and engineering sciences, a realistic picture of the year 2000 can be formulated.     

Anstrichtechnik und Umweltschutz

Coating Technology and Environmental Protection Increasing pollution of air and water by contaminants has led to regulations for the protection of environment. These regulations are based on federal laws governing immission protection and water household. In the coating technology, the technical guideline for the prevention of air pollution is of special significance. As in the time before the legal regulation, voluntary measures for the prevention of environmental pollution are of equally great significance. Manufacturers and processors of paints are engaged with the technical possibilities for the prevention of emissions involved in the use conventional and new coating materials and technologies, that greatly eliminate the occurrence of polluting agents.     

Einfluß von Additiven und Verunreinigungen auf Kristallisationsprozesse

Influence of additives and contaminants on crystallisation processes. The presence of additives and contaminants in a crystallising solution can have a considerable influence on the crystallisation properties of the products, such as nucleation and growth kinetics, agglomeration or dispersion of the crystals, and the incorporation of foreign ions into the crystal lattice. These influences are caused by various mechanisms, depending upon the type of additive or contaminant. Tailor-made and multifunctional additives are distinguished. Trace amounts of metal ions can also modify the kinetics of crystallisation. The metal ions can be incorporated to a greater or lesser extent in the crystal, depending upon thermodynamic and kinetic factors.